SE2250680A1 - Injection arrangement in a calcination system - Google Patents

Abstract

Embodiments herein relate to a system 100 that for example may be used for calcination of lime mud. The system may comprise an input 102, a media separated heat exchanger 104, an injection arrangement 106, a calcination reactor 108, heat recovery arrangements and one or more separators. Different parts of the system 100 are exemplified in embodiments herein.

Description

TECHNECAL FitšLD Ernoodiinents herein reiate in generai to systems, apoaratus and methods tor therniai treatment ot soiid ohernioai oornpotiitds, oontrnoitiy oaiieci oaioination. in partiotiiar, entoodinterits herein reiate to systems and rtietnods tor oaioinatiori ot iirne ntud in a iirne reoovery oyoie in ceiiuiose industry.

Thtis, enipodirnents heroin reiate to: - oaioirtation systern oontigurations, oaioination rnethods and oontroi ntethocis tor an eieotrioaiiy heated caicination system, oartiouiariy tivith an eieotrio gas oiasina generator and rnore partiouiariy tor oaioinatiori ot iirne; ~ a iriedia separated heat exoitanger for energy etticient heating ot soiid ohernioai oontpouiwds, partiouiariy iinte rnud; - a heat pump arrangernent tor reoovering heat trorn heated oaioinatioit process products, stioh as oornpoiinds or gas or a rnixture thereot, partiouiariy quicktime andior carbon dioxide CSE output troni a oaioination reaotor; arid ~ injection arrangentent tor injection ot heated soiid ohernicai oornpound into the oaioiitation reaotor, partiouiariy a ohennioai oonipound in the torrn ot iirne rnud.

BÅCKGRÜUND in the gerierai pursuit ot adapting rnantitaoturing and process industry to oe rnore environnientaiiy triendiy and to decrease irnpact on oiirnate change there is a need tor increasing capacity and eitioienoy in oaicination process soiutions, tor exarnpie tor reooveryf of iirne in paper manufacturing, cement industry or inetai industry. in oonventionai industriai processes oaioiitation is carried ont in ttirnaoes or itiins ustiaiiy heated oy oontoustion or burning ot tossii ttieis or oiotueis to achieve therrnai deoornoosition ot input ntateriai. This oonventionai kind ot oaioinatioh is environnientaiiy untriendiy and has undesired irnpaots on ciiiriate change. Other dratvoaoits are tor exarnpie titat the equipment is ouiky, the process time is iong, the process is dittiouit to controi and investment oosts tor instaiiation is high.

IÉ. it nas oeen prepesed in patent piipiicatiens iriíti) GZZ/Gätšášâfi and iriítï) Ûàftlifiicšâiâü to empiey caicinatien by means of eiectricaiiy generated gas piasrna. Cerncared to eaieination tfvitn traditionai furnaces or kiins, caicination in a caicination reactor iieated ey eiectricaiiv gerierated gas piasrna offers inter aiia tne foiievving advantages. Caoacity can ne increased in for exarnpie ny fuii scaie depioyrnent or in existing caiciriatien 'faeiiities cv depieyrrient ef suppiernentary srnaiier rneduies of eiectricai gas piasrna caicirtatory systems. Separation of carnort dioxide Cíïiiå can ne conducted ivitn a nigh degree of ourity at iow cost. Heat can tre recovered te a higner degree. Lower inetaiiation ceets. Further' advantages inciude higner energy efficiency, iow degree of enrissien, rapid process controi and oossipiiities to rnake tne wheie iime recevery cycie mere efficient.

QBJ ECT it ie a generai ebiect ot tne present inventiori te provide improved caicinatioii systern configurations, caicination methods and controi rnetnods fer eiectricaiiy iieated caicination. iviore particuiar oeiects concern inipreved neat nianagement in tne caicinatien process as vveii as improved rriateriai and inedia fiow in ine caicinatien process.

SUNÉMÅRY Tne aoove indicated and otner objects are achieved by erritzedirnents of caicination systems and caicinaticii rnetnods described nerein. in emoodiments, a caicinatien systern comprises: ~ an input fer reeeiving input rriateriai, for exarnoie in tne form of iirrie irrtid; - a rnedia separated neat exchanger ceupied te said input and centigured to conduct input rnateriai in a piiiraiity of channeis; - an iriiectiori arrangernent configured te receive input rnateriai from tne rriedia separated heat excnanger and to iniect iriput inateriai into an eiectricaiiy neated caiciriatien reactor; » a said eiectricaiiy neated caicinatien reactor being cenfigiired to convert input niateriai received ny rneans ef said injection arrangernent inte caicination process products cernprieiiig a seiid conipcund, for exarnpie in tne forrn of caicidm cxide, and a gas, for exampie in the form of carbon dioxide; ~ a first iiaat raoovary arrangarnant oonfigorao to raoaiva saio oaioination orocass proriuots, to axtraot naat frorn said oaioinafion orooass products ano transfar saio axtraotao naat to said inoot inatariai in saio rnaoia saoairatao naat axoiiangar; ano - ona or rriora saoarators oonfigurao to saoarata saici soiio aoniooono, for axartioia in tno forrn of oaioiunfi oxida, ano gas, for axarnoia in tna forni of carbon oioxioa, of saio oaioiitation orooass products. in arnioociirriartts, a oaioination rnatfioo oornorisas: » raoaiving input nfatariai, for axantoia in 'ina forrn of iinia niud; - oonotioting saio inoot rnatariai in a oiiiraiity of ariannais of a rnaoia saoarafao naat axonangar; - injaoting inoot rnatariai info an aiaotrioaiiy naafao oaioination raaotor; - oonvarting, in saio aiaofrioaiiy naataci oaioination raaotor, input rnatariai into oaioination orooass orooriots oornoirisiifg a soiio confootino, for axanfoia in ina forrri of oaioitiin oxioa, ano a gas, for axarnpia in tifa forrn of carbon oioxicia; ~ axtraoting, in a first raoovary arrangantant, naaf frorn said oaioinatioif orooass products ario transfarring saio axtraotao naat to said input niatariai in saio rnaoia saoarafaoi naat axonangar; and - saparating, in ona or mora saoarators, saici soiio confooono, for axantoia in ina forrn of oaioiurn oxioa, and gas, for axarnpia in tifa forrn of carbon oioxida of saio oaioination orooass products.

Furtnar arnoooirnants ara oisoiosao in ina oataiiao oasoriotion.

BRÉEF DESCRÉPTEÛN ÖF DRÅWÉNGS Einoooiittanfs oasoribao narain xiviii oo ftirtnar axoiaiitaci vvitn rafaranoa to ina aooornoanying orawings, tirnarain: Fiíš f shows a sonairiatio ovarviaw of a oaioination systarri in aoooroanoa iivifn axariioiifyfing anioooiittanfs. iïiG 2A ano B sifow anioooiniants of a oaioination system ifiritn axampiifyiifg anfoooinfanfs of iniaotion arranganfanfs.

FiG 3A and CšB show erhoodithents of a caicinatiorw system with exempiifying errihodiihents of media seoarated iteat exehanger.

FiG 4 shows show emhodiments of a eaieiitation system with exernptifyiitg emhodiments of a heat reoovery arrangement.

