RU2824797C1 - Complete feed based on common reed for herbivorous fishes of family of cyprinids grown in cages and closed water supply installations - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: fodder production.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to production of fodders based on common reed, which in nature is natural food for herbivorous fishes of the cyprinid family. Complete fodder consists of the ground part of common reed and additionally contains meat-and-bone meal, sunflower cake, fodder yeast milled to 1–3 mm. Ground part of wet common reed in the phase before blooming, crushed to fraction of 1–3 mm, is used. Fodder is presented in the form of a uniformly mixed mixture with granule size of 2–10 mm and moisture content of 10–13.5 %.

EFFECT: invention usage will make it possible to produce complete food for cyprinid family fishes.

1 cl, 4 tbl

Description

The invention relates to feed production, in particular to the production of feed based on southern reed, which in nature is a natural food for herbivorous fish.

A production compound feed for growing carp fingerlings weighing from 40 g to a marketable weight of 16-80 g in warm-water farms is known. It contains the following components, in wt. %: protein-vitamin concentrate (PVC) 14%; feed yeast (hydrolysis) 10-20%; fish meal 10%; sunflower or soybean meals 30%; crushed wheat 19%; molasses 3%; inorganic phosphate 1%; methionine 1%; chalk 1%; premix P5-1 (broiler) 1%. It contains 37% crude protein and 5-7% fat. (Zheltov, Yu.A. Recipes for compound feeds for growing fish of different species and ages in industrial fish farming. - Kyiv: Firma "Inkos", 2006. - 154 p. P. 45-46)

A known production compound feed for growing commercial carp in pond farms is the SBS-RZ recipe, which contains the following components, mass %: soybean meal 5%; sunflower meal 22%; barley 40%; wheat 16%, fish meal 3%; hydrolytic yeast 4%; bran 10%. Its content of crude protein is 23%, fat 3.4%. (Zheltov, Yu.A. Compound feed recipes for growing fish of different species and ages in industrial fish farming. - Kyiv: Firma "Inkos", 2006. - 154 p. Pp. 61-62).

A feed for yearling carp is known, containing the following components, wt. %: protein-vitamin concentrate - 12.5 - 15.0%, fish meal - 4.5 - 5.0%, high-moor sphagnum peat with a decomposition degree of 13-18% - 12.5 - 15.0%, hydrolytic yeast - the rest. These components are thoroughly mixed and brought to a humidity of 60-70% with water. The resulting mixture is passed through an MS-2-70 meat grinder. Гранулы подсушивают на стеллажах-сушилках при t 30-40°С в течение 12 ч. (Арефьев, Б.Д., Гордеева, С.Ю., Клюшин, Б.А., Макаров, А.Н., Челышев, Е.Б. Корм для сеголеток карпа // https://yandex.ru/patents/doc/SU1769413Al_19960310).

A method for producing functional expanded aquafeeds for carp fish is known, characterized in that for the age group of yearlings of carp fish, aquafeeds are prepared from the following components, wt. %: shriveled wheat - 27.0%, feed lupine - 12.0%, soybean meal - 14.7%, fish meal - 16%, wheat bran - 15.0%, limestone flour - 0.3%, feed yeast - 5.0%, feed chalk - 1.0%, premix - 1.0%, phosphatide protein concentrate 8.0%. (Patent of the Russian Federation No. 2447672, published on 20.04.2012).

A method for producing functional expanded aquafeed for carp fish is known, where the components are wheat grain and fodder lupine, crushed to a particle size of 1.0-1.5 mm, from which dough is obtained, cut into strips and granules with a diameter of 3.5 mm, with a component ratio, wt. %: wheat - 66.7%, fodder lupine - 33.3% (Patent of the Russian Federation No. 2621136, published on 31.05.2017).

A method for producing fish feed is known, which involves mixing fish meal, meat and bone meal, sunflower meal, soybean meal, vegetable oil, wheat flour and PM-2 premix with nanoparticles of an iron-cobalt complex (Patent No. 2517228, published on 27.05.2014).

