RU58566U1 - MULTILAYER VERTICAL BUILDING DESIGN (OPTIONS) - Google Patents

Abstract

The utility model relates to construction technology and can be used in the construction of walls of buildings in industrial and civil construction. The objective of the utility model is to create an easy-to-manufacture, light and fire-resistant multilayer vertical building structure (the outer wall of the building), having optimal thermal characteristics, acceptable thickness, relatively light weight, with good vapor permeability of the outer facing layer, which does not require additional finishing and vapor barrier of the inner facing layer . Another objective of the utility model is to increase the fire resistance of a steel column or pilaster by creating a monolithic structure formed of a non-combustible aggregate and a non-combustible facing layer while using the facing layer as a decorative finish. The problem is solved in that in a multilayer vertical building structure (outer wall), the inner surfaces of the outer and inner facing layers are made of materials having adhesion to the aggregate, after which the structure becomes monolithic. The second task is solved by the fact that in a multilayer vertical building structure (steel column or pilaster), fixed formwork is erected around the column or pilaster outside the building or inside it, a filler made of non-combustible liquid material is introduced between the column and the formwork. The thickness of the filling layer is selected depending on the filling material and the functional purpose of the structure. The material for the cladding layer of the exterior facade is selected to have vapor permeability, and the material for the inner cladding layer is selected to have vapor barrier. The outer cladding layer is made of either small-sized panels made of crushed natural stones or decorative fiber cement panels, while the cladding layer is used as a decorative finish on a building wall, or a steel column, or a pilaster, and can be supplemented with various architectural elements. 2 n.p.f., 3 fig., 1 photo

Description

The utility model relates to construction technology and can be used in the construction of walls of buildings in industrial and civil construction.

In the construction of multilayer building structures, the basic requirements are presented both to improve the thermal insulation characteristics, and to reduce the energy intensity of the production process. The main way to increase the energy efficiency of building structures of residential and public buildings is the use of lightweight materials that provide the required level of thermal protection, vapor and air permeability of structures. In recent decades, requirements for the level of thermal protection and vapor barrier of buildings under construction and reconstructed have especially increased. In single-layer structures, thermal engineering uniformity is 1.3-1.5 times greater than in multi-layer structures, which is due to the structural heterogeneity of the latter, the presence of cold bridges and the condensation of water vapor on them. The task is to create multilayer heat-efficient walls of acceptable thickness, relatively light weight, sufficient air permeability and vapor permeability, and the materials used for these purposes should have such qualities as lightness, durability, fire safety and environmental friendliness.

Multilayer vertical building structures are known, including facing and heat-insulating layers, fixed formwork installed on the outside of the building, and a protective layer, for example, concrete, is applied over the heat-insulating layer (patent application No. 2003100865, IPC E 04 B 2/86, publ. 2004.12 .thirty).

Known multi-layer wall containing an inner supporting layer of reinforced concrete, a heat-insulating layer, an outer layer, which is made of insulating, acting as a permanent formwork, allowing concreting of the inner layer over the entire height of the floor of the building (application for invention No. 2001125056, IPC E 04 B 2/86 , published 2001.06.10).

A monolithic building is known, including monolithic walls and ceilings, a supporting frame, formwork for monolithic concrete, and the supporting walls, floors and columns are made with a hidden frame and in a fixed formwork. A design feature is that the fixed wall formwork is both finishing and load-bearing structural elements of the building (application for invention No. 2003114942, IPC E 04 B 2/84, 2/86, publ. 2005.01.10).

The task of increasing the thermotechnical homogeneity of multilayer walls and reducing the complexity of their installation is solved by various means, in most cases associated with technical difficulties.

When creating multilayer building structures, in some cases, systems of ventilated facades are used for insulation and cladding of newly built and reconstructed buildings. In the capital construction of residential and administrative buildings using ventilated facades, conditions must be met that contribute to reducing heat loss

through the building envelope, reducing the possibility of moisture, reducing the likelihood of destruction of the building envelope.

