RU2285997C1 - Pulsed inertial motor - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: electrical engineering; low-voltage gearless commutator motors that can be used as motor-wheels in transport and other industries.

SUBSTANCE: proposed motor has stator with magnetic core carrying even number of permanent magnets equally spaced apart. Rotor carries even number of electromagnets disposed in pairs opposite one another. Distribution commutator is mounted on stator frame and has conducting segments disposed over circumference and connected in alternating polarity manner to dc power supply; they are separated by insulating gaps. Current collectors contact commutator segments and each of them is connected to like-polarity leads of coils of respective electromagnets, each having two coils wound in series opposition. Coils of adjacent electromagnets are connected in series and coil leads of opposing electromagnets are interconnected and not connected to current collectors. Number n of stator permanent magnets and number m of rotor ones are chosen to meet equation n = 10 + 4k, where k = 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., m = 4 + 2L, where 0 ≤ L ≤ k.

EFFECT: simplified design, enhanced reliability, improved performance characteristics.

9 cl, 3 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of DC motors, in particular direct-drive collector low-voltage electric motors, and can be used as motor wheels in vehicles: electric bicycles, scooters, motorcycles, electric cars, etc., as well as in other areas of technology.

Widespread use in technology, including transport, found devices equipped with a gearbox and an induction motor. These electric motors have several advantages compared to internal combustion engines, being environmentally friendly, reliable and economical.

The most promising are gearless motor wheels, in which the rotation of the wheel is caused directly by the electromagnetic interaction of the magnetic systems of the rotor and stator. A motor wheel is known comprising a rim and an axle with a built-in induction motor (SU 628008 A, 10/15/1978). The electric motor is made in the form of a disk asynchronous electric machine, the stator of which with a magnetic circuit, windings and a current path is fixed to the fixed axis of the wheel, and a rotor with a short-circuited winding and magnetic circuits placed on both sides of the stator form a wheel made for rotation. This design of the motor-wheel provides greater reliability due to the absence of a mechanical gearbox and has improved cooling compared to the traditional design due to radial channels washed by the cooling medium. However, the use of such an element as an induction motor leads to high heat generation, requires a complex control system and high-voltage power sources. In addition, such a motor-wheel does not have the prospect of energy recovery both when driving and when braking a vehicle.

A built-in electric motor is known (WO 93/08999 A1, 05/13/93), containing two main parts: a fixed stator fixed on an axis and having a magnetic circuit with permanent magnets arranged uniformly, and a movable rotor bearing a rim and containing at least two groups of electromagnets as well as a distribution manifold mounted on a stator and having conductive plates connected to a direct current source. On the rotor are fixed current collectors having electrical contact with the plates of the distribution manifold.

The specified motor wheel has various modifications and options (US 6384496 B1, 05/07/2002; US 6617746 B1, 09/09/2003; RU 2129965 C1, 05/10/1999; RU 2072261 C1, 08/20/2001). The advantages of such a device include: the absence of a gearbox, the use of low-voltage power sources, the absence of additional electronic circuits, the possibility of energy recovery, small dimensions and weight. The combination of the main elements of the motor wheel in combination with additional devices allows you to create similar in principle to the work and having the indicated advantages of the motor wheel.

However, the described motor wheel and its varieties have a number of disadvantages, the main of which is the need for high starting and transient currents when starting and accelerating the vehicle. This leads to rapid wear and deterioration of the batteries and the deterioration of the thermal regime. Another disadvantage is the inefficient return and use of electricity. Also called electric motors have low torque, which significantly limits the scope of their practical use.

Known technical solutions aimed at eliminating these drawbacks are associated with the use of high-voltage power supplies and complex control circuits, which makes them expensive and unreliable in operation (US 6791226 B1, 09/14/2004; US 6727668 B1, 04/27/2004; US 6355996 B1, 03/12/2002).

The present invention is aimed at improving the operational and technical characteristics of the electric motor while maintaining the relative simplicity of design and reliability.

