SE189794C1

SE189794C1 -

Info

Publication number: SE189794C1
Authority: SE
Publication date: 1964-01-01

Description

Prioritet begard frau den 17 november 1958 (USA) Uppfinningen hanfor sig till en apparat for veckning av sasom korvskinn anvant cellulosaror. Speciellt hfinfor sig uppfinningen till sfitt och apparat for veckning av rormaterial av regenererad cellulosa med hog fukthalt. Priority was given to the invention of the apparatus for folding such sausage skins from 17 November 1958 (USA). In particular, the invention relates to blankets and apparatus for folding regenerated cellulose tubes with a high moisture content.

Holjen av regenererad cellulosa anvandes i stor utstrackning vid framstfillning av skinnfri korv av frankfurter- och wienerkorityp. Sfidana cellulosaholjen kunna ha en diameter mellan 12,7 och 38,1 mm och en vfiggtjocklek mellan omkring 0,015 mm eller mindre och 0,076 mm eller mer. I praktiken kommer vanligtvis ett cellulosaror med lamp-Jig langd, exempelvis 9,8, 13,4 eller 16,8 m eller mera att veckas och att d5refter hoppressas till ett mellan 15,2 och 25,4 cm lfingt arnne, som Or avsett att pasattas ph pdfyllningsrbret i en korvstoppningsapparat i och for stoppning. Det stoppade roret avbindes och fardigbehandlas ph kant sfitt i och for framstallning av skinnfri korv av frankfurtertyp. The regenerated cellulose casing was widely used in the production of frankfurter and Viennese curry skinless sausages. The cellulose oil may have a diameter between 12.7 and 38.1 mm and a web thickness between about 0.015 mm or less and 0.076 mm or more. In practice, a cellulosic array with a lamp-Jig length, for example 9.8, 13.4 or 16.8 m or more, will usually be folded and then compressed to a gap of between 15.2 and 25.4 cm, as intended. to be adjusted to the filling filling tube in a sausage stuffing machine in and for stuffing. The stuffed rudder is untied and finished to be treated with edging in order to produce skinless sausages of the Frankfurt type.

Cellulosaror for korvskinn veckas genom dragspelsveckning i en fOljd av veck for forkortning av dess langd och f Or dess omvandling fran tillplattad rarform till sjalvbarande, ihfilig, i huvudsak cylindrisk form. Sadan fast, varaktig form hos det hoppressade korvskinnet Or onskvard med hfinsyn till framstallningssfittet for frankfurterkorv och wienerkorv. Ph den Lid, dk animaliska skinn, nOrmare bestamt tarmar av far eller svin, anvandes, veckades langder av 6,1-9,2 in for hand p0 phfyllningsror med en 15ngd av 15,2-22,9 cm. Med detta tillvfigagfingssatt har del varit mojligt att fylla en stor langd korvskinn med ett forhallandevis kort pftfyllningsror vid mfittlig hastighet. Detta kommer langre from att beskrivas narmare. Cellulose sheets for sausage skins are folded by accordion folding in a series of folds to shorten its length and for its conversion from a flattened wedge shape to a self-supporting, solid, substantially cylindrical shape. Such a firm, lasting shape of the compressed sausage skin Or onskvard with a view to the production fat for frankfurter sausages and Wiener sausages. Ph den Lid, dk animal skins, more specifically the intestines of sheep or pigs, were used, folded lengths of 6.1-9.2 in by hand on filling tubes with a length of 15.2-22.9 cm. With this addition, it has been possible to fill a large length of sausage skin with a relatively short filling tube at medium speed. This will be described in more detail later.

For framstallning av frankfurterkorv och andra produkter av malet kott torkar man i regel en lfimplig lfingd av cellulosaror till en fukthalt av 6-9 %, varefter roret veckas och hoppressas, dfirefter fuktas till omkring 14 % och forpackas for att i detta tillstand levereras till korvfabrikanten. For the production of frankfurter sausages and other products of minced meat, a simple layer of cellulose is usually dried to a moisture content of 6-9%, after which the tube is folded and compressed, then moistened to about 14% and packaged to be delivered to the sausage manufacturer in this condition. .

De veckade cellulosaholjen, som anvandas for stoppnings- eller fyllningsprocessen, som vanligtvis utfores under sfidana tryckvillkor, att en 5-10 %-ig Caning av holjets omkretsdimension intraffar, instfillas foretradesvis ef- ter veckningen till en likformig fukthalt av mer On omkring 12 % och anda upp till omkring %, exempelvis 14 viktprocent, varvid procentsatsen Or baserad p0 vikten av vattenh.alten dividerad med den sammanlagda vikten av vattnet, cellulosan och mjukningsmedlet. The pleated cellulosic oils used for the stuffing or filling process, which are usually carried out under such pressure conditions that a 5-10% Caning of the circumferential dimension of the casing occurs, are preferably infilled after folding to a uniform moisture content of about 12% and breath up to about%, for example 14% by weight, the percentage Or being based on the weight of the water content divided by the total weight of the water, the cellulose and the plasticizer.

For att vara godtagbara i handeln mfiste de framstfilida holjena ha goda anvandnings- egenskaper med lag bristningsrisk. Under de vanligtvis vid stoppningsprocessen radande tryckbetingelserna nafiste de tunna cellulosa- hOljena yam fria frail fina hal eller skavstal- len, vid vilka holjet skulle Tara forsvagat. Forsvagade partier brista under tryck, sO att stank av kottemulsion hamna ph. arbetsytan och produktionen stoppas samt kostnadskravande rengoring erfordras. In order to be commercially acceptable, the advanced fili oils must have good use properties with a low risk of rupture. Under the pressure conditions usually prevailing in the padding process, the thin cellulose oils nafiste the free frail fine hall or the abrasion stall, at which the casing would Tara weaken. Weakened parts burst under pressure, so that the stench of cone emulsion ends up ph. the work surface and production are stopped and costly cleaning is required.

