RU96294U1 - ASYMMETRIC PULSE MOTOR - Google Patents

Abstract

 1. An electric motor comprising: a stator with a circular magnetic circuit, on which an even number n of permanent magnets with the same pitch is fixed, n satisfies the relation n = 10 + 4k, where k is an integer that takes values 0, 1, 2, 3 and etc .; a rotor separated from the stator by an air gap and carrying an even number of electromagnets located in pairs opposite each other, each of the electromagnets has two coils with a successively opposite direction of the winding; a distribution collector mounted on the stator housing and having conductive plates arranged around the circumference connected to alternating polarity with a constant current source and separated by dielectric gaps; current collectors installed with the possibility of contact with the collector plates, each of the current collectors is connected to the terminal of the same name windings of the respective electromagnets; where the conclusions of the windings of diametrically opposite electromagnets are connected to each other independently of the others so that the start of the winding of one electromagnet is connected to the end of the winding of another electromagnet. ! 2. The electric motor according to claim 1, characterized in that the number of electromagnets of the rotor m satisfies the relation m = 4 + 2L, where L is any integer satisfying the condition 0≤L≤k. ! 3. The electric motor according to claim 1, characterized in that the number of turns in the windings of each of the coils of the electromagnets is calculated by the formula N = 1/2 (k / S) ∙ V, where S is the cross-sectional area of the tooth of the electromagnet, cm2, k is the coefficient transformation, V is the voltage of the power source, V; and k takes any value from a number of 12, 14, 16.! 4. The electric motor according to claim 1, excellent

Description

The utility model relates to the field of DC motors, in particular direct-drive collector low-voltage electric motors, and can be used as motor wheels in vehicles: electric bicycles, scooters, motorcycles, electric cars, etc., as well as in other areas of technology.

The most promising for the development of transport are gearless motor wheels, in which the rotation of the wheel is caused directly by the electromagnetic interaction of the magnetic systems of the rotor and stator. Such engines are environmentally friendly, economical, simple and easy to operate. Known motor wheel containing a rim, and an axis with a built-in induction motor (SU 628008 A, 10/15/1978). The electric motor is made in the form of a disk asynchronous electric machine, the stator of which with a magnetic circuit, windings and a current path is fixed to the fixed axis of the wheel, and a rotor with a short-circuited winding and magnetic circuits placed on both sides of the stator form a wheel made for rotation. This design of the motor-wheel provides greater reliability due to the absence of a mechanical gearbox and has improved cooling compared to the traditional design due to radial channels washed by the cooling medium. However, the use of such an element as an induction motor leads to high heat generation, requires a complex control system and high-voltage power sources. In addition, such a motor-wheel has no prospect of energy recovery, both when driving and when braking a vehicle.

A built-in electric motor is known (WO 93/08999 A1, 05/13/93), comprising two main parts: a fixed stator fixed on an axis and having a magnetic circuit with permanent magnets arranged uniformly; and a movable rotor bearing a rim and containing at least two groups of electromagnets, as well as a distribution manifold mounted on a stator and having conductive plates connected to a direct current source. On the rotor are fixed current collectors having electrical contact with the plates of the distribution manifold.

The specified motor wheel has various modifications and options (US 6384496 B1, 05/07/2002; US 6617746 B1, 09/09/2003; RU 2129965 C1, 05/10/1999; RU 2172261 C1, 08/20/2001). The advantages of such a device include: the absence of a gearbox, the use of low-voltage power sources, the absence of additional electronic circuits, the possibility of energy recovery, small dimensions and weight. The combination of the main elements of the motor-wheel with additional devices allows you to create similar in principle to the work and having the indicated advantages of the motor-wheel.

However, the described motor wheel and its varieties have a number of disadvantages, the main of which is the need for high starting and transient currents when starting and accelerating the vehicle. This leads to rapid wear and deterioration of the batteries and the deterioration of the thermal regime. Another disadvantage is the inefficient return and use of electricity. Also called electric motors have low torque, which significantly limits the scope of their practical use.

Known technical solutions aimed at eliminating these shortcomings are associated with the use of high-voltage power supplies and complex control circuits, which makes them expensive and unreliable in operation (US 6791226 B1, 09/14/2004; US 6727668 B1, 04/27/2004; US 6355996 B1, 03/12/2002).

To improve the operational and technical characteristics of the electric motor while maintaining the relative simplicity of design and reliability, a pulse-inertial electric motor was proposed (RU 2285997, 10.20.2006).

Such an engine contains: a stator with a circular magnetic circuit, on which an even number of permanent magnets with the same pitch is fixed. The rotor of the electric motor is separated from the stator by an air gap, and carries an even number of electromagnets, which are arranged in pairs opposite each other. The distribution manifold is mounted on the stator housing and has conductive plates located around the circumference connected to alternating polarity with a constant current source and separated by dielectric gaps. Current collectors are installed with the possibility of contact with the collector plates, and each of the current collectors is connected to the terminal of the same name of the windings of the respective electromagnets.