DETAELEÜ ÜESCRÉPTEON iïitíš f shows a sohematio overvievi/ of erhtoodithents of a caicinatiorw system eonfigured for earryihg out emhotiimeitts of oaicination methods, here exernotified hy an adaptation to catcination of time mtid, for examoie apoiieahte in a time recovery oyote in eeiiuiose industry. itowever, erhhodirhents are generaiiy useahie and/or contigtirahie for oaicination or other thermai treatment of other input ntateriais. tn iïttš t, system comoohehts eomprised or ootionatiy eomorised in emhodiments are sohematioatiy shown tvith arrovvs indisating 'iiow ohanneis for communicating or trahsoorting rhateriai sueh as soiici comootinds andior gas andfoi* heat between said oomoortertts. tšetaiis cirawn with interrnittertt iines indioate optionai features in addition to the configuration of main enthodimeitts in futiy dravvn tines. iïiG t aiso serves as a schematis ftovtf ohart for emoodimeirits of eaieinatioit methods. Caicinatioit Therrhat treatment of a sotid ohemioai oompounci is oomrhonty oaiieo oaioirtation. in such a process the oomoound is heated to high temperature heioviz the inettiiwg point of the soiio shemioai cornpotirid generaiiy under restricted suppty of ambient oxygeh. The generai purpose iftay ha to achieve thermai decornoositioit and/or to renriove impurities or voiatiie stihstanoes. Caioihatioff of iírne Catoination of iirne, in aeoordanoe with emioodiments disoiosed herein, is for examote aopticahte in time recovery cyotes in process industry sueh as in the oeiititose incitistry, in the cement industry or in the metai industry. in such time reoovery cycies time comorisihg crystai forrris of catcitirri carhonate (CaCÜB) is therrnaity decomoosed to oaioiunt oxicie (Catfiš), atso caited quicktime, and carbon dioxioe (C92). The oatcinatioit reaction is Caíïüâfs) Caíïxs) + Cfiâtg), tft/here (s) denotes soiici comootind and (g) denotes gas form oomoouhd. fl For exampie, in the eeiiuiose industry iime ntud is a hy-produet ohtained in puip miiis as part ot the process that turns wood into puip tor paper. in a puip miii, wood ehips are eooked virith sediurn htfdroxide to extraet the weod tiher used te make paper 'front the iignin that hinds the wood together. During this process, sodiurtt hydroxide is converted to sodiunt oarhonate. Caioium oxide, aiso known as duiekiirtie, is then added to eonvert the sediurtt earhenate hack to sodium hyfdroxide in order to use it again. in the process, eaieium oarhortate in the torrn ot time mud is ehtained. Lime mud is ntainiy eaieiuin earhonate mixed with water testning a siudge. "the iime mud is then oaioined to retrieve oaioitirn oxide in a time reoovery oyeie. Betore eaieination, the time mud is preterahiy dried to an extent suitahie ter handiing in connection with and in the oaioinatiort process. For exarnpie, the input materiai suoh as iime or iirne mud rnay he puiverized into a povvdei' in connection with the drying. Simiiar processes are as rnentiened appiieahie in other industries.

Gaioination ot oaioitirn oarhonate begins to ooeur at ahout ätit) degrees Ceisius, and rtormaiiy oaioination takes piece at ternperatures in the range QÜG-i titt) degrees Ceisitis, wherehy eaieitirtt oxide and earhon dioxide is formed. The caieinatiort reaction is reversihie, and in order to avoid retormuiatiort ot' eaieitiitt oarhonate in the presence ot earhon dioxide the temperature must he maintairted ahove the oaioinatiort temperature. tNith terriperature raising to ahout tttšti degrees Ceisitis and ahove the eaieitint oxide sinters. in the sintering process the eaieium exide is eompaoting in the phenomenon that oaioium orystais are ooiiapsed and torming a soiid mass ot materiai. The rate et the sintering is increased vvith higher tentperattire. Furthermore, water vaper (herein aiso eaiied steam) may he used as a eataiyst tor sintering. On the other hand, in order to avoid sintering the process shouid he kept tree trorn water vapor. in the eaieination process, earhon dioxide CSE is reieased trorn the oaieitiitt oarhonate and after sintering the oaioiurn oxide is more stahie. Atter such a eaieination process et iirrie input materiai eomprisirig eaieium earhonates heing converted into duiok time, ie. eaioium oxide, the quicktime is usuaiiy siaited with green iiduer. input for materia! to he theirmaiii/ treated hv eaieinatirirt As sitown in FiG t, an emhodiment ot a eaieirtatien system 'itlitš eomprises en input "E62 tor rnateriai to he therrnaiiy treated, tor exampie an input in the torm ot a iirne rnud storage container. Tyfpioaiiy, input rriateriai suoh as dried iime mud is aeoomniodated in the input ttliâ and contmunioated via a vaive (not shown in iïtG t) to a media separated heat exohanger "itš-ßi. Thus, emoodintents ot the oaioiitation system comprise an input 192 tor receivirtg input rnateriai, tor exampie in the torrn ot iirne niud. Einhodiinehts ot a oaioination method contprises reoeiviitg input inateriai in the torrn ot time rnud.

Ertihodimerits tor iime oaioination rnay he oontigured tor input rnateriai in the torm ot time raw rnateriai, ttrhioh hereih is rhateriai oornprising oaioitiin oarhohate containing ntinerais or suostances stioh as iirnestone, time siudge, doiornite, oaioitirti containing siudge.

Media separated heat exohaitder The purpose ot the media separated heat exohahger tue is to raise the ternperature ot the iriput materiai without recirouiation ot materiai, preterahiy hy using heat trorn heated oaioinatioh process products obtained dovmstrearn in the oaioination systern. Ernhodirnents ot the oaioinatiort systern titt) comprises a media separated heat exehanger tort- ooupied to said input and contigtired to conduct input rriateriai in a piuraiity ot ohanheis, tor exampie tuhes. Ernhodirnents ot a caioirtation method oomprises conductihg said input materiai in a piuraiity et channeis ot a media separated heat exohanger tott-_ input materiai, suoh as iinte rnud, passes through and is heated hy the media separated heat exehanger tott, and is output to an injeotion arrangement ttliß via ah outiet (not shown) trorn the media separated heat exohahger tue. in a oontigtiration ot the oaioinatiort systern appiied tor iime recovery, the input rtiateriai in the torrn ot iinte rnud preterahiy and ideaiiy hoids a temperature in the range ot Quti degrees Ceisius when it ieaves the rtiedia separated heat exchanger tufft.

The rnedia separated heat exchanger tufi optionaiiy coniprises an ihiet tor a driving gas suppiy *iuö contigtired to enahie teeding ot a driving gas at a pressure in the range ot t ata (atmosptterio pressure above vacuum). The purpose ot the driving gas is to drive the input materiai, in partieuiar input materiai oontprisihg a soiid oompouhd, to move through the media separated heat exohanger "tott-_ in emhodiments tor exampie adapted to eaieinatioit ot time, the driving gas is carbon dioxide (EGR or stearri. "the driving gas is in ernhodirnents reoyoied oarhon dioxide tå CBÛE reoovered tront the eaieirtation process. in erhhodirnehts adapted tor input materiai in the torm ot generaiiy dry iime mud, remaining rnoisture in the input iime ntud ntay transtorrn into steam in the media separated heat exohanger, yvhich steam serves as driving gas itseit or in addition to turther stipoiied driving gas. in emhodiments, a seiection ot one or more aotuators, preterahiy coupied to a oohtroi unit 124, are oohtigtired tor oohtroiiing ohe or more ot: - The teeding ot input rnateriai, tor exemoie hy rnearts ot the above mentioned xfaive (hot shown in FEG t)tor communicating input materiai into the media separated heat excnanger tufi.