Nfir det veckade holjet har en fukthalt av mindre On omkring 12 % eller mer On om- kring 20 % Or det besvarligt for betjanings- personen att likformigt stoppa skinnet till rat storlek. Man har Oven funnit, att holjen med en fukthalt av mindre On omkring 12 % lfitt skadas, da. de placeras ph pfilyllningsroret, och att de brista i stor utstrfianing under stoppningsprocessen. Det Or foljaktligen onskvart att till korvfabrikanten kunna leverera veckade, hoppressade holjen med en fukthalt som Or storre On omkring 12 % och mindre On omkring 20 %, och som foretradesvis ligger mellan 14 och 16 %. If the pleated casing has a moisture content of less On about 12% or more On about 20% Is it responsible for the operator to uniformly stop the skin to the right size. It has been found above that the casing with a moisture content of less On about 12% lfitt is damaged, then. they are placed ph the filling tube, and that they burst in great utstrfianing during the stuffing process. It is therefore unreasonable to be able to deliver to the sausage manufacturer folded, compressed casings with a moisture content such as Or greater On about 12% and less On about 20%, and which is preferably between 14 and 16%.

Med hittills anvfinda veckningsapparater 2— — har det varit besvarligt att ph tillfredsstallande satt vecka holjen med storre fukthalt an 12 %, alldenstund sadana holjen klibba fast vid karnan och darigenom aro utsatta for alltfor stor brottrisk. Pa grun:d av att höljen med hog fukthalt aro mera bojliga an torra holjen erhalles med hittills anvanda veckningsapparater en otillfredsstallande veckbildning under veckningen genom att ett sekundart veckningsmonster uppkommer, som framkallar en bromsverkan ph veckningskarnan och leder till sadan hoplaggning av vecken pa det veckade amnet, att efter hoptryckningen till Onskad storlek hopveckningen inverkar storande pa amnets utratning vid korvstoppningen. With folding devices used so far 2— - it has been responsible that ph satisfactorily set the week casing with a greater moisture content than 12%, at all times such casings stick to the core and thereby are exposed to too great a risk of breakage. Due to the fact that the casings with a high moisture content are more flexible than the dry casings, folding devices used hitherto obtain an unsatisfactory creasing during the creasing due to a secondary creasing pattern, which produces a braking effect on the creasing core and leads to such folding of the crease. , that after the compression to the desired size, the folding has a disturbing effect on the workmanship of the item during the sausage stuffing.

Far veckning av holjen med minsta mojliga skadegore?se och for att astadkomma fOr optimal stoppning lampliga hOljen, har det hittills varit nodvandigt att vecka dylika hOljen vid en. fukthalt av mindre On omkring 12 %, exempelvis mellan omkring 8 och 10 %, och att efter veckningen och hoptryckningen hoja fukthalten hos de veckade och hoptryckta holjena Over omkring 12 %, exempelvis 14 —20 %. Det har hittills visat sig onskvart att astadkomma denna fuktighet efter meekningen genom att ett storre antal veckade, hoptryckta holjen inneslutas i speciellt konstruerade transportfOrpackningar, vilka medgiva fuktning under en relativt kort behandlingsprocess. Genom fuktning av ett flertal veckade, hoppressade amnen av korvskinn i en behallare erhalles med nodvandighet, atminstone till en barjan, en icke likformig produkt, pa grund av den slumpartade fordelningen ay cellulosafilmens massa i det hoptryckta, veckade tillstandet. Genom att filmen i de slumpartat bildade vecken icke ãr fritt tillganglig for den fuktande atmosfaren, for-bilges fuktningsprocessen och iikas svarigheten att framstalla ett veckat amne med likformig fukthalt. If the casing is folded with the least possible damage and in order to achieve suitable padding for optimal padding, it has hitherto been necessary to fold such casings at one. moisture content of less On about 12%, for example between about 8 and 10%, and that after folding and compression the moisture content of the folded and compressed casings Over increases by about 12%, for example 14-20%. It has hitherto been found desirable to provide this moisture after the meek by enclosing a larger number of pleated, compressed casings in specially designed transport packages, which allow moisture during a relatively short treatment process. By wetting a plurality of pleated, compressed items of sausage skin in a container, a non-uniform product is obtained, at least for a barjan, due to the random distribution of the pulp of the cellulose film in the compressed, pleated state. Because the film in the randomly formed folds is not freely accessible to the humidifying atmosphere, the wetting process is accelerated and the responsibility to produce a pleated blank with a uniform moisture content is reduced.

Man har forsokt att torka korvskinn am regenererad cellulosa till en fukthalt anda upp till %. Detta nya torkningssatt innebar en principiell andring i sattet f Or holjets torkning genom en begynneisetorkning till en fukthalt ay mindre On 12 %. I ett andra fOrfaringssteg bringas hOljet vid hog fuktighet till jamviktstillstand pa den onskade slutliga fuktigheten, varigenom ett holje erhalles, hos vilket fuktigheten Or mera likformig och ligger ph hogre niva an 'cad som hittills varit uppnaeligt. Attempts have been made to dry sausage skins with regenerated cellulose to a moisture content of up to%. This new drying method entailed a fundamental change in the method for drying the oil through an initial drying to a moisture content of less than 12%. In a second experimental step, the oil is brought to an equilibrium state at high humidity at the desired final moisture, whereby a casing is obtained, in which the moisture is more uniform and is at a higher level than has been hitherto achievable.

FOreliggande uppfinning gör det mOjligt att vecka sadant korvskinn med en fukthalt ay 12 % eller mer, varigenom den dyrbara processen att fukta holjena efter veckningen unthikes. Genom att hOljmaterialet anvandes yid det for stoppning onskade slutliga fukttillstandet, erhalles ett mera likforrnigt skinnamne, hos vilket vecken tvingas till tatt, Omsesidigt stodjande lagesforhallande och vilket battre hailer ihop yid handhavande, varigenom korvstoppningsprocessens verkningsgrad forbattras. PA detta satt erhaller man en mera likformig korvprodukt med exakta dimensioner. Sadan likformighet och exakthet hos korvprodukten Oro ur korvfabrikantens synpunkt viktiga marknadsfaktorer med hansyn till hoppackning av ett flertal korvar till bestamda nettoviktenheter, exempelvis 1/2-kilo, kilo- eller 1 1/2-kiloforpackningar av frankfurterkorv. Det nya forfaringssattet gOr det avenledes mojligt att anvanda en billigare transportforpackning, eftersom icke nagra speciella oat dyrbara konstruktioner behova tillampas betraffande forpackningen. The present invention makes it possible to soak such sausage skins with a moisture content of 12% or more, whereby the expensive process of wetting the casings after folding is avoided. By using the hollow material in the final moisture state desired for upholstery, a more uniform skin name is obtained, in which the folds are forced to adhere to each other. In this way, a more uniform sausage product with exact dimensions is obtained. Such uniformity and accuracy of the sausage product Concerns from the sausage manufacturer's point of view important market factors with regard to packing a number of sausages into certain net weight units, for example 1/2-kilo, kilo or 1 1/2-kilo packages of Frankfurt sausage. The new procedure also makes it possible to use a cheaper transport package, since no special and expensive constructions need to be applied to the package.