Each of the electromagnets has two coils with a successively opposite direction of the winding, and the windings of the coils of adjacent electromagnets are connected in series, and the terminals of the windings of the opposite electromagnets, not connected to the current collectors, are interconnected. The number of permanent stator magnets equal to n, and the number of rotor electromagnets equal to m, are selected so that they satisfy the relations:

n = 10 + 4k, where k is an integer taking the values 0, 1, 2, 3, etc.

m = 4 + 2L, where L is any integer satisfying the condition 0≤L≤k.

This electric motor has shown high traction, speed and other operational characteristics and is successfully used on various vehicles. However, during the operation, directions were also identified for further improvement of the motor wheel. This is, first of all: an increase in torque and speed of rotation, simplification of setting the lead time of phase switching and, in general, an increase in the efficiency of the electric motor.

This utility model is aimed at increasing efficiency and improving other operational and technical parameters of the engine, while simplifying installation and maintenance.

As the closest analogue of this utility model, a pulse-inertial engine is selected. In the asymmetric pulsed electric motor, in accordance with the utility model, the same approach to choosing the ratio between the number of permanent magnets and electromagnets is preserved, but a completely different electrical circuit is used. In addition, some geometric parameters of the electric motor elements have been changed, affecting electromagnetic interactions.

An asymmetric pulse motor made in accordance with this utility model includes:

- a stator with a circular magnetic circuit, on which an even number of permanent magnets with the same pitch is fixed;

- a rotor separated from the stator by an air gap and carrying an even number of electromagnets located in pairs opposite each other;

- a distribution collector mounted on the stator housing and having conductive plates arranged around the circumference, connected by alternating polarity with a constant current source and separated by dielectric gaps;

- current collectors installed with the possibility of contact with the collector plates.

The number of permanent magnets n satisfies the relation:

n = 10 + 4k, where k is an integer taking the values 0, 1, 2, 3, etc.

The number of rotor electromagnets m usually satisfies the relation m = 4 + 2L, where L is any integer satisfying the condition 0≤L≤k. The most commonly used: n = 10, m = 4; n = 14, m = 6; n = 18, m = 4; n = 22, m = 4, 6, 8, 10; n = 26, m = 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, etc.

Each of the electromagnets has two coils with a successively opposite direction of the winding. The number of turns in the coils of electromagnets is calculated similarly to the rules for calculating transformers according to the formula:

N = (k / S) * V, where S is the cross-sectional area of the tooth of the electromagnet in cm ² , k is the transformation coefficient, V is the voltage of the power source in volts; and k takes any value from a number of 12, 14, 16.

The diametrically opposite electromagnets have a parallel-counter inclusion, i.e. the conclusions of the windings are connected to each other independently of the others so that the beginning of the winding of one electromagnet is connected to the end of the winding of another electromagnet. Each of the current collectors is connected to the terminal of the same name windings of the corresponding electromagnets. Typically, current collectors (brushes) are installed along the axial lines of the second tooth, in the direction of rotation of the electromagnet and connected to the initial output of the coil of this tooth.

In order to facilitate the starting procedure and increase the torque of the electric motor, it is preferable that the teeth of each electromagnet are not symmetrical. The shoe of the first, in the direction of rotation of the rotor, of the tooth of each electromagnet is increased, compared with the second. The difference in size (from 3 to 9 mm) depends on the set parameters of the electric motor: traction properties, rotation speed and power output.

This utility model can be used both for a unidirectional rotation electric motor and for a reversible electric motor, depending on the method of connecting the power supply. In the first case, the positive conductive plates of the distribution manifold are connected to the positive pole of the DC source, and the negative conductive plates of the distribution manifold are closed to the motor housing.

In a reversible electric motor, the positive conductive plates of the distribution manifold are connected to the positive pole of the direct current source, and the negative conductive plates of the distribution collector are connected to the negative pole of the direct current source and isolated from the motor housing. To change the direction of rotation of the electric motor, the connection of the poles of the DC source is reversed.

Structurally, the electric motor can be designed so that the rotor will be located on the outside of the stator or the rotor will be located inside the stator. The essence of the utility model is illustrated by the following drawings:

Figure 1 shows a diagram of an electric motor made in accordance with the present utility model, in which the stator of the electric motor is located inside the rotor;

Figure 2 shows a diagram of an electric motor made in accordance with the present utility model, in which the stator of the electric motor is located outside the rotor;

Figure 3 shows the dependence of the efficiency of the electric motor for a scooter on torque;

Figure 4 shows the dependence of the efficiency of the electric motor for an electric vehicle on torque.