- The distribution ot input materiai into or Within the media separated heat exehanger *tot hy nteahs ot a distriotition mechanism.

- The input ot driving gas trom the driving gas suppiy 'idš tor pontroiiing the veiocity ot ntovemerit ot input materiai transported through the media separated heat exehanger. input ihateriai, such as iime mud, is in ertthodintents conducted through a piuraiity ot input materiai tuties (not shoyvn in FEG t) ot the iriedia separated heat exohanger toa. The input materiai tuhes are oontigured in the rnedia separated heat exohanger 164 such that a hot medium conducted through the media separated heat excnanger tG-fi transfers therrnai energy hy heat oonyection and heat radiation to input rnateriai passing through the input inateriai tuhes. in exampie emhodiments, the inedia separated heat exohanger "itifii is provided with a eavity surrounding the input materiai tuhes and such that hot medium through the media separated heat exohahger oornes into oontaet with said tuhes.

Ernoodirnents ot the iriedia separated heat exohahger ttift are shown in Fit; 3A and (SB. Fttš. 3A and 38 show a media separated heat exchanger "E64 tor use in a system "itBG tor eaieiiwation ot iime mud, or in any other systern tor heating ot fine- grained soiid materiai, in aeeordanpe tfvith emhodimertts hereiri. The media separated heat exehanger toa oomprises an outer sheii 362 and one or ntore tuhes Stift arranged inside the sheii 392. in emhodiments, a media separated heat exchanger 194 tor use in a systern ter oaioination ot iime mud is provided. "the media separated heat exchanger "iüéi- is arranged to heat iime mud hy' heat transter trom hot gas rnixed with oaioium oxide.

The rnedia seearated heat exehanger eenterises an euter sheii 392, ene er rnere tuhes 364 arranged inside the sheii 362. A a first medium ter heat transter is ted inte the tuhes 3G4 and tiemfs during heat transter. A seeend medium ter heat transter tiews etitside the tuiees. The tirst medium may ee het gas rnixed with eaieitim exide and the seeend medium may he iime med. Aiternativeiy, the tirst medium may he iime rnud and the seeend medium may he het gas mixed with eaieiern exide. in erneedirnents, a media seeerated heat exehanger 'itïirt ter use a system ter eaieinatien et iime med is previded. The media seearated heat exehanger 194 eemerises en etiter sheii 3522 and ene er mere tuiees íàtliri arrahged inside the sneii EGR. Lime med is ted inte the tuees 394 ter transeert during heating. The media seearated heat exchanger *itift further eemprises ene er mere primary iniets 31135 ter teeding heated gas used ter the heating et the iime ihud. The iteated gas is received trem a eaieinatien reaeter and/er a cyeieiwe eemerised in the systern ter eaieinatieh et iime med. The media seearated heat exehanger turther eernprises an eiitiet Bett ter teeding heated iime mud inte the reaeter me. in emhedirnents, the media seearated heat exehanger *idri- terther eenterises a distrieuter 319 ter teeding and distrieeting iime mtid inte the ene er mere tiiees Beit. The distriheter 319 may tee vihrating, whereey the iime rriud is eveniy seread inte the tiiees Bitte. The distriieuter 31 (i may further ee arrahged te separate iarge eartieies trem smaii, whereetf tine~grained eartieies are ted inte the ene er mere tuhes štiri.

The media seearated heat exchanger tíiri may turther eemerise ene er mere seeertdary iniets 312 ter teeding neated gas trem an externai stiepiy inte the exehanger. Therehy, the tiew et heated gas and the tenteerattire in the heat exehanger may iee eeritreiied in a mere accurate way.

The ene er mere tuhes štšri- may ee previded with ene er mere meveahie ehairis arranged en the inside et the tuees 3ü4. Thereey a turhuient tievii et the ted iime mud is achieved. The inner side et the sheii íštiâ may ee erevided vvith irregiiiarities in the surface, whereey a tureaient tiew et the heated gas is erevided. Tureuient tiew is advantageeus eempared te iaminar tievv since the exchange et heat Ûf: wiit he intereved since the time fer the iime nted te pass the tuhes 394 vviiE he ienger, and the centaet area fer the different rtteditiitt te exchange heat tvith each ether witi he target.

The heat exehanger wertts as teiiews. Bried iime med, er any ether setici rnateriat, in the term ef sniaii partietes is fed inte the tuhes 364 which serves ter transpert ef the iime med during heating. Et may he neteet that the materiat as vveti may he ceeied. As can he seen frem the figure, the time med may he fed inte the tuhes via a distrthuter ter feeding and distriheting iime tried inte the ttihes at the tieper ends. The distrihtiter ittay he arranged te itteve ter exampie En an eseiitating rneventertt er ittay he arranged te ineve hack and terth in erder te distribute the iime :ned eveniy in the tehes. The distrihetei' rnay further he previded with a separater eentigtired te separate Earger earticies ef the iime med frem sntatter. The :nere even sized eartieies and the mere even fed inte the tehes, the hetter eerterrnance ef the media separateei heat exchanger tea.

The time ntud is then ineviitg inside the tuhes tewards the fewer end and at the same time the tehes and thus the iime rneci is heated. Te achieve as efficient heat transfer as eessihte, the Eime med may nteve aieng the inside ef the tuhes in a tiirhiiient tiew. This may he achieved hy a eenfigtiratieri wherein that the tnhes are previded tvith a chain, er a vvire er the Eike, en the inside tvherehy a turhuient fiew et said fed iime med is achieved.

The media separated heat exehanger *teft ts terther previded with ene er rnere primary iniets fer teeding heated gas used when heating the iime rned in the tehes. The heated gas is received frem a eateiitatien reacter ahdfer a eyctene eenterised in the systern ter eaicinatieri ef time med. The primary intet, er iniets, Es previded in the fewer hart et' the sheii et' the rnedia seearated heat exchanger 194. The heated gas, which may have a eentent et piiiverized seiid materiai, is ied inte the sheti via the primary intet, er tniets, and then meves upyvards inside the heat exehanger. Heat vviii he transferred frem the heated gas via the tehes te the iime rnud. Te achieve as effective heat transfer as pessiete and te prevent testing en inner surfaces er even eiegging et the tEew paths, aise the heated gas :stay meve in a tiirhiiient fiew inside the sheit et the heat exchanger. it is te he hetee that in the heat exehanger teli, the iime htue ihey tieiri/ in the tuees anti the hot ges may tieer eutsicie the tuhes. Aiternativeiy, the het gas inay tiew in the tuhes, ane the iinte mue may tievir eutsiee the tuhes. This wiii he expieinee mere in eietaii iater_ The eeieinetioii reaeter is in the exerneiitying tigures shewh as a piesma reaeter, hut the rneeia separatee heat exehanger may he usee tegether with any type et eaieiitatien reaeter. inieetien arrangement Ernheeirtients et the inieetien errangenient the are shown in iïiG 2A ene EB. "the inieetien arrehgerneitt "itiâš is eentiguree te eehvey ane injeet the input htateriei, ter exarnpie heatee iirne rnue, inte en eieetrieaiiy heatee oaioinatien reaetor 168. The injeetien airrangentent is in certain ernheeimeiwts eeupiee te a partieie seearater tti). Ernhoeirnents ot the eeieinatioii systern titt) eernprises en injection arrengernent the eontiguree te receive input rnateriei trern the irieeia separatee heat exehanger "iüßi ene te inieet ineut rneteriai inte an eieetrieaiiy heetee eaieinetien reecter the. Ertiheeihients et e eaieinatieh methee eernerises injeetihg iheut rtiateriai inte en eieetrieaiiy heetee eeieiitatien reaeter tee.