FOremal for foreliggande uppfinning ar en apparat for veckning och hoptryckning av korvskinn ay cellulosa med en fukthalt av 12 % eller mer, varigenom nodvandigheten att fukta det veckade hOljamnet efter veckningen elimineras och ett veckat holjamne erhalles, hos vilket fukthalten Or betydligt mera likformig An hos holjen, vilka veckats med hjalp am tidigare tillampade satt. The object of the present invention is an apparatus for folding and compressing sausage skins and cellulose with a moisture content of 12% or more, whereby the necessity to moisten the pleated hollow iron after folding is eliminated and a pleated hollow iron is obtained, in which the moisture content is considerably more uniform. , which folded with helped am previously applied sat.

Uppfinningen tillampas hos en apparat for veckning av cellulosaror, forsedd med en rorformad, ihalig karna, ett flertal rullar for framflyttning am roret pa karnan, organ for tillforsel ay ett gasformigt medium genom borrningen i karnan i och far uppblasning av roret och ett par motstaende rullar, vilka ph omkretsen Oro forsedda med flera pa inbordes lika avstand med kuggar forsedda veckningsytor i form av bagformade sadlar, anordnade att kontinuerligt och omvaxlande bringas i beroring med motsatta sidor av det uppblasta roret; enligt uppfinningen kannetecknas en dylik apparat darav, att den ihaliga karnans ytteryta intill veckningsytorna har lag friktionskoefficient och att den bagformade innerytan pA varje sadel tangentiellt ansluter sig till tva sidoytor i en vinkel av 15° med sadelns mittaxel. The invention is applied to an apparatus for folding cellulose tubes, provided with a tubular, hollow core, a plurality of rollers for advancing the tube on the core, means for supplying a gaseous medium through the bore in the core and inflating the tube and a pair of opposite rollers. , which circumferences are provided with several on-board equidistant spaced-apart folding surfaces in the form of bag-shaped saddles, arranged to be brought into continuous and alternating contact with opposite sides of the inflated tube; according to the invention, such an apparatus can be characterized in that the outer surface of the hollow core adjacent the folding surfaces has a low coefficient of friction and that the rear-shaped inner surface of each saddle tangentially adjoins two side surfaces at an angle of 15 ° to the center axis of the saddle.

Med en dylik apparat ar det mOjligt att kontinuerligt vecka cellulosaholj en med en fukthalt, som Or storre On omkring 12 % exempelvis frail omkring 20 %, utan att holjet fastnar mid karnan, och att astadkomma en hoptryckt enhetslOngd ay holj et med sammanhangande veckbildning, sa att ett rakt, fast holjamne bildas, som yid en faljande stoppningsprocess kan utdragas regelbundet och likformigt och fyllas till likformig diameter med ytterst liten risk for bristling. With such an apparatus it is possible to continuously soften cellulose oil with a moisture content, which is greater than about 12%, for example frail about 20%, without the shell sticking to the core, and to achieve a compressed unit length of the shell with continuous creasing, so that a straight, solid cavity is formed, which in a failing stuffing process can be drawn out regularly and uniformly and filled to a uniform diameter with an extremely small risk of rupture.

Friktionskoefficienten for veckningskarnans ytteryta uppgar lampligen till omkring 0,20. Rorets inre och sadlarnas ytor smiirjas med lamplig olja, exempelvis (men utan inskrankning till delta material) med vit mineralolja enligt U.S. farmakopen med en Sayboltfarg ay 30 + (vattenklar) och SayboltIdskositet ay 78°-80° i minsta miijliga mangd for att halla sadlarna overdragna, exempelvis 0,002 g-0,0013 g/15,24 cm korvlangd ay vec- — —3 kat holje. Kombinationen air en karna med lag friktionskoefficient pa ytan i veckningszonen och den egendomliga formen hos veckningssadlarna samt eventuellt smorjningen av ytorna leder till att det uppblasta roret intryckes, veckas och hopveckas till den mest gynnsamma formen, t. ex. ett avsnitt av en langstrackt ellipsoidisk eller deformerat konisk form, som under hoptryckningen pressar haljets veck till omsesidigt stOdjande lagesforhallande, varigenom ett likformigt, raid fast holjamne erhalles, som vid stoppningen uppvisar tillfredsstallande egenskaper. The coefficient of friction for the outer surface of the folding core is suitably about 0.20. The interior of the rudder and the surfaces of the saddles are lubricated with lamp oil, for example (but without limitation to delta material) with white mineral oil according to U.S. Pat. the pharmacopoeia with a Saybolt color ay 30 + (water clear) and SayboltIdskositet ay 78 ° -80 ° in the minimum possible amount to keep the saddles coated, for example 0.002 g-0.0013 g / 15.24 cm sausage length ay folded - - —3 cat casing . The combination of a core with a coefficient of friction on the surface in the folding zone and the peculiar shape of the folding saddles and possibly the lubrication of the surfaces leads to the inflated tube being pushed, folded and folded to the most favorable shape, e.g. a section of an elongated ellipsoidal or deformed conical shape which, during compression, presses the folds of the tail into a mutually supporting layer relationship, thereby obtaining a uniform, raid solid cavity which exhibits satisfactory properties on padding.

Out olja tillf8res sadelytorna i mangder understigande 0,0002 g/15,24 cm korvlangd air holjet upptrader i alit for stor utstrackning brott air holj et eller inklamning av holjvecket mellan karnan och veckningsytan, varigenom ett ogynnsamt ingrepp mellan holjet och karnan erhalles och den normala veckbildningen stores. Out of the oil, the saddle surfaces are supplied in quantities of less than 0.0002 g / 15.24 cm. folding stores.

Om olja phfores pa veckningssadlarna i betydligt storre mangder an 0,0013 g/15,24 cm korvlangd av holjet, blir ingreppet av veckningsytornas kuggar mot holjet ineffektivt. Ph detta salt bildade veck ha visat sig ha ett mycket spetsigt nastan koniskt monster och komma i ingrepp med karnan, varigenom den normala veckbildningen stores. If oil is applied to the folding saddles in considerably larger amounts than 0.0013 g / 15.24 cm sausage length of the casing, the engagement of the teeth of the folding surfaces against the casing becomes ineffective. Ph this salt formed folds have been shown to have a very pointed almost conical monster and come into engagement with the karnan, whereby the normal fold formation is stored.