Figure 1 shows the electric motor made in accordance with the present utility model, which can be used as a motor-wheel for various vehicles. The electric motor contains a shell 1, acting as a protective casing, and directly transmitting rotation to the wheel. The shell is connected by means of spokes to the wheel rim (not shown in the figure). The stator 2 of the electric motor is located inside the rotor 3. The stator 2 has a circular magnetic core 4, on which an even number of permanent magnets 5 are fixed with the same pitch and alternating polarity. In this case, fourteen permanent magnets (n = 10 + 4k, where k = 1). The rotor 3 is separated from the stator by an air gap and carries an even number of electromagnets 6. In this case, six (m = 4 + 2L, where L = k = 1). The electromagnets are arranged in pairs opposite each other and form three pairs. Each of these electromagnets has two coils 7 with a successively opposite direction of the winding (that is, if one of the coils is wound clockwise, the other counterclockwise). The coils of one electromagnet are connected in series, the end of the winding of one coil is connected to the beginning of the winding of another coil. Usually the teeth of one electromagnet are not the same. The first tooth 8 in the direction of rotation of the electric motor has a larger shoe 9 than the size of the shoe 10 of the second tooth 11. Increasing the shoe length of each first tooth (in the direction of rotation of the rotor) greatly facilitates the starting procedure, reduces inrush currents, increases torque and simplifies tuning phase switching advances. In this case, the rotation speed of the electric motor decreases slightly. The difference in size (from 3 to 9 mm) depends on the initially set parameters of the electric motor: traction properties, rotation speed and power.

In Fig.1, the beginning of the winding of the coil of the second tooth is indicated by the letter "H", the end of the winding of the coil of the first tooth is indicated by the letter "K". The number of turns in the coils is determined by the required engine parameters. An experimental method was found to calculate the number of turns in the coils of electromagnets. It is similar to the methods for calculating transformers: the number of turns of one coil N = (k / S) * V, where S is the cross-sectional area of the core (electromagnet tooth) in cm, k is the transformation coefficient, V is the voltage of the power source in volts. It has been experimentally established that for pulse motors, k depends on the quality of electrical steel and the magnetic parameters of the permanent magnets and, usually, the values are chosen - 12, 14, 16. The higher the quality of the steel and the greater the coercive force of the permanent magnets, the lower the coefficient value. The cross section of the wire is determined by the power of the electric motor and, accordingly, the size of the filling window between the teeth.

When the electric motor of the coil 7 of the electromagnets 6 is powered from a direct current source (not shown) through the distribution manifold 12 and the current collectors 13. The distribution manifold 12 is stationary relative to the stator, and the current collectors 13 are connected to the rotor and when it rotates, they move relative to the current-carrying plates 14. Typically, the current collectors are structurally attached to the side cover (outer casing) of the electric motor. These plates are connected with alternating polarity with a constant current source and are separated by dielectric gaps 15. The number of plates in the distribution manifold corresponds to the number of stator magnets and in this case is fourteen.

Each of the current collectors 13 is connected to the same terminals of the windings of one of the electromagnets 6. The figure shows the connection to the beginning of the coil winding of a second electromagnet tooth in the direction of rotation, indicated by the letter "H". Typically, current collectors (brushes) are installed along the axial lines of the second tooth, in the direction of rotation, of the electromagnet and are connected to the initial output of the coil of this tooth.

Between themselves, the electromagnets 6 are connected as follows:

a pair of diametrically opposite electromagnets have a parallel-counter independent inclusion, i.e. terminal “H” of the winding of the first electromagnet is connected to terminal “K” of the winding of the second electromagnet, and terminal “K” of the winding of the first electromagnet is connected to terminal “H” of the winding of the second electromagnet.

The above-described embodiment of the electric motor is usually used on bicycles, scooters and motorcycles, when the axis of the engine is rigidly fixed to the fork of the vehicle and the motor housing rotates with the rim and tire.

The principle of operation of an electric motor made in accordance with this utility model is similar to a traditional direct current electric motor and is based on electromagnetic attraction and repulsion forces arising from the interaction of rotor electromagnets 6 and stator permanent magnets 5. When the electromagnet passes the position when its axis is located between the axes of the permanent magnets, the electromagnet coils are energized so that they create a magnetic pole opposite to the pole of the subsequent permanent magnet in the direction of rotation, and the same name as the pole of the previous permanent magnet. Thus, the electromagnet simultaneously repels from the previous one and is attracted to the next permanent magnet. When the electromagnet passes the position opposite the axis of the permanent magnet, it is de-energized, since the current collector is located opposite the dielectric gap. This position of the electromagnet passes by inertia. The advantages of this electric motor are in a strictly defined ratio of the number of electromagnets and permanent magnets to their relative position and in the electromagnet switching scheme used.