Eitiheeinierits et the inieetien errangerrient the eernprises an iniet ter an injeetien ges stiepiy th? eentiguree te enahie teeeihg et en injection gas et e eentreiiahie pressure, ter exaihpie in the range et "hå ate (atrneseherie pressure eheve vaeuum). "the purpese et the injeetien gas is te centret the ihjeetien rate, the inieetien pressure, the eistrihutieh aneier the tehtperattire et the pre-heatee input ihateriai injeetee inte the eieetrieaiiy tieeteci eeieinatieii reaeter 198. in erriheeiments, the intet for injection gas suepiy is eentreiiahie hy ene or mere eetuaters, preterahitf eeupiee te centret unitt26. in emheeiiments ter exerripie adapted te eaieinetioit et iirne, the iiiieetien gas is earhen eiexiee CÜZ er steerh. "the injection gas is in entheeiiitents ireeyeiee earhen eiexiee Gift? reeeveree trern the eaieinatieit preeess.

Eitiheeinierits et an injection arrangernent 'tee in e eaieiiiatien systern tet) eontprises ah injeeter intet 262 eehtiguree te receive preheatee input rneteriai, ter exarneie iirne mue, frem e rneeia separetee heat exehenger tea inte a tiuie eenetieter eentigureci ter trensterring saie preheatee input rneteriei te an inieeter 2138; saie ihieeter QGS heihg eentigtiree te inieet seie preheetee rhateiriei inte an 1G eiectricaiiy heated caiciiwation reactor ttiåš; and an injection gas 1G? suopiy contigured to stippiyf gas tor transter and injection ot input rttateriai into said eiectricaiiy heated caicinatiori reactor 198. in emhodiments ot the injection arrangernent titt? the injection gas tili? is pretteated in an injection gas tuhe Ett) conducted through the media seoaiated heat exchanger 194. in ernhodirnents conthiited with a oarticie separator the injection arrangentent 1% is contigured such that said iniet EQE is oositioned in a catfitj' contigured to communicate oreheated input rnateriai trorn said media seoaiated heat exchanger 1ttfi to a oarticie seoarator 110 and is contigured to receive a rising tiow ot oreheated inout ntateriai in a stream ot injection gas 1G? The injection gas 1G? is in such enthodinteiwts supoiied in a tiow such that smaiier particies are iitted hy the injection gas stream. This kind ot configuration is stiitahie in emhodiments tirherein the injector 2% is contigured to inject said preheated inout inateriai into a tornta 214 ot an eiectric oiasma generator 213 ot said eiectricaiiy heated caicination reactor 198. in other enihodinients ot the injection arrangement 196, the injector 298 is contigured to inject the oreheated inout materiai into a caiciiwation chamher 213 ot the eieotricaiiy heateci caicination reactor 198 in an input rnateriai stream tangentiai in reiation to a gas oiasrna stream generated hy an eiectric oiasma generator 213 ot said eiectricaiiy heated caicination reactor 1 G8.

En ernhodirtients ot the injection arrangement ttštš the injector iniet ÉGÉ and an outiet 218 tor said injection gas suopiy is oositioned at an outiet 22G ot said media separated heat exchanger tue.

Particie segartaforr' 'the particie seoarator 119. aiso shown tor exampie in Fig 2A, is, in ernhodiinents where it is comorised, contigured to separate iarger and heavier iuntos ot preheated rttateriai, such as iime mud, 'from smaiier and iighter oarticies ot rnateriai. The oartioie seoarator 116 is in ernhodirneitts devised such that iurnos ot materiai hy gravity taiis into a iurnp coiiection container and stich that srnaiier particies are iitted hy a stream ot ore~heated gas and input into the injeotor arrangernent too.

Emhodiments ot the oarticie seoarator is provided erith a controiiahie suopiy ot tteated gas. in ernhodirttents the suooiy ot heated gas is controiiahie hy one or more aaiuatars, praiaraaiy aoaniaa ta aontrai unit 124. iri arnboairnants, tiia gas nrassuiia in tna partioia saaarator is aantraiiad by aantraiiing tna driving gas suppiy iiiš on tna said sida oi ina rnadia sanaratad naat axanangar tail.

Erniooairnants oi ina aaiainaiion systarn siat) aarnarisas a aariiaia saparaior i iQ aatipiad io ina iniaatian arrangarnani 166 and aoniigurad ta separata iargar iuinas and sniaiiai' partioias ai saiid aainpaund in input matariai, and ia oonvay said sinaiiar particias in a gas iianf to said injection arrangarnaiit itiiš ior injection into said aiaatriaaiiy naatad oaioinaiian raaoior iüå. Ernaodirnants ai tiia aaiainaiion iiiatiiad aonfiarisas saaarating, in a partiaia saaarator iii) oouoiad io ina iniaation arrangamsni iiiö, suoii tiiai iargar iunias and sinaiiar aariioias oi soiid caniaaund in inaut rnatariai ara sanaratad, ana aonvaying said sniaiiar partiaias in a gas iiaw to said iiiiaaiiaii arrangarnant itfia for iniaaiian inia said aiastrioaiiy naatad oaioinaiian raaoiar "i S8.

Tiia aaitiaia saaaratar niay aa ooriiigurad ar aantroiiad siian inat nartiaias oi ara naatad inaui niatariai witn a siza in ina range ai i ta iiiiiii inioroinaiars ara input io tiia aaiainatian raaator 'itliåš via ina injaatian arranganiani iüíš. iftiitn aovirdar iarrn ina contact stiriaoa ai ina input rnatariai wiii banorna vary iarga, wnaraby tiia ooiitact tinia with naai in ina aaiaiiiation raaatar can tia rniniiiiizad.

Eiaatricaíiif haatad oaioiiiaiian raacttii* Tiia aiaatriaaiiy naaiad aaiainaiiori raaaior "E98 is tnus ooriiigurad ia raaaiva a iiovtf ai ara~iiaatad inaiariai, suon as iirna niud, train tna iniaoiar arrangarnant and axpasa tiia iiiataitiai ta naai gariaraiad by aiaatriaiiy. išinaadiinants ai tiia aaiainaiion systarn aaniorisas a said aiaatriaaiiy naatad aaiainatioii raaator i G8 idaiiig aoniigurati to oanvart input niaiariai raoaivad by niaans ai saici injaatian arrangamani iíitš inta oaiainatiaii process products aornorisirig a soiid aoiiioaand, ior axanioia in ina iarrn ai aaiaiurn axida, and a gas, iar axaniaia in ina iorni ai carbon diaxida. Einiaadiriianis ai a aaiainaiiori iiiatiiad aaninrisa aanvarting, in said aiaairiaaiiy naataa aaiaiiiatian raacior "iüå input niaiariai inio oaioiiiation aroaass praoiucis ooniprising a soiid aornaauna, iar axariipia in ina iarrn oi aaiaiurn oxiaa, ana a gas, ior axarnaia in tiia iarni oi carbon diaxida. in aniiaodiniants, ina aaiaination raaatar is aiaatriaaiiy naaiad iiy an aiaoiria gas aiasnia ganaratar aaniigiiraa ta iniaat iiai gas niasrna, stian as carbon diaxida li. etasrha, inte a eaiešitatšen eharnher ot the eaEetnetten reeeter 198, ane eessihty rhathtath ereeuetteh of ges ptasrhe En the eaieinatien eharriher trorn gas, such as earieen eEexEee COLZ, terrhee En the eatetnattoh ereeess. En emeeeimeitts aeetiett for heet treatment et tEme mtae, the time rhue that is exoosee te the heat ot the gas etesrha Es eehvertee te eeEeEnetteit erreeess ereeuets in the term et eeteitrrn extee, atso eetiett guiek EErhe, ene earhen eEoxEee CO2. The oatoirtatien reaotor 168 ts further eentiguree te exit the heeetreatee metertaE ahe Et aeetteahte eatetrtatEeh ereeess eroeuets, sueh as guiek EEme ane earhoh etexiee, te a tirst (tft) seeareter 112.