Known external multilayer wall of the building, consisting of an outer layer formed of installed and attached to the floors with flexible detachable metal ties, architecturally designed panels. Between the panels on the facade of the building there are horizontal and vertical gaps that ensure air circulation between the ventilated air gap and the external atmosphere. In parallel with the outer layer, the insulating and inner layers are located. The construction of the outer multilayer walls of a building is usually carried out in two stages. At the first stage, the outer layer is installed and fixed with flexible detachable metal bonds.

At the second stage, insulating and inner layers are mounted from the inside of the building (US Pat. RF 2204664, IPC E 04 B 2/28 “External multilayer wall of a building and the method of its construction”, published 2003.05.20).

This technical solution was adopted by us for the prototype as the most similar in terms of the goal and the set of essential features.

In real construction conditions, when erecting buildings with a ventilated facade, in addition to technical, installation, and other difficulties, it is almost impossible to ensure the flatness of the building envelope over the entire height of the building, for which it is necessary to establish and adjust the estimated distance between the wall and facade plates taking into account the thickness of the insulation layer and the width of the ventilation space. In addition, when using ventilated facades after a certain time, their replacement is necessary due to their fragility, which leads to additional work and costs.

When installing systems of ventilated facades, it is necessary to constantly monitor the amount of air gap between the insulation and cladding, compensating for uneven walls using brackets with adjustable guide profiles. Special requirements are imposed on the corrosion resistance of metals. In addition, the use of mineral wool insulation also has its drawbacks: over time, it settles, which affects the thermal characteristics of the structure. In addition, the service life of such a heater is 15-30 years, while the service life of the structure is at least 50 years.

In recent years, in construction, including the construction of multilayer walls, light materials such as polystyrene foam concrete, cellular concrete, foam concrete, etc., which have good heat-shielding characteristics and are used as a durable insulation, are widely used.

The limitation of the use of technical solutions for the prototype is the following:

the need for additional costs for the manufacture, maintenance and replacement of short-lived metal frame structures due to metal corrosion;

the problem of reducing the thickness of the multilayer outer wall is not solved while maintaining high thermal characteristics.

Known multilayer monolithic structure containing the outer and inner walls of fixed formwork, between which there is a filler layer of expanded polystyrene concrete (US Pat. RF No. 22215097, IPC E 04 B 2/86, publ. 2003.10.27).

This technical solution was made by us for the second prototype as the most similar in the aggregate of essential features.

The limitation of the use of technical solutions for the second prototype is the following:

the problem of ensuring fire protection of multilayer vertical building structures (steel columns, pilasters) is not solved.

The objective of the utility model is to create an easy-to-manufacture, light and fire-resistant multilayer vertical building structure (the outer wall of the building), having optimal thermal characteristics, acceptable thickness, relatively light weight, with good vapor permeability of the outer facing layer, which does not require additional finishing and vapor barrier of the inner facing layer .

Another objective of the utility model is to increase the fire resistance of a steel column or pilaster by creating a monolithic structure formed of a non-combustible aggregate and a non-combustible facing layer with the simultaneous use of the facing layer as a decorative finish.

Utility Model Essence

The problem is solved in that a multilayer vertical building structure (outer wall) is proposed, which includes a fixed formwork consisting of a frame, a facing layer for the exterior decoration of the facade, an inner facing layer and a fluid flowing heat-insulating aggregate placed between them, and the facing layers and the heat-insulating aggregate are made from non-combustible materials. The inner surfaces of the outer and inner facing layers are made of a material having adhesion with respect to the heat-insulating aggregate. After the aggregate hardens, the structure (outer wall) becomes monolithic.

Another problem is solved by the fact that a multilayer vertical building structure (steel column, or pilaster) is proposed, including a fixed formwork consisting of a frame and a facing layer of non-combustible material. Non-removable formwork is erected around the column or pilaster outside or inside the building, between the column and the formwork a filler of non-combustible fluid material is introduced, and the inner surfaces of the cladding layer are made of materials having adhesion to the filler, after which the structure becomes monolithic.

The material for the facing layer of the exterior facade is selected with vapor permeability. The material for the inner facing layer is selected with vapor barrier.

The outer cladding layer is made of either small-sized panels consisting of crushed natural stones with the addition of a weatherproof bonding agent and coloring agents treated with a water-repellent composition, or of decorative fiber cement panels, while the cladding layer is used as a decorative finish on a building wall, or a steel column, or pilasters and can be complemented by various

architectural elements.