Figure 2 shows a diagram of an electric motor made in accordance with the present utility model, in which the stator 2 of the electric motor is located outside the rotor 3. The stator 2 carries fourteen permanent magnets 5; the rotor is six electromagnets 6. The design of the electric motor elements and their designation in the drawing is similar to that described above (for FIG. 1). Such an electric motor can be used as an automobile variant with a rigidly fixed housing and a rotating axis, with a disk and a tire attached to it.

Implementation Examples:

An electric motor manufactured in accordance with this utility model demonstrates high performance and reliability of the design when used on various vehicles.

The basic engine model - 14 permanent magnets and 6 electromagnets was used on a bicycle, scooter, motorcycle and electric car.

The core of the electromagnet was assembled from plates of isotropic electrical steel 13 mm wide. The height of the set was 25 mm (cross-sectional area S = 3.25 cm ² ). In this case, the transformation ratio was 12. The number of turns per 1 V of the power source was 3.7. For a scooter, for example, the magnitude of the supply voltage of which was 48 V, the number of turns of each electromagnet was 178 (or 89 turns for each tooth).

Vehicle test results are presented in Table 1.

Table 1: Vehicle type Bicycle Scooter Motorcycle Double car Number of motor wheels one one one 2 Developed power, W 270 1300 2700 3000 Supply voltage 24 48 60 72 Cruising speed, km / h 32 fifty 80 90 Torque, Nm 13 60 70 one hundred Efficiency% 82 85 87 90 Dimensions of the electric motor (diameter / thickness, mm) 190/48 219/56 250/61 308/76 Weight of electric motor, kg 5,0 8.5 12.0 16,0 Vehicle carrying capacity, kg one hundred 160 250 400 Vehicle mileage, km fifty 70 120 250

The described electric motor can operate in various modes depending on the voltage of the power source. Figure 3 shows the dependence of the efficiency of the electric motor on the torque at various supply voltages. This engine was developed for a scooter: developed power - 1.3 kW, speed - 50 km / h; Efficiency up to 85%. Figure 4 presents a similar dependence for the engine of an urban electric car: developed power - 3 kW, speed - 85-90 km / h; Efficiency up to 90%.

A double electric car with an increase in the supply voltage to 120 V (and a corresponding change in the cross-section of the winding wire and the number of turns) can reach speeds of up to 130 km / h.

This utility model is not limited to the examples given and includes all possible cases of real motor implementation.

Claims (9)

1. An electric motor comprising: a stator with a circular magnetic circuit, on which an even number n of permanent magnets with the same pitch is fixed, n satisfies the relation n = 10 + 4k, where k is an integer that takes values 0, 1, 2, 3 and etc .; a rotor separated from the stator by an air gap and carrying an even number of electromagnets located in pairs opposite each other, each of the electromagnets has two coils with a successively opposite direction of the winding; a distribution collector mounted on the stator housing and having conductive plates arranged around the circumference connected to alternating polarity with a constant current source and separated by dielectric gaps; current collectors installed with the possibility of contact with the collector plates, each of the current collectors is connected to the terminal of the same name windings of the respective electromagnets; where the conclusions of the windings of diametrically opposite electromagnets are connected to each other independently of the others so that the start of the winding of one electromagnet is connected to the end of the winding of another electromagnet. 2. The electric motor according to claim 1, characterized in that the number of electromagnets of the rotor m satisfies the relation m = 4 + 2L, where L is any integer satisfying the condition 0≤L≤k. 3. The electric motor according to claim 1, characterized in that the number of turns in the windings of each of the coils of the electromagnets is calculated by the formula N = 1/2 (k / S) ∙ V, where S is the cross-sectional area of the electromagnet tooth, cm ² , k - transformation ratio, V - voltage of the power source, V; and k takes any value from a number of 12, 14, 16. 4. The electric motor according to claim 1, characterized in that each of the current collectors is oriented along the axial line of the second, in the direction of rotation of the rotor, prong of the corresponding electromagnet. 5. The electric motor according to claim 1, characterized in that the size of the shoe of the first, in the direction of rotation of the rotor, of the tooth of each electromagnet is increased compared to the second by an amount from 3 to 9 mm. 6. The electric motor according to claim 1, characterized in that the positive conductive plates of the distribution manifold are connected to the positive pole of the DC source, and the negative conductive plates of the distribution manifold are closed to the motor housing. 7. The electric motor according to claim 1, characterized in that the positive conductive plates of the distribution manifold are connected to the positive pole of the direct current source, and the negative conductive plates of the distribution collector are connected to the negative pole of the direct current source and isolated from the motor housing. 8. The electric motor according to claim 1, characterized in that the rotor is located on the outside of the stator. 9. The electric motor according to claim 1, characterized in that the rotor is located inside the stator.