An eteetrEo gas etesrne generator (net shown ih FEG i), oomertsee tn emhedtmertts et the oatoirtatEeh reaetor, Es eevtsee te streetv energy via ah eteetrie are tormee hetweeh eteetreees. Ges Es tohizee ehe en ehergetše gas etesrha ts termee. Stieh ges etesme hormatty hes a temperature En the range of ßtttttt-attttü eegrees tletstus er there et the eiseherge et the gas eiasitta generator. The gas etesrha genereter eorrterises a nezzte oattect torrhe eonttguree te ihteet ges etasrhe inte the eeteihetieh reeeter the. Pressurtzee gas :hey he sueeEiee te the terme te overoome a pressure eroe eoeurring over the gas etasma generator. The eressuršzee gas may Eee used te centret the temperature et the gas etesrhe.

Preheatee input rhaterEet Es in the eeteihatieit reeeter mixed wEth er exeesee te het gas trom the otasrtta generator. The eaietnatEoh reecter ts th erhhoeErttents oohtEgtEree te hetehee the exeestrre et the ere-heetee Eheut rnetertaE to heat et tee high terrteeirature. Fer exantete, for input materia! eeiheršstng Ešnte vvšth eaieturn earieertate exposure to eetetnettort terheeratures exeeettthg 12% degrees CetsEus may ehtatt rtsi<. ter Enaetivatšitg the tEme, aEse eaitee eeatt hurnErtg et the itrne. Certtšguršiwg the eetetnettort reeeter stieh that the input matertat vvheh Ehjeetee in the eaieihetEen reaeter is En pevveer torrn thus having e targe surface ene sueh that the eeweer* terrhecE input rttaterEai Es exeesee te heat ter a EEmitee oerEoe ot time enahtes thet EneetivetEeit et the Eheut ttrhe is aveictee.

Geheretty, the Eneut metertat ts eatetnetee eurEhg tragments et seeehcts te e tevv seoohos. CaieErtatEoh Es ereterahty earrtee eut at atrnospttertc: eresstere, er at a srhatE ÜVSF-tštêäëti EE Ot' Li EKÉQFQEÉSSLE FS, in other ernioodirnents, the ceiciiwetion reector 198 iney he eiectriceiiy heeted using resistive technoiogy, rnicroweve or reciio tfveve technoiogy, or other eiectriceiiy driven heating.

Fíirst seper'etor" The tirst (181) seperetoi" 112 is contigtired to seperete resuiting process products genereted hy the heet treetinent ot the ineteriei in the ceicinetioit reector N38, stich es sotid ceicinetion process products in the torrn ot ceiciurn oxide (quick iirne) end ges torrned ceicinetion process products in the torrn ot cerpoit dioxicie C92 when eppiied in e iirne recovery cycie. "the teniperetore ot the ceicinetioit process products received trorn the ceicinetion reector 'itïitš is in iirrie ceicinetiort ernpodirnents exceeding QGÜ degrees Ceisitis. in the seperetor 112, ierger end/or heevier perticies in the nteteriei tiow input trorn the cetcinetioit reector 'i (38 ere sepereted trorn srneiier endfor tighter perticies ertd ges. "the ierger end/or heevier perticies ere coiiected in e coiiection hopper (itot shown in Fitš 1), end residuei ceicirietion process products in the torrn otges usueity together with e certain amount ot srneiier endlor iightei' perticies ere conducted out tront the tirst seperetor 112 to e tirst (131) heet recovery errengentent 116. in einoodirnents the tirst seperetor 112 is e cycione, en eiectric tiiter or e sedintentetion device or seoinientetion erreitgernent.

Ernoodirnents ot the ceicinetioiw systern tott cornprises one or rnore sepeiretors 112118 contigured to seperete seid soiici conipounci in the torrn ot ceiciunt oxide end ges in the torni ot cerhon dioxide ot seid ceiciiwetion process products. Ernoodirnents ot e ceicinetion rnethod contprises sepereting, in one or rriore seperetors 112, 118 seid soiid contpound, tor exernpie in the torrn ot ceiciurn oxide end ges, tor exernpie in the torrn ot cerpon dioxide ot seid oeicinetiori process products.

Enihodinfteitts ot the ceicinetion system "itštfi contprises: e tirst seperetor 112 contšgured to receive ceicirtetion process products trorn the eiectriceiiy heeted ceicinetion reectoi' ttšêš end to seperete soiid compound, tor exernpie in the torrn ot ceicittnt oxide, trorn the ges, tor exernpie in the torrn ot ceroort dioxioe, ot the ceicinetioit process products. Ernhociirnents ot the ceicinetion inethod, cornprise seperetiiwg, in e tirst seperetor 112, cetcinetion process products received trorn the 11.4 eiectrioaiiy heated oaioiitation reaotor (m8) such that soiid cornpound, for exarnpie in the form ot caiciurtf oxide; is separateci from the gas, for exampie in the term ot oaroon dioxide, of the ceicination process products. in ernoodiittents appiied for iime reoovery from a iime rnud, the residuai caicinatiort process products output trorrt the first separator 112 tiriii comprise and usuaiiy inainiy consist of carport dioxide CÜZ and finegraihed residuai caicium oxide (quick time). in empodiments of such time recovery, e separation ratio in a cyciorte variant of the first separator 112 trvouid for exampie he in the range of ïtš % ot the caioitirtt oxide (duiok time) input from the oaioiitation reactor N38 being ooiiected in the ooiieotion hopper and in the range ot 25 % ot the caicium oxide (quick time) being output front the separator 112 together tfirith oaroori dioxide Cíltíâ.

First rteat recoverv artrentrernerit' The first (tft) heet reoovery arrangement ttß is oontigured to reoover heat from the residuai oaioihation process products output from the first separator 112. Emoodimeitts of the oaioination system oornprises a first heat recovery errengernent ti 6 configureci to receive said caicinatiort process products, to extract heat trorn saici caioihation process products and transfer said extraoted heat to said input materiai in said media separateo heat exohanger 194. Erripodirhents of a caicinatioh rttethod oomprise extraoting, ih a first recovery arrangernent ttEš, heat from said oaioiitation process products and transferring said extracted heat to said input rneteriai in said rnedia separated heat exchahger 194. in ernioodirnehts the first (tsf) heat reoovery arrarigement ttß oomprises a fiow iine configured to conduct a fiovv of residuai caicination process products et e tirst higher temperature into the media separated heat exchanger fort, through said ntedia seperated heat excitanger tdffi tvhere residuai ceicinetion process products transfer heat to input ihateriai rnoiriitg through said media separated heat exchanger tüe and oot of said media separated heat exohanger *fort et e second iovirer temperature. in erttoodintents the (th) heat reoovery arrangerrient 'itíš aiternativeiy or additioriaiiy oornprises a heat pump (not shotfirn in Fiiíš t) configured to extreot heat trom the residuai caicination process products and preferaoiy to transfer said extracted heat to the media separateci heat exohanger.