A pulsed inertial electric motor, in accordance with the present invention, comprises: a stator with a circular magnetic core, on which an even number of permanent magnets with the same pitch is fixed;

a rotor separated from the stator by an air gap and carrying an even number of electromagnets, which are arranged in pairs opposite each other;

a distribution collector mounted on the stator housing and having conductive plates arranged around the circumference connected to alternating polarity with a constant current source and separated by dielectric gaps;

current collectors installed with the possibility of contact with the collector plates, each of the current collectors connected to the terminal of the same name windings of the respective electromagnets.

Each of the electromagnets has two coils with a successively opposite direction of the winding, and the windings of the coils of adjacent electromagnets are connected in series, and the terminals of the windings of the opposite electromagnets that are not connected to the current collectors are interconnected. The number of permanent stator magnets equal to n and the number of rotor electromagnets equal to m are selected so that they satisfy the relations:

n = 10 + 4k, where k is an integer taking the values 0, 1, 2, 3, etc.

m = 4 + 2L, where L is any integer satisfying the condition 0≤L≤k.

The most commonly used ratios of the number of permanent magnets and electromagnets are as follows: n = 10, m = 4; n = 14, m = 6; n = 18, m = 4; n = 22, m = 4, 6, 8, 10; n = 26, m = 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, etc.

This ratio of the number of electromagnets and permanent magnets, their relative position and the used switching circuit of the electromagnets provides a resonance of the currents flowing through the windings of diametrically opposite electromagnets,

and as a result, it reduces voltage surges (power consumption) when starting and accelerating the electric motor and improves its dynamic characteristics. In addition, this design of the electric motor allows the most efficient recovery of electricity due to the occurrence of counter-emf during idling.

It is possible to practically eliminate sparking at current collectors by choosing a suitable lead angle between current collectors and collector conductive plates. Therefore, current collectors are usually mounted on an electric motor with the ability to adjust their position relative to the collector. The lead angle lies in the range from 0 to 8 °.

The total number of turns in the windings of the coils of opposite electromagnets can be different. In this case, the resonance phenomena are amplified if the difference in the number of turns is 1/2 ^p of the total number of turns in one of the coils, where p = 2, 3, 4, 5, etc.

The present invention can be used both for a unidirectional rotation motor and for a reversible electric motor, depending on the method of connecting the power supply. In the first case, the positive conductive plates of the distribution manifold are connected to the positive pole of the direct current source, and the negative conductive plates of the distribution manifold are closed to the motor housing.

In a reversible electric motor, the positive conductive plates of the distribution manifold are connected to the positive pole of the direct current source, and the negative conductive plates of the distribution collector are connected to the negative pole of the direct current source and isolated from the motor housing. To change the direction of rotation of the electric motor, the connection of the poles of the DC source is reversed.

Structurally, the electric motor can be designed so that the rotor will be located on the outside of the stator or the rotor will be located inside the stator.

The invention is illustrated by the following drawings.

Figure 1 shows a diagram of an electric motor made in accordance with the present invention, in which the stator of the electric motor is located inside the rotor;

Figure 2 shows a circuit diagram of a reversible electric motor;

Figure 3 shows a diagram of an electric motor made in accordance with the present invention, in which the stator of the electric motor is located outside the rotor.

Figure 1 shows an electric motor made in accordance with the present invention, which can be used as a motor wheel for various vehicles, such as electric bicycles. The electric motor contains a shell 1, acting as a protective casing, and directly transmitting rotation to the wheel. The shell is connected via spokes to a wheel rim (not shown). The stator 2 of the electric motor is located inside the rotor 3. The stator 2 has a circular magnetic core 4, on which an even number of permanent magnets 5 are fixed with the same pitch and alternating polarity. In this case, ten magnets. The rotor 3 is separated from the stator by an air gap and carries an even number of electromagnets 6. In this case, four. The electromagnets are arranged in pairs opposite each other and form two pairs. Each of these electromagnets has two coils 7 with a successively opposite direction of the winding (that is, if one of the coils is wound clockwise, the other counterclockwise). The coils of one electromagnet are connected in series, the end of the winding of the first coil of the electromagnet is connected to the beginning of the winding of the second coil of the electromagnet. In Fig.1, the beginning of the winding of the first coil is indicated by the letter "H", the end of the winding of the second coil is indicated by the letter "K".