The thickness of the aggregate layer of non-combustible fluid material is selected depending on the filling material and the functional purpose of the structure.

List of drawings illustrating a utility model

Figure 1 presents a horizontal section of a multilayer vertical building structure.

Figure 2 presents a section aa in figure 1.

Figure 3 presents a cross section through a steel column.

The photo shows a view of a multilayer vertical building structure (outer wall) in the process of filling a fixed formwork with heat-insulating material (foam concrete).

Utility Model Disclosure

A multi-layer vertical building structure (outer wall) (Figs. 1, 2) includes a fixed formwork 1 consisting of a frame 2, a facing layer 3 for the exterior decoration of the facade, an inner facing layer 4, and a heat-insulating aggregate 5 made of liquid-flowing non-combustible material between the outer facing layer 3 and the inner facing layer 4. The inner surfaces of the outer and inner facing layers, respectively 3.1 and 4.1, are made of a material that has adhesion with respect to thermal insulation aggregate 5. Heat-insulating aggregate is made of lightweight materials, such as foam concrete or polystyrene concrete. The facing layers 3 and 4 are attached to the frame, for example, with self-tapping screws, and thereby form the outer 6 and inner 7 walls of the fixed formwork 1.

A multilayer vertical building structure - a steel column 8, or a pilaster (without pos.) (Fig. 3), which includes a fixed formwork 9, consisting of a frame 10, a facing layer for the exterior of the facade 11 and a filler 12 made of non-combustible fluid material . The inner surface of the outer facing layer is made of material with adhesion with respect to the aggregate 12. The facing layer is attached to the frame 10, for example, with self-tapping screws, and thereby forms the walls of the permanent formwork 9.

By analogy with a steel column, fixed formwork can be used for the manufacture of columns from monolithic reinforced concrete. In this case, heavy concrete is used as the aggregate material.

The outer facing layer for finishing the facade, steel column or pilaster outside the building is made of small parts, for example, panels made of natural stone crumbs with the addition of a weather-resistant binding agent, such as cement, and UV-resistant coloring agents treated with a water-repellent composition, or from fiber cement panels. Facing the outer layer for finishing the facade protects the heat-insulating aggregate from external atmospheric

impacts (rain, snow, ice, etc.). Facing the outer layer for finishing the facade is made of a material with vapor permeability, due to which excess moisture is removed from the heat-insulating aggregate (for foam concrete - in the range of 0.14-0.21 MG / MCH Pa). The outer cladding used to decorate the facade of the building, steel columns or pilasters is non-combustible, can also serve as a stationary screen to limit thermal and radiant effects in case of fire. The facing outer layer is frost-resistant (F-50-100 or more).

The inner facing layer of fixed formwork made of moisture-resistant materials, such as glass-magnesium panels, gypsum sheets, gypsum vinyl, etc., limits the penetration of steam and moisture into the wall structure from the inside of the building, has a vapor barrier and creates a vapor barrier, protecting the insulation from household or industrial moisture arising in the course of human life.

Facing the outer layer of the proposed material having a wide color gamut, can be made with architectural elements or supplemented by them and does not require additional decoration.

Due to the adhesion of the aggregate from liquid material to the inner surfaces of the facing layers of solid materials, after the aggregate hardens, we obtain a monolithic structure of the exterior wall of the building or steel column, or pilaster, or reinforced concrete column.

The material used according to the utility model for decorating the facade was previously used only for ventilated building facades.

To ensure fire protection of building structural elements - steel columns, pilasters, half-timbers, beams, girders, beams, fixed formwork is constructed and a filler of non-combustible fluid material is introduced between the column and formwork. The inner surfaces of the outer facing layer are made of materials that adhere to the aggregate, and the thickness of the filling layer is selected depending on the filling material, for example, when filling with foam concrete, the layer thickness of which is 60 mm, a fire resistance limit of at least R120 is ensured.

Construction device

Fixed formwork for the outer wall of a building, or a steel column, or a pilaster consists of a spatial frame made of sheet steel profiles fastened together by self-tapping screws or rivets.