Gt-:neraí ernoodirnents of oaioinatítæn systern and oaioinetitin rnetitoo' lt. S išntitiedinieitts ef a eaieinaiien systern titt), eernprises: an input H32 fer iieeeiving input niateriai; ter exarnpie in ine ierrn ef iirne med; a rnedia separaied heat exeiianger 'iíirt eeupied te said input and eenfigiired te eenduei input nieteriei in a piuraiity ef enanneis; an irijeetien arrangernent 'itštï eenfigiired te receive input niateriai freni the rnedia separated heat exenanger iüßi and te inieei input rneteriai iiiie an eieetrieaiiy heaied eaieinatien reaeter filid; a said eieetrieaiiy heated eaieinaiien reaeter 198 being eenfigiired ie cent/ert inpiii materiei received ey ineens ef said iniestien arrengerneni "ititš inte eaieinaiien preeess preduets eeniprisirig e seiid eernpeund in tne ferni ef eaieiurn exide and a gas in tne ferrn ef eareen diexide; e first neet reeevery arrangernent "i id eenfigiired ie receive said eeieinetien preeess preduets, ie extraet neat frern said eaieinatien preeess preduets and transfer said extreeted heat te said input iiiaieriai in said niedia seperated heat exenangei' 1:34; and ene er rnere separaters ii2, 118 eentigiired te separate said seiici eernpetiiid in ine ferrn et eaieiunfi exide and ges in the ferrn ef earpen diexide ef said eaieinetien prepess predueis.

Eitieedinierits ef a eaieinaiieit rnetned, eeniprisiiig: reeeiving input rnateriai, ter exarnpie in ine ferni ef iirne med; eendueting said input ntateriai in a piuraiity ef enanneis ef a niedia separated neat exenanger itšffi; injeeting input niateriai inte an eieetrieaiiy neated eaieinatien reaeter itliä; eenverting, in said eieetrieaiiy neated eaieinetien reeeter m8, input nieteriei inte saisinaiien preeess preduets eeniprisirig e seiid eenipeand in ine ierni ef eaieiuni exide and a gas in ine ferni ef eariden diexide; extreeting, in a first reeeveiiy arrengernent tid, heat frern said eeieiitatien preeess preduets and "transferring said extraeied heat te said input rnateriai in said niedia separated heai exenanger iíiri; and separating, in ene er niere separeters 112, tid, said seiid eenipeund in the ferni ei paieiiirn exide and gas in the terrn ef eareen diexide ef said eaieinatien preeess prediiets.

Second heat racet/arv aiiraneeinent Ernbediinents ef a seeeitd (Zfd) neat reeevery arrangernent "itéi- ere snewn in FEG fi. A seeend (Fd) heat reeevery arrangernent 114, eernpriseci in certain erneedirneiits, is arrenged ie extraei heat frern the first separater 112. Siten extraeted heat is earned in a gas, and ine tiius neated gas niay Eee tised as input inte ine inieetien arrangernent "iüd The seeend (ätit) heat reeevery arrangernent 114, the tiew et extraeted heat and the ttevv tines ter the heated gas are in the tigures drawh with intermittent tines as te ineieate eetienai teateres. in entnectimeiits the heated gas trem the seeerie heat reeevery arrangernent 'i 14 ntay he usee as inetit te the inieetien arrangement 'tee andfer inte the eaieiiwatien reaeter 198. in emeediments et a eaieinatien reaetei' with an eieetrie gas eiasrna generater the heated gas may he eseei as ineet in er at the terrna tft/here it en ene hane eeeis the gas eiasrna, ane en the ether hand aise eentrteutes with tisettii heat energy. in entneeirnents the seeend heat reeevery arrangement "E14 is eentrettahie hy ene er mere aetuaters, ereteraniy eeeeied te the centret unit 124, with regare te ene er mere parameters stieh as tiew, antetint et energy, terneeratures and eresstire. iššmhediments et the eaieirtatien system "ide eernerises: a seeend heat reeevery arrangement 114 eentigtirect te extraet heat trern seiid eemeeund, ter exarneie in the term et eaieiurn exide, et the eateinatien ereeess ereeeets euteut trem the eieetrieatty heated eateinatien reaeter 'tee ane seearatee trem the gas, ter exameie in the term et eareen diexide, et the eaieinatien ereeess ereeeets, said extraeted heat eeing carried ey a gas and inserted inte the inieetieh arrangernent tittš.

Erneedirttertts et tne eaieinatien rnethed eemerise extraeting, in a seeertd heat reeeveryf arrangernent 114, heat trem seiie eemeeene, ter exarnete in the term et eateiiim exiee, et the eaieinatien ereeess eredeets euteiit trerri the eteetrieaiiyf heated eateinatieii reaeter "ide and seearated trem the gas, ter exameie in the term et earhen eiexide, et the eaieihatien ereeess ereeiiets, earryiitg saie extraetee heat ey a gas and inserting saie heat earrying gas inte the inieetien arrangernertt ttštš.

FiG 4 shews a heat reeevery arrangernent ter retise et heat in a eaieinatien system, here exerneiitied in a systern ter eaieirwatien et time med. The heat reeevery arrangement eernerises an exeartder ter exeaneirtg anct eeeiing ineerning gas and a heat exehange tube arranged in a eeiieetien heeeer ter gathering heat treatee seiid matertai, stieh as eaieiem exiee extraeted trern a system eentigured ter eaieiriatien et time med. Exeaneee and eeetee gas is tee inte the ttihe and is heateci hy the setid eerneeund, in this examete eaieiurn exide aise eaiied giiiek time. The heat reeevery arrangement turther eemerises a eerrieresser ter eemeressing anct heating the heated gas, and an intet ter reentering the eenteressee anct heatee gas inte the li. f system for caioination of time mud, whereoy heat from the oaioination orocess is reused.

Einhodirftents of the heat recovery arrangemertt 114 comorises an iniet rißâ for receivtng incoming gas from the system titt) for catcinatioit of time mud. The incoming gas is oreheated hy excess heat generated hy the system fot) for caicination of time mud. in a system "itšifi for caicination of iime mud, a tot of heat is generated in different steps of the process. therefore, heat for oreheatirtg the gas may he extracted from different parts of the system tot). The heat recovery arrangement 114 further oomorises an expander 464 for exoandirtg and cooting the incomirtg oreheated gas, and a heat recovery tuhe 496 arranged in a container ridit comorisirig quick time extraoted from the systerri (fütš) for oaioination of ttrne mud. it may he noted that the heat reoovery tuhe 4GB may he arranged in any container in the system 1tttli oontorising heated htateriat. in emhodiittents, the exoanded and coated gas is ted into the tiitoe 419 and is heated hy the heat from the quick iime ih the container. The heat recovery arrangemeitt 114 further comprises a comoressor 412 for compressing and further heating said heated gas and an cutiet 414, for examoie oomprising a diffusor for aiteviating the downstreant tuhes from excessive pressure, from yvhich the eomoressed and further heated gas is ied out and reentered into the systern titt) for caictnation of time mud, wherehy heat generated from the caicinatton process ts reused. The compressed and further heated gas received frorri the heat recovery arrangement t 14 may have a terrioeratttre of about "ititšti - fïštttt degrees Ceicius, and may he reentered into different parts of the system tott, for examete into the injection arrangement 166, or inte the media separated heat excitaitger fort, or direetty into the catcination reactor fiftâ.