When the electric motor of the coil 7 of the electromagnets 6, are powered from a direct current source (not shown) through the distribution manifold 8 and the current collectors 9. The distribution manifold 8 is stationary relative to the stator, and the current collectors 9 are connected to the rotor and when it rotates move relative to the current-carrying plates 10. These plates connected with alternating polarity with a constant current source and separated by dielectric gaps 11. The number of plates in the distribution manifold corresponds to the number of magnets in the stator and in this case it is equal to ten.

Each of the current collectors 9 is connected to the terminals of the same name of the windings of one of the electromagnets 6. The figure shows a connection option to the beginning of the winding of the first electromagnet coil, marked with the letter "H". (It is also possible to connect current collectors to the end of the winding of the second coil, marked with the letter "K", in which case the motor will rotate in the opposite direction).

Between themselves, the electromagnets 6 are connected as follows:

winding coils of adjacent electromagnets are connected in series, that is, the output of the winding "K" of one electromagnet is connected to the output "H" of an adjacent electromagnet;

and the conclusions of the windings of the opposite electromagnets are not connected to the current collectors, in this case "K", are interconnected.

The total number of permanent stator magnets - n, equal to ten and the number of electromagnets - m, equal to four, satisfy the relations:

n = 10 + 4k,

m = 4 + 2L, where k = L = 0.

The principle of operation of an electric motor made in accordance with the present invention is similar to a traditional direct current electric motor and is based on the forces of electromagnetic attraction and repulsion arising from the interaction of rotor electromagnets 6 and stator permanent magnets 5. When the electromagnet passes the position when its axis is located between the axes of the permanent magnets, the electromagnet coils are powered so that they create a magnetic pole opposite to the pole of the subsequent permanent magnet in the direction of rotation and the same name as the pole of the previous permanent magnet. Thus, the electromagnet simultaneously repels from the previous one and is attracted to the next permanent magnet. When the electromagnet passes the position opposite the axis of the permanent magnet, it is de-energized, since the current collector is located opposite the dielectric gap. This position of the electromagnet passes by inertia. The advantages of this electric motor are in a strictly defined ratio of the number of electromagnets and permanent magnets and their relative position, as well as in the used circuit of switching electromagnets.

Figure 2 shows a circuit diagram of an electric motor in accordance with the present invention. The total number of permanent stator magnets - n, equal to fourteen and the number of rotor electromagnets - m, equal to six, satisfy the relations:

n = 10 + 4K,

m = 4 + 2L, where k = L = 1.

The number of turns in the windings of the coils of opposite electromagnets can be different. To enhance resonance phenomena, it is preferable that this difference be 1/2 ^p of the total number of turns in one of the coils, where p = 2, 3, 4, 5, etc. For example, if the total number of turns in the coils of one electromagnet is 128 and p = 5, then the total number of turns in the coils of a diametrically opposite electromagnet will be 124. If p = 4, then the total number of turns in the coils of a diametrically opposite electromagnet will be 120, etc. .

The distribution manifold 8 is connected to a direct current source 13. Key 14 provides a common power on / off. The circuit may also include an additional switch 15, changing the polarity of the voltage supplied to the distribution manifold. Changing the position of the switch 15 allows you to immediately change the direction of rotation of the electric motor from direct to reverse. In addition, the electrical circuit may include additional units (not shown) for stabilizing and controlling electric current. For example, for acceleration and pulling away, a chemotron drive can be used that has a high-capacity pulse discharge and high reliability.

Figure 3 shows an electric motor made in accordance with the present invention, in which the stator 2 of the electric motor is located outside the rotor 3. Such an electric motor can be used for electric lifts, electric generators, etc. The design and operation principle of this electric motor is similar to that described above.

Implementation examples.

Example 1

An electric motor made in accordance with the present invention exhibits high performance and reliability.

The electric motor has 22 permanent stator magnets, 3 pairs of rotor electromagnets, the coil of each electromagnet coil contains 68 turns of wire with a diameter of 1.06 mm. In this case, the electric motor has the following parameters.

Dimensions - diameter 300 mm, width 50 mm.

Weight - 7.5 kg.

Power consumption - 240 watts.

The supply voltage is 24 V.

Torque - 9.6 N / m.

This electric motor was installed as a motor wheel on a STELS bike with a wheel diameter of 26 inches. Two rechargeable batteries of 12 V and a capacity of 20 A / h were used as a power source. The bike with electric drive on track tests showed the following characteristics.