Experimental feeds are known, made from pre-dried young shoots of reed, harvested two months before flowering, crushed in a crusher of the DKU-01 Farmer brand of Uralspetsmash LLC, immersed for a day in a solution of biologically active substances in a ratio of 1:1. For experiments in aquariums with a capacity of 100 liters with constant aeration of water using a membrane compressor, fingerlings of white amur were used. The experiments were carried out in two versions: in the first version, the fish were fed reed without additives of bioactive substances, in the second version, the fish were fed reed enriched with biologically active substances. (Magzanova, D.K., Kanieva, N.A., Zhuravleva, G.F. Use of southern reed "phragmites australis" as a raw material in the production of fish feed // Rational nutrition, food additives and biostimulants. - 2016. - No. 2 - P. 63-66).

A feed mixture based on southern reed for carp fish is known, which consists of the following components: sunflower meal, feed yeast, fish meal, tricalcium phosphate, PM-2 of commercial carp, vegetable chaff from southern reed, narrow-leaved cattail, aniseed hyacinth, in the following ratio, mass. %: composition in the recipe Southern reed 21.57 Narrow-leaved cattail 20.34 Aniseed hyacinth 15.00 Sunflower meal 33.09 Feed yeast 3.00 Fish meal 4.00 Tricalcium phosphate 2.00 PM-2 of commercial carp 1.00. Chaff from local plant resources is used in the manufactured feed. The feed mixture is made in the form of granules with a diameter of 4.7 mm. The content of crude protein in the feed mixture is 31.3%. (Patent of the Russian Federation No. 2559114, published 10.08.2015).

The experimental feed for grass carp produced and tested in China in a recirculating aquaculture system, made from southern reed pre-chopped with a straw chopper, dried at a temperature of 56°C and finally ground into powder, was selected as a prototype. The composition and content of nutrients in the Chinese experimental diet are as follows, mass %: Southern reed 30, Soybean flour 30, Fish meal 3, Rapeseed meal 26, Ca (H2PO4) 2.5, Carboxymethylcellulose 2, Choline chloride 0.15, Bentonite clay 1.35, Vitamin premix 1, Mineral premix 1, Soybean oil 3. The content of crude protein in the feed is 33%, crude fat 4.77%. (Wang, R., Lei, C, Li, Z., Lei, Y., Luo, C, Shao, L., Huang, C, Yang, P. Effects of a Diet of Phragmites australis instead of Triticum aestivum L. on Immune Performance and Liver Tissue Structure of Ctenopharyngodon idellus. Fishes. 2022; 7(6):378 https://doi.org/10.339. 0/fishes7060378).

The general disadvantages of the known technical solutions include the use of expensive components: both traditional (fish meal, soybean meal, soy flour, rapeseed meal, soybean oil, premix, amino acids, carboxymethyl cellulose, bentonite clay) and non-traditional, the cultivation or production of which for feed purposes is not developed in Russia (anise hyssop, PM-2 premix with iron-cobalt complex nanoparticles, phosphatide protein concentrate, choline chloride). Expensive technological operations (extrusion, expansion, separation of certain parts of plants), ineffective technological operations (formation of granules using a meat grinder, cutting dough into strips and granules with a diameter of 3.5 mm) are also used.

The technical result is the production of complete feed based on southern reed for herbivorous fish of the carp family, grown in cages and closed water supply systems, providing for the need for nutrients, minerals and biologically active substances.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that the complete feed based on southern reed for herbivorous fish of the carp family, grown in cages and closed water supply systems, consists of the above-ground part of southern reed and additionally contains meat and bone meal, sunflower cake, feed yeast, crushed to 1-3 mm, the above-ground part of wet southern reed in the pre-flowering phase, crushed to a fraction of 1-3 mm, is used, the feed is made in the form of a uniformly mixed mixture, in the form of granules of 2-10 mm in size with a moisture content of 10-13.5%, with the following ratio of components in % of absolute dry matter:

the above-ground part of the southern wet reed 50 meat and bone meal 10 sunflower cake 25 feed yeast 15

At the same time, the feed consumption is 2.93 kg per 1 kg of weight gain of herbivorous fish of the carp family.