Steam hoiter Again referriitg to FEG t and Ftíš 4, a steam hoiier "i2(lt, present in certain emhodiihents, is contigured to extract remaining heat from the residuai catcihation process products received from the first heat recovery arrangemeht and before residuai soiid comoounds is separated from gas in a suhseduent second separator 118. in time caicination ernhodirnents the sottd contoound ts caiciurn oxide and gas is carhon dioxide C92. Steam generated in the steam hotier 129 is conducted front the 1.8 steam icieiier "i 2G, fer exempie fer use te stiepert ereeesses ih emieeeiments ef the eeieirtetien system er fer use ih ether ereeesses in e feeiiity emeieyihg emheciiments ef the eeieirietien system. ih emtnetiimehts, eressurizee steem is geriereteti ereeueing ereeess steam er eewer. Pewer they tee ereeueee ih eewer gehereters ter exemeie ih the ferm ef e turhihe. The temperature ef the resiciuet eeieihetieiw ereeess preciuets ehteririg the steem eeiiee is fer exemeie ih time eeieihetiert emieeeiimehts usuetiy ih the renge ef rtüG-štšu degrees Ceisius, wherees efter having eessee the steem eeiier fit), the tempereture ef the rtesieuei eeieihetieh ereeess preciuets mey heter exempie he ih the renge ef Ztiti degrees Ceisius. išmeeeiimehts ef the eeieihetieh system eeriierises e steam heiier "E29 eeniigured te extreet heet frem eeieihetieh ereeess ereetiets frerh the the ereeeeihg heet reeevery errehgement and te generete steam. Emeeeiimehts et the eeieihetieh rhethee eemerise extreetirig, ih e steem eeiier 12th heet frerh ges ef eeieihetieh ereeess ereeuets frem the ene er mere seeereters ehd gehereting steam.

Seeehe segereter The resieuei eeieihetien ereeess ereeuets having eesseei the tt* heet reeevery errehgerttertt ite is eeheueteci te e seeehe (2"°') seeereter 118 eehtiguree te separate resieuei eeieinetieh ereeess ereciuets. Fer exemeie, remaihihg seiie eemeeuhes is seeeiteteti frem ges. in emheeimertts the seeene (Em) seeereter "i 18 is e eyfeiene. ih embeeiimehts ef the eeieihetien system eerifigureci fer iime reeevertf frem iime rhuti, resitiuei eeieium exiee is further seperetee frem eerheh ciiexiee (362. Seiie eemeetihes, such es eeieium exiee ih iime eeieinetieh emieeciimertts, is eeiieeteci ih e eeiieetien heeeer ehci the further eieenee ges, such es eertieit eiexiee C92, is eeheuetee te e fiiter errehgemeht 122 vie en eetiehei steem eeiier t2Ü. tšmheeiimehts ef the eeieihetiert system 'itïiti eemerises: e seeertci seeereter 118 eenfigtiree te receive resieuei eeieihetieiw ereeess ereeuets euteut frem the first seeereter 112 ehei frem the first heet reeevery system ite, seie seeerie seeereter 118 heihg eenfiguree te further seeerete setici eemeeenci, fer exempie in the ferm ef eeieitint exiee, frem the ges, fer exemeie iri the ferm ef eereeri eiexiee, ef seiei resiciuei eeieiitetieh ereeess ereeiuets. Emeertihtertts ef the eeieihetien metheci eemerise seeeretirig, ih e seeerie sepereter 118, resieuei eeieihetieh ereeess Itt? preeuets reeeivee frem the first sepereter 112 ehe frem the first heet reeevery systern fiß, such thet further seiie eerripeuhe, for exempie ih the form ef ceicium exicie, is sepereteci frem the ges, fer exerhpie ih the ferrh ef eerheiw eioxiee, ef seie resieuei eeieihetieri preeess pretfuets.

Fifrer errehgemehf The fiiter errengerheht 122 is cehfigtiree te fiiter the ges eempeheht of the eeieinetieh preeess preeuets te e higher eegree ef purity ieefere eeiieetihg, steririg eitciíer' usirtg the eutput ges. in iime ceicihetieh emeeeimehts the ges compeheht of the eeieinetierf preeess preeucts is cerhen eiexiee (ICQ. ih suoh emheeimerits, the fiiter errehgemerit 122 weuie eemprise e fiiter eeeptee te fiiter eereerr eiexitie C92. The fiiteree ges eemporieht ef the eeieinetieh preeess products is ceneuctee te e ges eutput 124. When the temperature ef the ges ties ieeeh eeereese te e few tempereture ef ereuhe for exempie 269 degrees Ceisius, textiie fiiters mey he epeiiee.

The fiiter errengerheht 122 is ih emeeeimertts eenfigureci te fiiter eut pessiieie ciust ene such impurities stiii present iri the ges output frem the secerici sepereter 118. The fiiter errehgehfeiwt is seieetee te fit te the temperetiire ieveis ef the ges frem seie seeene sepereter 118.

Emeeciimehts ef the ceicihetieh system eemprises e fiiter errehgerrieht 122 eehfiguree te receive ges ef eeieihetieh preeess preeuets, for exempie ih the ferrh ef cerheh eiexiee, frem the ohe er mere sepereters ene te fiiter seie ges to e higher eegree ef purity. Erhheeirhehts ef the eeieihetieiw rhethee eemprises fiiterihg, ih e fiiter errehgemerrt 122 ges ef eeieihetieh preeess preeuets, fer exempie ih the ferm ef eerheh oioxioe, reeeiveci frem the ehe er htere sepereters, such thet seie ges is fiiteree te e higher degree ef ptirityišes euteut The ges output 123 is eehfiguree te receive the ges eerhperteiit ef the eeieirietierr preeess products, ene is iri different emheeimehts cehfigureo to stere, tempereriitf er fer e iehger term, er eeheuet the ges to the eeieihetien system itseif er to ether systems erieier processes. ih iime ceiciifetieri empoeimehts the ges eehctueteci te the ges eutptit 'i24 weuie he cereerw eiexiee C02, ehe weuie ih erhieeeirhehts he reeireuietee te the eeieinetien reecter.

Cientreí unit A centret unit 1226:, cernerisee in ernheeirnents, is centiguree te receive senser signats, te generete centret signats ertrt te communicate centret signets threegtt e centret cert 128 cenhectee te ene er mere signat tines tät). "the ene er mere signet tines is scherneticatty incticatee as en interrnittent tine that is cennectect te sensers ene/er centret ectueters (net shewn) et ctitierertt eeints ene components et the cetcinetien system in ercter te centret varieus eererneters.