Den oljemangd som pafores veckningssadlarna for varje 15,24 cm korvlangd air holjet, hr f5retradesvis i storleksordningen av 0,0002 —0,0013 g; vid smarre avvikelser fran detta omrade her emellertid fortfarande goda veckningsresultat observerats. The amount of oil applied to the folding saddles for each 15.24 cm sausage-length air casing is preferably in the order of 0.0002-0.0013 g; in the case of slight deviations from this area, however, good folding results were still observed.

Uppfinningen fOrklaras narmarc med led-fling avav bifogade ritningar, i vilka fig. 1 fir en schematisk sidovy av en veckningsmaskin enligt foreliggande uppfinning, fig. 2 är en sidovy av apparaten enligt uppfinningen, fig. 3 dr en sektion utmed linjen 3-3 i fig. 2, fig. 4 ar en. sidovy, delvis i sektion, av en del av veckningskarnan utmed linjen 4-4 i fig. 3, fig. 5 ar en perspektivvy av en del av veckningsaggregatet 26, fig. 6 fir en sidovy, delvis i sektion ay en del air ett veckningsaggregat av aldre typ, fig. 7 Or en sektion utmed linjen 7-7 i fig. 6, fig. 8 hr en sidovy, delvis sektion av en del av ett veckningsaggregat enligt foreliggande uppfinning, och fig. 9 Or en sektion utmed linjen 9-9• i fig. 8. The invention is explained with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which Fig. 1 is a schematic side view of a folding machine according to the present invention, Fig. 2 is a side view of the apparatus according to the invention, Fig. Fig. 2, Fig. 4 ar en. side view, partly in section, of a part of the folding core along line 4-4 in Fig. 3, Fig. 5 is a perspective view of a part of the folding assembly 26, Fig. 6 for a side view, partly in section ay part of a folding assembly of age type, Fig. 7 Or a section along line 7-7 in Fig. 6, Fig. 8 hr a side view, partial section of a part of a folding assembly according to the present invention, and Fig. 9 Or a section along line 9- 9 • in Fig. 8.

En konventionell apparat med ett veck- ningsaggregat av kant slag, som visas i fig. 6, innefattar en ihalig, rorformad lama, pa vii- ken cellulosaroret flyttas fram. Roret upp- biases darefter och Ayres mot veckningszonen, som innefattar ett par motstaende rullar, vilka pa omkretsen Ore forsedda med flera, pa inbOrdes lika avstand med kuggar forsedda veckningsytor i form av bagformade sad- lar, anordnade att kontinuerligt och omvaxlande bringas i beroring med motsatta sidor av det uppblasta roret, som darigenom intryc- kes mat mot karnan samtidigt som tvargaende utskjutande partier bildas mellan intryckningarna. Roret falles darefter ihop och veckas till veck, vilka hoppressas. A conventional apparatus with an edge-type folding assembly shown in Fig. 6 includes a hollow, tubular laminate on which the cellulosic tube is advanced. The rudder is then raised and Ayres towards the folding zone, which comprises a pair of opposite rollers, which on the circumference Ore provided with several, equally spaced with teeth provided folding surfaces in the form of bag-shaped saddles, arranged to be continuously and alternately brought into contact with opposite sides of the inflated rudder, which thereby presses food against the karnan at the same time as transversely projecting portions are formed between the depressions. The rudder then collapses and folds into folds, which are compressed.

Sasona visas i ritningen, liar holjmaterial med hog fukthalt kunnat veckas pa en konventionell veckningsapparat i ett mOnster med mangfaldiga veck, vilka aro hopveckade till deformerad konisk form, sasom visas yid stallet 64 i fig. 6, varvid ett spetsigt veckmonster 62 med en innesluten vinkel J av omkring 0 sitar och ansluter sig yid 64 till ett mindre spetsigt veckmonster 66 med en_ innesluten vinkel K av omkring 80°, varigenom en sjalvMande ring av hOljmaterial 68 bildas, som fastklammes och haftar mid karnytan 12. Sadelytan 56 i frigOrelselaget 70 i forhallande till det delvis veckade hOljet bildar det godtagbara, mindre spetsiga veckmonstret K, men den i bagform forlopande avstrykningen genom de tattslutande sidoytorna 58 pa sadeln astadkommer det joke onskvarda spetsiga veckmonstret J, som inverkar ogynnsamt pa veckningsprocessen och pa den utdragning, som efterat erfordras mid stoppning ay holjet med lattemulsion. As shown in the drawing, high moisture content casing materials could be folded on a conventional folding apparatus in a pattern with multiple folds, which are folded into a deformed conical shape, as shown in stable 64 in Fig. 6, with a pointed folding pattern 62 having an enclosed angle. J of about 0 sits and adjoins yid 64 to a smaller pointed fold pattern 66 with an enclosed angle K of about 80 °, thereby forming an automatic ring of hollow material 68 which is clamped and adheres to the core surface 12. The saddle surface 56 of the release layer 70 in relation to the partially pleated casing forms the acceptable, less pointed folding pattern K, but the rearwardly extending wiping through the tight-fitting side surfaces 58 of the saddle produces the jokingly sharp pointed folding pattern J, which adversely affects the folding process and the extraction required after ay holjet with latte emulsion.

Genom att veckningssadeln utfores med sluttande sidor 58 med en innesluten mittvinkel D, sasom visas i fig. 3, och genom att karnans yta 42 i veckningszonen S utfOres av ett material med lag friktionskoefficient, sasom visas i fig. 4, samt foretradesvis genom att smorjning anordnas for sadlarnas innerytor och rorets inre, ha alla dessa olagenheter undanrojts. By making the folding saddle with sloping sides 58 with an enclosed center angle D, as shown in Fig. 3, and by making the surface 42 of the core in the folding zone S made of a material with a low coefficient of friction, as shown in Fig. 4, and preferably by lubrication arranged for the inner surfaces of the saddles and the interior of the rudder, all these imperfections have been eliminated.