Complete feed for herbivorous fish of the carp family, grown in cages and RAS, contains 30% crude protein, 6-7% fat.

The above-water part of the southern reed is optimally mown in the pre-flowering phase (young shoots, leaves and stems), when the nutritional value is higher. It is known that as the reed develops, its nutritional value drops sharply: in the flowering phase, 100 kg of dry reed contains 36.5 feed units, including 3.6 kg of digestible protein; in silage - 47.7 feed units, digestible protein - 3.7 kg; by the beginning of fruiting, the number of feed units decreases to 29.8, and protein digestibility to 1%. At a young age, tender and soft reed stems contain a lot of sugary substances - 6.4%, from 33.1 to 51.5 mg / kg of carotene and vitamin C, and green leaves - from 0.1 to 0.25% of ascorbic acid.

In wet form, southern reed is crushed using a rotary crusher with a 3 mm sieve. Separately, meat and bone meal, sunflower cake, and feed yeast (hydrolysis) are also crushed using a rotary crusher with a 3 mm sieve. Then, in a proportion determined during weighing (% of absolute dry matter), the already jointly crushed southern reed (50%), meat and bone meal (10%), sunflower cake (25%), and feed yeast (hydrolysis) (15%) are re-run in a rotary crusher with a 3 mm sieve and fed to a mixer for mixing. After that, the wet feed mixture is granulated in a granulator into granules of certain sizes from 2 to 10 mm (according to the age and size of the fish), which are subsequently dried in a dryer (to a moisture content of no more than 13.5%), sifted, and packaged. Granulation of the wet feed mixture allows for higher quality granules. In the course of granulation and drying, hydrothermal treatment of the feed mixtures occurs, as a result of which starch is partially converted into sugar, which increases the nutritional value of the feed mixture. Granulation of the feed mixture improves organoleptic properties, increases shelf life, and reduces mechanical losses during transportation and storage.

Herbivorous fish grown in cages and RAS are deprived of natural food, therefore all necessary nutrients, including essential fatty and amino acids, vitamins, microelements, fish must receive from artificial feeds introduced into cages or RAS. Therefore, feed for cages and RAS must be complete, i.e. fully meet the fish's need for nutrients, minerals and biologically active substances and is intended for feeding as the only diet.

Southern reed is one of the most widespread species of flowering plants. It is found everywhere in Russia and neighboring countries (except for the Far North).

According to Russian researchers (A.L. Salnikov, Z.B. Sugralieva, S.A. Davydova, A.N. Eremina, S.A. Davydova, A.S. Pavlenko, M.V. Lozovskaya, A.I. Ryadnov), as well as Kazakh researchers (G.K. Akhauova, A. Apbasova, A. Koshanova, B. Batyrbekova), the plant southern reed (Phragmites australis) is not inferior to grain in terms of protein, fat and carbohydrate content in its vegetative parts. The chemical composition of the above-ground parts of southern reed (in % of absolute dry matter) is given in Table 1.

Researchers from China R. Wang, C. Lei, C. Li, Ya. Lei, Q. Luo, L. Shao, C. Huang, P. Yang also confirmed the nutritional value of common reed collected in the Changde area of Dongting Lake. The main active substances of common reed and wheat (in % of absolute dry matter) are listed in Table 2.

According to S.A. Davydova, A.S. Pavlenko, M.V. Lozovskoy, A.I. Ryadnova yield of green mass of southern reed is 30-35 tons per 1 hectare, dry - 10-12 tons.