Erneeeirttents et the cetcinetien systern tet) cemerising a centret unit tâtš eernntunicetivety ceeetect te sensers ene centret ectueters ene centigtiree te receive senser signats, te generete centret signais errct te communicate centret signets threugh e centret eert "E28 cennectee te ene er rnere signet tines 136 ceuetee te seict sensers ene certtret acteeters. Emteettimertts et the cetcirtetien methect cernerises in e centret unit 126 cemrnunicetivety ceuetee te sensers ene centret actuaters, receiving senser signats, gehereting centret signets ene centrnunicating centret signets threegh e centret eert 128 cennectect te ene er mere signat tines 139 ceeetee te saie sensers ene centret ectriaters. tn emheeiments et the catcinetien systern "tt)(lt, the centret unit ts eentiguree te centret ene er mere et: driving ges sueety "ttiö inte the mectia seeeretee heet excheiwger 164; iniectien ges stiecty ttB? inte the injection errangernent 1%; heetee ges in the eerticte seeareter 1 te; ges pressure in the catcinatien ehemeer tee; eneler temperature in the cetcinetien chemeer 108. Ešntheeimertts et the ceteirtetien methect, "terttter cemerises centreiting ene er mere et: driving gas sueety 1G5 inte the meeie seearetee heet excheiwger tee; iniectien ges stieety (teï) inte the injectien errangernent tee; heetee ges in the eerticte seeareter t "ttšg ges pressure in the cetcinatiert Chamber 1Q8; ene/er temperature in the cetcinetien chamher tttå.

The heat recevery errengerttent 114 cemcrises an intet »tüià ter receiving inceming gas trem the system tßt) ter cetcirtetien et time rnue. The incemirtg ges is ereheetee ey excess heet geheretee hy the systern tet) ter catciriatien et time muct. "the heet recevery errangement ttrt mey turther cemerise an exeeneer rt-Ûrt- ter exeeneing ene ceeting the inceming ereheetee ges ene a heet recevery tube 496 errengee in a centairter 498 cemprisirtg quick tirne extrectee trem the system titt) ter It eateihatien et tirne ihue. The expaneect and eeetee gas ts tee inte the iteeevery tuhe 41 t) and ts heatee hy the heat frem the quick ttrne. The heat reeevery arrahgernettt 114 rnay further eehtpittse a eernpresser 412 ter eehteressthg anti further heating the pretteatett gas and ah euttet 414 trern whteh the eerttpressett aha turther heatect gas ts tee eut and reehtered inte the system titt) ter eatetrtatteiw et ttrne rhue. Therehy heat generated frem the eateâhatien ereeess ts reusee.

The ineerhthg gas rhay he earhett etextde (EGR tfvtth a temperature et apprexirnateiy 2% eegrees ana a pressure et apprexâhtatettf 4 har (a). The ettteentthg gas rnay ttave a temperature et aphrextmatety 't (BGC - 1369 degrees ahe a pressure et apprexihtatety 2 har (a).

The heat reeevery arrahgehteht 114 eernprtse a ctttfuser 418 arrahgect te etttuse the etttcernihg gas trern the etttiet 414. Thanks te the dittuser, the gas ts presented wtth a tewer pressure hut high temperature which prevtctes ter a mere sate setutien. The eenteresser' 412 they he arrahgee ihsiee a heusthg 426. The heusthg 42t) preteets adjaeertt egutprhertt trerrt dangereus het gas vvith htgh pressure.

The teregethg etsetesure ts het ihteneee te tihtit the present eisetesure te the preeise terrhs er partieutat' tietcts et use cttsetesed. tt is eenternptated that various atternate ehtheeihteatts aha/er rheettieattehs te the present ehthettiihtertts, ttfhether expttettty eeserihect er trnpttee hereth, are pessthie th the tight et the etsetesttre. Aeeeretiwgty, the sceee et ts eetthee enty hy the aeeerhpartytrtg patent etairns.

Claims (1)

1._Ara àngëfizfšssfw afrrsarfgezïïïærwå ífíšfšš iv :a cašszšfvaåšür: sysïærn ffüíšfa, :zssffm-ršssšswg: ~ ârafæfxfür âsfšef åâüš; a-cmfšgffræfï 'ïü recæšvæ præšfæafefêš sffafærëaš, far æxaasvçæšæ Ešnwfï: mami, fram a fffäæsišza sægsarzaåæaf ffeaf :axsffaffger Sill; min :a fäušszï fzüsffïußfsss' ccsfwfâgfärefiëš før fransfæfršng sašfí gareheafæci šrfpfi maferšaš är âswjs-:Qïør íââšššš; ffsašií šffjecfür filšíšêš aønfšgfsfxeatš m šffgfeaf præšfæateä rnaïeršaä Emm :aw ešesffšcašäy cašcäswafäfin reacfør fffšåšš; små ~ šïwjæcïšawïw gas; (F) sumzšf; aanfïâgfsreä fi; suggæšyf fm” fsarwsfer aim šsfšæfxfšsssf of šfipß maferšaš šrffs sašü ešæcïršstašåy' heafæci :tašsršffafšüsw ræacfar G8). Tha šrïjesfzïšær: sarrzæffgærfaæfwï (fíššš) :ff (zšsašrïf f, xàfherešffi än ffuï: šrwjefzïšassw gas (faim äs præffæafefêš är: av: šnjæcfâcsn gas fame (âfíšš ccmüfscïæü fšfrüugšf fšfæ maffia separafæfš åwaf: exchangss" ff fïšfššf “fffuië šswjs-zaïšfësw arrarfgfimefiï (fíšfffi affy :ff cäašms f m* avfwærešn: - šwšef fšíšššš äs; gmsšïšawnæä m a czavšfy afifffšguræaï' ti: cüfvfffuïwšczaïæ šrfçauf fram saâci mama separaïeü heaf æxcšfasfger ffíšfff-š fi; a parfšzzšfï: aespaaræafær if “ä íšš :mä äs cfmfšgafresaš in rfafcæšvæ a ršsšrwg *fššmff of prešfæafæfi šngmï nfaïeršaš šrf :a sfreasff (sf àngeßfšcsn gas (fíšïfš, fhfa šnjeßïšawr: :arrangæmæfft åfíšfš) af nšašïn 2, xfxffaærešff sååå šffjæfizfšarf gas ffíšífš äs safpgx-šâeü är a fåfëw sfäcf: *åh-Ti snfaåšef parfšftšes ars:- ššffiæïš by fåwfs: šswjæftfíšmsf gas sfræzasff _ "fm šrïjesfzïšæaw arrzavgæffsæmï (fíšë) m" :my :iaf cšsašrvas f *än xæfffærezšfi sašfš àniefizffisr fšíšå) cafffàgursfi ia šnjæcï saëfí šffgauf maferšaš šrsfa a fssrrfa (2143 af an eäesfršs: pšaasfïssa generaaïfiær få? 3; m* safaâd ešfïfizzwtràasaššgf heafiteaš ceëšašrwææfšssrw rsacfcsr ff íšëššf fhfa šnjeßïšiwrw :arraffgæmæifï åfíšàš) :zšäšrïw vxfšfæiwaaëâff sašfí šffjæcffir filšíšåf; äs cønfšgurs-z-:ï fi: šníscf sašïš prfzsfiæaïeff šfwgz-uf :wwafaršaš šmtø cašcšnafšøn shammëf fu) ja! ålëíü m" æšecïršcaššgf haaïæfš cašcšfiæaïšæaw rezæšzïor (i G81» En aan šfmnï nwšïïesršaaå siræarr: *tangenïšaä än ræšatâcsn m a gas sïræam gææwæraïæfí hy är: æšæaïrâc gnšzasamaa (1313) (af :äašfš æšešzïršcaaåšy hæaaåed :zašízêfzaaíššxrfi ræacíiær i The šnjficïšcfi awangs-:swwæswï üâåšš a? cšašm "E m' xwhersšr: sååå šnjecmr íêíšâjs cmš :m auïšæí :jilšïêš fm' sæšfi šnjëaíšøn sLspgsšïvf äs Qøsšíâüneatš :at :m cawïšeï mfsašfi; rneüša sssparaïiefš här: s-zxsñangæs' åïüßf).