Carrying capacity - 120 kg.

Cruising speed - 25 km / h.

Mileage - 40 km (when discharging batteries to 10.5 V).

Example 2

Another version of the electric motor has 22 permanent stator magnets and 5 pairs of rotor electromagnets, the coil of each electromagnet coil contains 50 turns of wire with a diameter of 1.25 mm. In this case, the electric motor has the following parameters.

Dimensions - diameter 300 mm, width 60 mm.

Weight - 9.6 kg.

Power consumption - 1000 watts.

Supply voltage - 48 V.

The torque is 40 N / m.

This electric motor was installed as a motor wheel on a scooter with a diameter of a motorcycle wheel of 16 inches. As a power source, 4 rechargeable batteries of 12 V and a capacity of 20 A / h were used. This scooter on track tests showed the following characteristics.

Carrying capacity - 150 kg.

Cruising speed - 45 km / h (maximum 60 km / h).

Mileage - 50 km (when discharging batteries to 10.5 V).

Example 3

Another version of the electric motor has 18 permanent stator magnets and 4 pairs of rotor electromagnets, the winding of each coil of the electromagnet contains 55 turns of wire with a diameter of 1.32 mm. In this case, the electric motor has the following parameters.

Dimensions - diameter 306 mm, width 72 mm.

Weight - 11 kg.

Power consumption - 1500 watts.

Supply voltage - 48 V.

The torque is 52 N / m.

Two of these electric motors were installed as motor wheels on a 3-wheel rickshaw, designed for a driver and two passengers. Diameter of a motorcycle wheel with an electric motor 16 inches. As a power source, 4 rechargeable batteries of 12 V and a capacity of 60 A / h were used. This electric rickshaw on track tests showed the following characteristics.

Payload - 500 kg.

Cruising speed - 45 km / h (maximum 70 km / h).

Mileage - 70 km (when discharging batteries to 10.5 V).

Claims (9)

1. An electric motor containing a stator with a circular magnetic circuit, on which an even number of permanent magnets with the same pitch is fixed; a rotor separated from the stator by an air gap and carrying an even number of electromagnets, each of which has two coils with a successively opposite direction of the winding; a distribution collector mounted on the stator housing and having conductive plates arranged around the circumference connected to alternating polarity with a constant current source and separated by dielectric gaps; current collectors installed with the possibility of contact with the collector plates, each of the current collectors connected to the same terminal of the windings of the respective electromagnets, where the electromagnets are arranged in pairs opposite each other, and the windings of the coils of adjacent electromagnets are connected in series, and the terminals of the windings of the opposite electromagnets not connected to the current collectors are connected among themselves, while the number of permanent stator magnets equal to n satisfies the relation n = 10 + 4k, where k is an integer that takes the values 0, 1, 2, 3 ... and the number m of the rotor electromagnets satisfies the relation m = 4 + 2L, where L - is any integer satisfying 0≤L≤k condition. 2. The electric motor according to claim 1, characterized in that the number of conductive plates in the distribution manifold is equal to the number of permanent stator magnets. 3. The electric motor according to claim 1, characterized in that the axial lines of the dielectric gaps of the distribution manifold are oriented along the axial lines of the stator permanent magnets. 4. The electric motor according to claim 1, characterized in that the number of turns in the windings of the coils of opposite electromagnets is different and this difference is 1/2 ^P of the total number of turns in one of the coils, where p = 2, 3, 4, 5 and t .d. 5. The electric motor according to claim 1, characterized in that the positive conductive plates of the distribution manifold are connected to the positive pole of the DC source, and the negative conductive plates of the distribution manifold are closed to the motor housing. 6. The electric motor according to claim 1, characterized in that the positive conductive plates of the distribution manifold are connected to the positive pole of the direct current source, and the negative conductive plates of the distribution collector are connected to the negative pole of the direct current source and isolated from the motor housing. 7. The electric motor according to claim 1, characterized in that the lead angle between the current collectors and the collector conductive plates lies in the range from 0 to 8 °. 8. The electric motor according to claim 1, characterized in that the rotor is located on the outside of the stator. 9. The electric motor according to claim 1, characterized in that the rotor is located inside the stator.

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