Facing layers - the outer of small parts, or panels and the inner, for example of gypsum fiber or glass-magnesium panels, etc. - are attached to the frame, for example, with self-tapping screws, and thereby form the outer and inner walls of fixed formwork.

The space between the outer and inner walls of fixed formwork is filled with heat-insulating non-combustible environmentally friendly light fluid material, for example, foam concrete (according to GOST 25485-89), or polystyrene concrete (according to GOST P51263-99).

After the heat-insulating aggregate hardens, the entire multilayer vertical building structure becomes monolithic.

This design completely eliminates the negative influence of “cold bridges” (floor floors, lintels over openings), since the insulation filled in the fixed formwork is partially placed on the outside of the wall and thereby preserves the useful area of the premises, and the monolithic insulation (foam concrete, etc.) serves not only a heater, but also replaces the jumper over the opening.

In the monolithic design of the outer wall more fully than in systems with a ventilated facade, such a property of the facing material as thermal conductivity is used (λ = 0.12 W / m ° s for fiber cement panels).

Due to the high thermal resistance, the walls of the building with insulation from the proposed materials are able to accumulate heat, which reduces heating costs by 20-30%. Significant heat losses in winter are prevented, walls are not afraid of damp. Products made of non-combustible material, for example, foam concrete, reliably protect against the spread of fire and correspond to the first degree of fire resistance.

Significant sound insulation is achieved through the use of fiber cement panels for the outer facing layer: with a panel thickness of 12 mm at a frequency of 500 Hz - 25 dB., With a panel thickness of 25 mm - the noise level from vehicles from 80 dB is reduced to 40 dB. Thus, using fiber cement panels in combination with a layer of thermal insulation, the proposed design acquires excellent soundproofing properties.

When reconstructing old buildings, significantly fewer anchor fasteners and elements of the subfacial system are used than when installing a ventilated facade, since the frame is used to a greater extent only for temporary fastening of the facing layers of fixed formwork.

The resulting construction does not require additional decoration; it is carried out under construction conditions both during the construction of new buildings and during the reconstruction of old buildings.

Due to the combination of a light non-combustible aggregate that has adhesion to the outer cladding layer, which has vapor permeability, and the inner cladding layer, which have vapor barrier, we get a monolithic design of the outer enclosing wall that does not require additional finishing of surfaces with high thermal characteristics, good sound insulation and lower weight compared to the known ones monolithic constructions of external walls.

At the same time, the facing layer of the outer wall of the building, steel column or pilasters is used as a decorative finish and can be supplemented by various architectural elements.

Claims (2)

1. A multi-layer vertical building structure (outer wall), including a fixed formwork, consisting of a frame, a facing layer for exterior decoration of the facade, an inner facing layer and a fluid flowing heat-insulating lightweight aggregate placed between the facing layers, the facing layers and the heat-insulating aggregate made of non-combustible materials, characterized in that the inner surfaces of the outer and inner facing layers are made of materials with adhesion to to the filler, after the hardening of which the structure becomes monolithic, the outer cladding layer is made of either small-sized panels made of natural stone chips with the addition of a weather-resistant bonding agent and coloring agents treated with a water-repellent composition, or decorative fiber cement panels, and the cladding layer is used as a decorative finish on the building wall and can be supplemented by various architectural elements, while the material for the facing layer of the exterior facade is selected n having vapor permeability, and the material for the inner facing layer is selected to have vapor barrier. 2. A multilayer vertical building structure (steel column or pilaster), including fixed formwork, consisting of a frame and a facing layer of non-combustible material, characterized in that the fixed formwork is erected around the column or pilaster outside or inside the building, a filler is introduced between the column and formwork non-combustible fluid material, and the inner surface of the facing layer is made of materials with adhesion to the aggregate, after the hardening of which the construction of monolithic, the outer facing layer is made of either small-sized panels made of crushed natural stones with the addition of a weather-resistant binding agent and dyes and treated with a water-repellent composition, or of decorative fiber cement panels, while the facing layer is used as a decorative finish for a steel column or pilasters and can be supplemented by various architectural elements, and the thickness of the filling layer is selected depending on the filling material and the functional purpose of the cons traction.