I fig. 1. visas en automatisk veckningsmaskin, hos vilken ett fOrrad ay tillplattat rormaterial 18, exempelvis cellulosaror, intermittent avdrages fran en forradsrulle 14 i aymatta langder, exempelvis 12,2, 13,1 eller 16,8 in med hjalp av ett par matrullar 16. Del tillplattade roret 18 fores fram genom matrullarna 16 och utvidgas till det uppblasta roret 20, exempelvis med hjalp av gas, saint fores med hjalp ay vertikalt lagrade styrvalsar 17 pa och Over en ihalig karna 12 till en veckningszon S. Gasen tillf6res genom en borrning 40, fig. 2, i karnan, som losstagbart fasthalles i sitt lage med hjalp ay hallare C och C'. Fig. 1 shows an automatic folding machine in which a lined ay flattened rudder material 18, for example cellulose tubes, is intermittently pulled from a supply roll 14 in matte lengths, for example 12.2, 13.1 or 16.8 in by means of a pair feed rollers 16. Part of the flattened tube 18 is passed through the feed rollers 16 and extended to the inflated tube 20, for example by means of gas, saint fores with the aid of vertically mounted guide rollers 17 pa and Over a hollow core 12 to a folding zone S. The gas is fed through a bore 40, Fig. 2, in the karnan, which is releasably held in its position by means of holders C and C '.

Gasen, som exempelvis kan vara luft under ett tryck ay 0,43 kg/cm2, tillfores fran nagon lamplig kalla till karnans 12 borrning genom hallaren C, som Or i forbindelse med karnans 12 borrning genom en radiell oppning I kfirnans vagg. Uppmatta mangder olj a inforas i luftstrommen fran en oljereservoar 21, varvid oljan ay luftstrommen transporteras ge- nom borrningen 40 och utmatas mid karnans 12 dude intill styrvalsarna 17 for smorjning ay karnans utvandiga yta och det uppblasta holjets invandiga yta. The gas, which may be, for example, air under a pressure of 0.43 kg / cm 2, is supplied from a suitable cold to the bore of the vessel 12 through the holder C, as Or in connection with the bore of the vessel 12 through a radial opening in the rock of the vessel. Supplied amounts of oil are introduced into the air stream from an oil reservoir 21, the oil in the air stream being transported through the bore 40 and discharged through the duct 12 adjacent the guide rollers 17 for lubrication of the outer surface of the barrel and the inner surface of the inflated casing.

Sasom visas i fig. 1 och 2, smorjas de inre ytorna pa de kuggforsedda veckningsaggregaten 26 med hj alp av borstar 23, vilka till- - - fans ett lampligt smorjmedel fran oljereservoaren 21 genom forbindelseror 29. As shown in Figs. 1 and 2, the inner surfaces of the toothed folding assemblies 26 are lubricated by means of brushes 23, which provide a suitable lubricant from the oil reservoir 21 through connections 29.

Det uppblasta holjet veckas genom veckningsaggregaten 26 luckert mot en. &mixerkande, eftergivande fasthallningsyta 30, och det veckade holjet avskhres darefter frau en. foljande langd veckat holje vid ett stalle in-till veckningszonens S utmatningssida, varefter den avskurna lfingden avlagsnas genom den oppnade hallaren G och hoppressas langder av exempelvis 17,8-30,5 cm med hjulp av en hoppressningsyta 28, varigenom ett hoppressat veckat holjfimne 24 bildas. Det veckade, hoppressade holjamnet 24 avtages frail karnan genom den framforda hallaren C' I och for forpackning. The inflated housing is folded loosely through the folding assemblies 26 against one. & mixer-like, resilient holding surface 30, and the pleated cavity is then cut off from a. following length of pleated casing at a stall into the discharge side of the folding zone S, after which the cut-off finger is deposited through the opened holder G and compressed lengths of, for example, 17.8-30.5 cm with the aid of a compression surface 28, whereby a compressed pleated casing 24 formed. The pleated, compressed hollow blank 24 is removed frail karnan through the front holder C 'I and for packaging.

I fig. 2 visas att i den foredragna utforingsformen av uppfinningsfOremalet den egentliga veckningsanordningen utgores av tvh_ cylindriska med kuggar forsedda veckningsaggregat 26, vilka firo anordnade vertikalt Over varandra med omvaxlande motsthende veckningssadlar och vilka vridas i motsatta riktningar med hjalp av horisontella axlar 38 pa maskinen 10, belagna ph en centrumslinje 3-3, som stracker sig vinkelratt mot kfirnans 12 horisontella. mittlinje A-A (fig. 4). Under vridning i riktning for pilarna komma veckningsaggregaten 26 i ingrepp med det med gas uppblasta holjet 20, som kontinuerligt matas fram till veckningszonen S med hj alp av matrullarna 16 och genom inverkan av lampliga ytor pa veckningsaggregaten 26, varigenom holjpartiet 22 iIosa veck hopfores mot en rarlig yta 30, som griper kring starre delen av karnan 12. In Fig. 2 it is shown that in the preferred embodiment of the object of the invention the actual folding device consists of two-cylindrical toothed folding assemblies 26, which are arranged vertically one above the other with alternating opposite folding saddles and which are rotated in opposite directions by means of axes 38 , coated ph a center line 3-3, which extends perpendicular to the kfirnans 12 horizontal. center line A-A (Fig. 4). Rotating in the direction of the arrows, the folding assemblies 26 engage the gas-inflated housing 20, which is continuously fed to the folding zone S by means of the feed rollers 16 and by the action of suitable surfaces on the folding assemblies 26, whereby the casing portion 22 is brought together against a fold strange surface 30, which grips around the rigid part of the karnan 12.

Sasom visas i fig. 3, besthr arbetsytorna pa de cylindriska kuggforsedda -veckningsaggregaten 26 av elastiskt material foretrfidesvis av en mot olja motstandskraftig syntetisk gummikomposition med en durometerhardhet av 75°-85° och med ett yttillstand av omkring 8-12 mikrotum enligt A.S.A. standard. Gummielementen aro lagrade ph en. metallkarna 32, som är i ingrepp med en kil 36 pa axeln 38 och fOrbunden med axeln medelst ffistmuttern 34. Veckaggregatens arbetsdiameter fir sh vald, att den narmast karnan belagna veckningsytan 56 ligger pa omkring 0,4 mm avstand frail karnan. As shown in Fig. 3, the working surfaces of the cylindrical gear-folding assemblies 26 of elastic material are preferably comprised of an oil-resistant synthetic rubber composition having a durometer hardness of 75 ° -85 ° and having a surface condition of about 8-12 microtumers according to U.S. Pat. standard. Rubber elements aro stored ph en. the metal cores 32, which engage a wedge 36 on the shaft 38 and are connected to the shaft by the fist nut 34. The working diameter of the folding assembly is chosen so that the folding surface 56 closest to the core is at a distance of about 0.4 mm from the core.