According to A.L. Salnikov, Z.B. Sugralieva, S.A. Davydova, A.N. Eremina, producers of feed mixtures based on southern reed for carp fish will not have problems with raw materials. It can be found on every continent except Antarctica, it is widespread in the temperate climate zone. Throughout its territory, southern reed is most common in damp, swampy or flooded areas around reservoirs, swamps, lakes, springs, irrigation canals and other waterways.

Vast reed beds in many regions of Russia are a significant problem. In the Lower Volga region, reed beds become a source of such problems as landscape fires, the difficulty of growing crops in places where reeds grow, which are weeds due to the practical impossibility of getting rid of them. In the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain, the problem of reed fires is one of the main ones.

The most promising is the use of southern reed in feed for herbivorous fish, for which it is a natural physiologically characteristic food in nature: carp, grass carp, silver carp, carp. These fish belong to the carp family. The spectrum of food for grass carp (a type of ray-finned fish of the carp family) depends on a set of growing and feeding conditions, in particular, the composition of the feed, the presence or sufficient amount of favorite food are important. Fish-breeding research results indicate poor absorption and low payment by grass carp for compound feed as food that is physiologically not characteristic for them. When grass carp completely switched to feeding on compound feed, the growth of the fish slowed down sharply, and then stopped altogether.

The need of carp for protein and fat during ontogenesis under different growing conditions changes depending on age, life cycle, and environmental conditions, and is given in Table 3.

Tests of feed based on southern reed for herbivorous fish were conducted in the conditions of the RAS of the Center for Breeding Valuable Sturgeon Breeds of the Volgograd State Agrarian University. The purpose of the tests was to study the efficiency of using complete feed based on southern reed when growing herbivorous fish of the carp family in RAS and cages.

The tests were carried out in three similar pools with a water volume of 1.5 m3 each, in which carp are grown.

At the beginning of May 2023, three pools No. 1, No. 2 and No. 3 were stocked with two-year-old carp (100 pieces in No. 1, No. 2 and No. 3) with an average weight of 500 grams/piece.

The fish were weighed using generally accepted methods.

In pool #1, the fish were fed with crushed wheat pellets. In pool #2, the fish were fed with crushed wheat pellets (50%) and southern reed (50%). feed based on southern reed. In pool #3, the fish were fed with pellets from an experimental feed mixture (complete feed based on southern reed for herbivorous fish of the carp family grown in cages and RAS).

Feeding was carried out 3-4 times a day, with gradual distribution of food so that he would eat it.

Growing period: May-July 2023 (92 days).

Fish-farming and biological indicators of carp cultivation in RAS are presented in Table 4.

Two-year-old carp grown in pool No. 1 reached an average weight of 69,388 g, in pool No. 2 - 72,096 g, in pool No. 3 - 85,695 g.

The survival rate of fish by species in the pools varies: in pool No. 1 - 87%; No. 2 - 89%; No. 3 - 92%.

The growth rates of carp in herbivorous fish ponds do not differ significantly by species.

Feed consumption per 1 kg of gain in pool No. 1 was 3.13 kg, in pool No. 2 - 3.05 kg, in pool No. 3 - 2.93 kg.

Thus, the use of complete feed based on southern reed for herbivorous fish of the carp family, grown in cages and RAS, made it possible to increase the weight gain of carp and survival, since the supply of carp with nutrients, minerals and biologically active substances increased, including the ground part of southern reed, which is physiologically characteristic of carp in nature.

Claims (2)

Complete feed for herbivorous fish of the carp family, grown in cages and closed water supply systems, based on southern reed, characterized by the fact that it additionally contains meat and bone meal, sunflower cake and feed yeast, crushed to 1-3 mm, while the above-ground part of wet southern reed is used before flowering, which is crushed to a fraction of 1-3 mm, and the feed is produced in the form of a granulated uniformly mixed mixture with a granule size of 2-10 mm and a moisture content of 10-13.5% with the following ratio of components in wt.%: the above-ground part of the southern wet reed 50 meat and bone meal 10 sunflower cake 25 feed yeast 15