Sasom visas i fig. 4, är karnans 12 avsnitt i veckningszonen S forsedd med en yta 42, som foretradesvis bestfir av en polyamid, t. ex. nylon, eller liknande material, t. ex. teflon (dvs. polymeriserad tetrafluorentylen), som liar en friktionskoefficient av omkring 0,20, sh att holjmaterial med hag fukthalt utan svarighet glider pa ytan. Vid ett stfille ph karnan 12, som sammanfaller med stallet N, fig. 2, vid vilket veckningsaggregatet 26 kommer ur ingrepp med det veckade hiiljet 22, liar karnans 12 parti 44 minskad diameter. As shown in Fig. 4, the section of the core 12 in the folding zone S is provided with a surface 42, which is preferably made of a polyamide, e.g. nylon, or similar materials, e.g. Teflon (ie polymerized tetrafluoroentylene), which has a coefficient of friction of about 0.20, that hollow material with a high moisture content without uniformity slides on the surface. At a position of the core 12, which coincides with the stable N, Fig. 2, at which the folding assembly 26 comes out of engagement with the pleated hollow 22, the portion 44 of the core 12 decreases.

Enligt vad som visas i fig. 5, hr det kuggforsedda cylindriska veckningsaggregatet 26 forsett med ett flertal sasom kuggar utbildade veckningsytor, var och en utford i sadelform och sd dimensionerad, att den kommer i ingrepp med det uppblasta holjet 22 pa en del av en cirkular bana. Den krokta innerytan 56 ph varje sadel har erhallits genom vridning av en bfige med en nagot mindre radie an radien for holjet fare veckningen. Den fare bagformade ytan 56 ph sadeln over-gar tangentiellt i sidoytor 58, vilka divergera fran ytan under en innesluten vinkel, som ligger syrnmetriskt i forhillande till den vertikala axeln 4 4, fig. 3, och som foretradesvis uppgar till 15°. Rotdiametern for sadelytorna 56 fir foretradesvis utbildad med en radie, som Si mindre an avstandet mellan axelns 38 mittlinje och narmast belagna yta pa. karnan 12, exempelvis 0,79 mm mindre, och stOrre an nfirgrfinsande sadelrotdiameter 60, exempelvis 12,7 mm storre. Den i rorelseriktningen framforvarande kantytan 50 pa vane sadel dr faretradesvis i det narmaste parallell med den radiella mittlinj en B-B for ffilgytan 54. Den i rorelseriktningen bakre kanten 52 pa sadeln sluttar bakat fran den radiella mittlinjen B-B. Den bakre kantens sluttning dr emellertid icke av kritisk betydelse for den erhallna veckningseffekten. As shown in Fig. 5, the geared cylindrical folding assembly 26 is provided with a plurality of folding surfaces formed as teeth, each of which is saddle-shaped and so dimensioned that it engages the inflated housing 22 on a portion of a circular path. The curved inner surface 56 ph of each saddle has been obtained by turning a blade with a slightly smaller radius than the radius of the hollow danger fold. The danger rear-shaped surface 56 ph saddle exits tangentially in side surfaces 58, which diverge from the surface at an enclosed angle, which is axially metrically inclined to the vertical axis 4, 4, Fig. 3, and which preferably amounts to 15 °. The root diameter of the saddle surfaces 56 is preferably formed with a radius which is less than the distance between the center line of the shaft 38 and the nearest coated surface. the core 12, for example 0.79 mm smaller, and larger than the finely defined saddle root diameter 60, for example 12.7 mm larger. The edge surface 50 of the conventional saddle projecting in the direction of movement is approximately in parallel with the radial center line a B-B for the file surface 54. The rear edge 52 of the saddle in the direction of movement slopes backwards from the radial center line B-B. However, the slope of the trailing edge is not critical to the resulting creasing effect.

Antalet av och dimensionerna has de sadelformade kuggarna ph veckningsaggregatet 26 samt delningsavstfindet mellan dem maste varieras for att optimal veckning skall astadkommas hos olika storlekar av holjmaterialet. For optimal veckformning for erhallande av ett hoppressat hOljamne med ratt langd och halstorlek erfordras givetvis en proportionell andring i kuggarnas och karnornas dimensioner alltefter holjdiametern. Vid starre holjdiameter erfordras starre diameter far karnan och storre delningsavstand mellan kuggarna. Ett holje med en diameter av 18,26 mm kan exempelvis veckas ph en lama med 13,10 mm diameter med hj alp av en veckningsanordning med 10 kuggar. En langd av 16,8 m kan shledes veckas och hoptryckas till 22,9 cm med en borrningsdiameter som fir storre fi.n 11,11 mm. En veckningsanordning med nio kuggar an-vandes for veckning av ett h8lje med en diameter av 21,43 mm och en veckningsanordning med 11 kuggar anvandes for veckning av ett holje med en diameter av 16,67 mm. Delningsavstandet mellan kuggarna kan uppga till mellan 2,54 och 5,08 cm. Rotdiametern has veckningsaggregaten 26 uppgfir foretrfidesvis till omkring 10,16 cm. Man kan emellertid aven anvanda andra rotdiametrar, exempelvis fran 7,62 till 20,32 cm Died motsvarande andring av sluttningen hos ytan 50. The number and dimensions of the saddle-shaped teeth ph folding assembly 26 and the dividing distance between them must be varied in order to achieve optimal folding in different sizes of the casing material. For optimal creasing for obtaining a compressed cavity with straight length and neck size, a proportional change in the dimensions of the teeth and beads is of course required according to the cavity diameter. With a larger hollow diameter, a larger diameter is required for the core and a larger dividing distance between the teeth. A casing with a diameter of 18.26 mm can, for example, be folded into a lamella with a diameter of 13.10 mm with the aid of a folding device with 10 teeth. A length of 16.8 m can thus be folded and compressed to 22.9 cm with a bore diameter greater than 11.11 mm. A nine-tooth folding device was used to fold a 21.43 mm diameter casing and an 11-tooth folding device was used to fold a 16.67 mm diameter casing. The dividing distance between the teeth can be between 2.54 and 5.08 cm. The root diameter of the folding assembly 26 is preferably stated to be about 10.16 cm. However, other root diameters can also be used, for example from 7.62 to 20.32 cm Died corresponding to a change in the slope of the surface 50.

Sasom framgar av fig. 2, 3 och 5, kommer den roterande sadeln ph det kuggforsedda veckningsaggregatet 26 till en borjan ph den krakta ytans 56 insida i ingrepp med ett parti pa det uppblasta holjets 20 yta vid still- — — let M. Vid fortsatt framryckningsrorelse erhalles ytterligare ingrepp mellan sadelns sidoytor 58 och holjet, varvid det upphlasta holjet flyttas ur sin normala, i farhallande till karnan 12 centrerade bana och darigenom verkningsfullt gripes och flyttas mellan den ingripande ytans framforvarande kant 50 och den efterslapande kanten 52 pa den foregaende veckningsytan till frigorelselaget N mot den tidigare veckade massan av holjet 22, varigenom denna del av det uppblasta holjet hopfalles och veckas och ett last veckat, av hoplagda veek sammansatt holjamne bildas. As can be seen from Figs. 2, 3 and 5, the rotating saddle ph of the geared folding assembly 26 engages at the beginning of the inside of the strong surface 56 with a portion on the surface of the inflated housing 20 at the seat M. advancing movement, further engagement is obtained between the side surfaces 58 of the saddle and the casing, the raised casing being moved out of its normal path centered toward the core 12 and thereby effectively gripped and moved between the leading edge 50 of the engaging surface and the trailing edge 52 of the preceding folding surface. the release layer N against the previously folded mass of the casing 22, whereby this part of the inflated casing is collapsed and folded and a load of folded cavity compound composed of folded sheets is formed.

Da holjmaterial anvandes med en fOr optimal stoppning med kattemulsion ideal fukthalt, exempelvis 14 % Man 12 % till 20 % fukthalt), utfares veckningen, utan svarighet pa apparaten enligt uppfinningen. Vid anvandande av ett sh.dant holje komma veckningssadlarna pa de omvaxlande motstaende samverkande veckningsaggregaten 26 ur ingrepp med det veckade holj et vid punkten N och det veckade holjet stannar ett agonblick i detta lage pa karnan 12, till dess att det flyttas fram genom den fortsatta veckningsprocessen. Vid an.vandning av holjmaterial med lag fukthalt exempelvis omkring stra.var det veckade holjet vid frigorelsestallet N att vidga sig bakat och Ater* darvid till foljande framryckande framre yta 50. De hada typerna av holjen, namligen med hog fukthalt, exempelvis en fukthalt storre fin omkring 12 % och med lag fukthalt, exempelvis med en fukthalt mindre av omkring 12 %, erfordra olika kombinationer av veckningsytor och karnyta far att ett kommersiellt godtagbart veckat holjamne skall erhallas, och foreliggande uppfinning ar baserad pa denna insikt. When casing material is used with an ideal moisture content for optimal padding with cat emulsion (for example 14% Man 12% to 20% moisture content), the folding is carried out, without responsibility on the apparatus according to the invention. When using a small casing, the folding saddles on the alternating opposing cooperating folding assemblies 26 disengage from the pleated casing at point N and the pleated casing remains for a moment in this layer on the core 12 until it is advanced through the continued casing. the folding process. When using casing material with a low moisture content, for example around straws, the pleated casing at the release point N was to widen behind and Ater * thereby to the following advancing front surface 50. They had types of casing, namely with a high moisture content, for example a moisture content greater fine about 12% and with low moisture content, for example with a moisture content less than about 12%, require different combinations of folding surfaces and core surface for a commercially acceptable pleated hollow blank to be obtained, and the present invention is based on this insight.

Ett kommersiellt godtagbart veckat holje uppvisar foretradesvis ett veckmonster, som efter hoppressning till forpackningslangd icke fir sá sammanhangande, att mjuk, fri utdragning vid stoppningen forsvaras. A andra sidan bar ett sadant veckat holjamne foretra.- desvis uppvisa ett veckningsmonster, som vid hoppressningen tvingar vecken tatt intill varandra i omsesidigt stodforhallande, varigenom en sjalvbarande produkt erhalles, som icke i fortid genom handhavning gar upp i veckningen. A commercially acceptable pleated casing preferably has a pleated sample which, after compression to package length, is not so cohesive that soft, free elongation at the padding is defended. On the other hand, such a pleated hollow blank should be preferred.

Sasom visas i fig. 8, veckas holjmaterial med hog fukthalt pa en apparat enligt uppfinningen, utan svarighet till ett veckmonster motsvarande ett avsnitt av en langstrackt ellipsoid eller deformerad konisk form 72 med en innesluten vinkel L av omkring 10, varvid vecken aro hopveckade i tillracklig utstrackning for att holjamnet vid hoppressningen kommer att ha.nga ihop sasom en en-het, men icke sa hopveckade, att stoppningsprocessen paverkas ogynnsamt. As shown in Fig. 8, high moisture content casing material is folded on an apparatus according to the invention, without correspondence to a fold pattern corresponding to a section of an elongated ellipsoid or deformed conical shape 72 with an enclosed angle L of about 10, the folds being folded in sufficient to the extent that the hollow iron during compression will coalesce as a unit, but not so folded that the stuffing process is adversely affected.

En utforingsform av apparaten enligt fig. 1-5, och 8 och 9 her anvants for veckning av smort eellulosaholje med en uppblast diameter av 20,64 mm och med en hastighet av 128 m/min, varvid holjet upphlasts med luft vid ett tryck av 0,42-0,49 kg/cm2. Holjet och karnan 12 smordes med vit mineralolj a enligt U.S.-farmakopen (Sayboltviskositet av 76°80°) i en mangd av omkring 0,0005 g/15,24 cm korvlangd av det veckade holjet. Vid upprepade fors& veckades langder om 16,8 m av detta haljmaterial med omkring 16 % fukthalt pa en karna med en diameter av 15,24 mm vilken diameter var nagot mindre (14,48 mm) bakom veckningszonen for att underlatta forflyttningen av det veckade haljet utmed karnan. Haljlangden hoppressades till omkring 22,9 cm langd, varvid det veckade holjets rorelse utmed karnan fordrojdes medelst en mothallningsmekanism 30 till en hastighet av 2,54 cm/61 cm av det oveckade hal j et. An embodiment of the apparatus according to Figs. 1-5, and 8 and 9 here is used for folding lubricated cellulose oil with an inflated diameter of 20.64 mm and at a speed of 128 m / min, the casing being inflated with air at a pressure of 0.42-0.49 kg / cm2. The casing and karnan 12 were lubricated with white mineral oil a according to the U.S. Pharmacopoeia (Saybolt viscosity of 76 ° 80 °) in an amount of about 0.0005 g / 15.24 cm sausage length of the pleated casing. At repeated folds, the lengths of 16.8 m of this blank material with about 16% moisture content on a core with a diameter of 15.24 mm were slightly smaller (14.48 mm) behind the folding zone to facilitate the movement of the pleated shell. along the karnan. The half-length was compressed to about 22.9 cm in length, whereby the movement of the pleated cavity along the core was delayed by means of a counter-holding mechanism 30 to a speed of 2.54 cm / 61 cm of the unfolded half.

De hada anvanda aggregaten 26 hade fOl- jande matt: Rulltjocklek Falgens 51 diameter Antal sadelformade kuggar per riffle Radie for den krata innerytan 56 Ytornas 56 rotdiameter Innesluten rotdiametervinkel for sidoytorna 58 Bakatriktad sluttning hos de efterslapande kanterna 52 Framforvarande kantytan Kuggens bagformade basbredd (Utmed 'diametern 60) Delningsavstand mellan kuggarna Sadelrotdiametern 60 Rullarna 26 drivas synkront med ett mellanrum av omkring 3,18 mm mellan den i rorelseriktningen bakre kanten. 52 pa varje kugge pa den ena rullen 26 och den i rakrelseriktningen framforvarande kanten 50 pa varje ingripande kugge pa den andra rullen 26. The units used 26 had the following mats: Roll thickness Rim 51 diameter Number of saddle-shaped teeth per rifle Radius of the scratched inner surface 56 Surfaces 56 Root diameter Enclosed Root diameter angle for the side surfaces 58 Rear-facing slope of the trailing edges 52 Front edge 60) Spacing distance between the teeth The saddle root diameter 60 The rollers 26 are driven synchronously with a space of about 3.18 mm between the rear edge in the direction of movement. 52 on each tooth on one roller 26 and the circumferential edge 50 on each engaging tooth on the other roller 26.

Uppfinningssattet gor det majligt att vecka och packa cellulosararet utan fornyad fuktfling eller annan behandling fore stoppningen med katternulsion. The method of invention makes it possible to soak and pack the cellulose without renewed moisture flaking or other treatment before the stuffing with cat nulsion.

Det foremal, som framstalles med hjalp av sattet och apparaten enligt uppfinningen ãr mera koherent och lattare att handhava och kan forpackas mera ekonomiskt an tidigare produkter. Med produkten uppnas dessutom mera tillfredsstallande arbetsresultat vid dess anvandning far korvtillverkning. The mold, which is produced by means of the set and apparatus according to the invention, is more coherent and easier to handle and can be packaged more economically than previous products. The product also achieves more satisfactory work results in its use for sausage production.

Den pa ovan beskrivet salt framstallda va- 31,75 mm 133,35 mm 9 9,65 mm 104,78 mm 15° 12° parallell med den radiella mittlinj en for sadelfalgen 54 19,05 mm 38,10 mm 88,90 mm 6— — ran är mera likformig betraffande fukthalten och i dess koherent veckade tillstand Mitre lampad for i kommersiell skala utforda stoppningsprocesser; genom det farbattrade farfaringssattet och den forbattrade produkten uppnas betydande besparingar vid framstallning och transport av korvskinn av eellulosa och dessas anvandning i korvfabrikation. The salt produced on the salt described above is 31.75 mm 133.35 mm 9 9.65 mm 104.78 mm 15 ° 12 ° parallel to the radial centerline of the saddle rim 54 19.05 mm 38.10 mm 88.90 mm 6— - ran is more uniform in terms of moisture content and in its coherently pleated state miter lamped to challenge upholstery processes on a commercial scale; the improved coloring kit and the improved product achieve significant savings in the production and transport of sausage skins made of cellulose and their use in sausage manufacturing.

Nãr det i ovanstaende beskrivning talas om ett holje med hag fukthalt, bar denna uppgift icke anses innebara en begransning betraffande rormaterialets typ och fukthalt. When the above description refers to a casing with a high moisture content, this information should not be considered as a limitation regarding the type and moisture content of the pipe material.

Det bar observeras, att cellulosar6rets halt av mjukgaringsmedel och fukt avensom celluIosans kemiska modifiering kan varieras sâ att samma mjukhets- och bojlighetsgrad erhalles som hos ett hölje med hOg fukthalt, och det är namnda egenskaper hos holjet, vilka nodvandiggora anvandningen av det nya sattet och den nya apparaten enligt uppfinningen. It should be noted that the content of plasticizer and moisture of the cellulosic acid as well as the chemical modification of the cellulose can be varied so that the same degree of softness and flexibility is obtained as in a casing with a high moisture content, and it is said properties of the casing that necessitate new apparatus according to the invention.

Claims

Patentan spra, k:

Apparatus for folding cellulose tubes, provided with a wound-shaped, hollow core, a plurality of rollers for advancing the tube on. the core, means for supplying a gaseous medium through the bore in the core for inflating the tube and a pair of opposing rollers, which on the circumference are provided with several equidistant folding surfaces in the form of rear shaped saddles in the form of rear-shaped saddles, arranged to continuously and alternately brought into contact with opposite sides of the inflated tube, characterized in that the outer surface (42) of the hollow hinge into the folding surfaces has a low coefficient of friction and that the rear-shaped inner surface (56) of each saddle tangentially adjoins two side surfaces (58) at an angle of 15 ° to the center axis of the saddle.

Apparatus according to claim 1, Urinary characterized in that the means are supplied with gaseous medium to the interior of the tube comprising a container for supplying oil for lubrication of the inner surface of the tube and that the opposing rollers (26) are provided with lubrication brushes (23) for lubricating the inner surface of the saddles (56, 58).

Apparatus according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the outer surface (42) of the core has one. coefficient of friction of 0.20. Request publications: Patents from Sweden 168141; United States 2,583,654, 2,723,201 and 2,819,488.