RU2811805C1 - Landing meteorological kit (options) - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: warcraft.

SUBSTANCE: means of meteorological support for landing. The kit includes an ultrasonic anemometer (9) and a wind profiler (10). The ultrasonic anemometer (9) includes a block (1) for generating control electrical pulses, a block (2) for selecting control pulses, a block (3) for electroacoustic transducers, an electronic computing device (4), a measurement error selection block (5), a wind parameter indication block (6), humidity sensor (7), power supply unit (8). The wind profiler (10) includes a power supply unit (8), a transmitter (11), a transmitting and receiving antenna device (12) with electroacoustic transducers, a receiver (13), a signal processor (14), a data processor (15), a display information device (16).

EFFECT: enhancement of functionality.

4 cl, 4 dwg, 1 tbl

Description

The invention relates to ground-based hardware for acoustic remote sensing of the lower layers of the atmosphere and can be used to obtain information about wind speed and direction in meteorological support devices for landing.

The requirements for meteorological support during landings and the means applicable for this are known [1].

Jumps with landing parachute systems from airplanes and helicopters are permitted under the meteorological conditions specified in Table 1.

The landing director must know the actual meteorological situation in the airfield areas.

At the landing site, before the start of the landing, the jump director is obliged to check with the landing director about the actual meteorological conditions in the area of the landing site.

During the landing period, the jump director is obliged to prohibit (stop) the drop if the values of the elements of meteorological conditions change more than acceptable.

The list of material support for the squad for managing and ensuring the landing of personnel at the landing site includes a landing meteorological kit (DMK).

There are known methods for determining wind speed and direction [2]. Contact methods come down to placing primary transducers (various types of anemometers) in the flow, which convert the wind speed into another value, the measurement of which is less difficult. Rotoanemometers convert wind speed into the angular speed of rotation of a cup spinner or propeller. In induction anemometers, the measure of wind speed is the amplitude of the current generated from the rotation of a pinwheel or screw. And in pulse anemometers, the measure of wind speed is the pulse frequency generated by a magnetic reed switch or photoelectric modulator from the rotation of a pinwheel or screw.

Non-contact methods for measuring wind speed can be divided into optical (another name is laser, also known in the literature under the English abbreviation “LiDAR” from Light Detection and Ranging or under the transliteration of the English abbreviation “lidar”), acoustic and radar. These methods are based on the emission of waves into space, which, when propagating through the atmosphere, are scattered in the opposite direction, received and processed.

A known Doppler weather radar “DMRL-S” [3] contains a series-connected generator of packets of multi-frequency narrow-band and wide-band sounding signals, an amplifying broadband transmitter, a microwave signal polarization device, an antenna switch, and an antenna. The antenna switch contains two microwave circulators connected via sounding signals to a transceiver antenna and via reflected meteorological signals to a four-channel radio receiver. The digital output of the radio receiver is connected to a computer for controlling and processing meteorological signals. The computer for controlling and processing meteorological signals includes a device for digital processing of meteorological signals, a control unit and primary processing of meteorological signals.

Under computer control, the generator of bursts of dual-frequency narrow-band and broadband probing signals generates a sequence of bursts consisting of two radio pulses. These signals are then sent to an amplifying broadband transmitter, where they are amplified and transmitted to a microwave signal polarization device. A device for polarizing microwave signals divides radio pulses into two channels with orthogonal polarizations and transmits them through an antenna switch to a transmitting/receiving antenna with a computer-specified angular direction of probing. Next, the transmit-receive antenna emits signals into the surrounding airspace. Polarized echo signals reflected from hydrometeors are received by a transmitting and receiving antenna and then, through an antenna switch, are sent to the channels of a four-channel radio receiver corresponding in polarization (main and additional). The four-channel radio receiver provides optimal rejection, amplification, conversion and detection of received echo signals. Next, the generated matrices of digital signals are transmitted to a device for digital processing of meteorological signals, where digital filtering of non-synchronous impulse noise and processing of useful signals is carried out. Next, the received signals enter the control unit and primary processing of meteorological signals to form conic sections of meteorological parameters of hydrometeors (reflectivity, radial speed, spectrum width. After the calculations of hydrometeor parameters are completed, the meteorological signal control and processing computer converts the meteorological data to a convenient form and presents it to consumers of meteorological data .

The disadvantage of a Doppler weather radar is, firstly, its functional limitations due to the low efficiency of determining wind speed in the absence or low density of hydrometeors. Secondly, the impossibility of its use in the personnel landing zone, due to the negative impact of microwave radiation on humans.

A laser radar and its method of operation are known [4]. The patent describes a wind laser radar based on a transmitter that forms a focal volume at a certain point and a receiver of backscattered radiation from an aerosol distributed along the path. The claimed device contains a computer complex for calculating wind parameters from measured values. Calculations are made by approximating the obtained data with a known function. To take into account the influence of clouds, normalization to the previously measured cloud speed is provided at the stage of calculating the Doppler shift.

The disadvantage of a laser radar is, firstly, in measuring the sign of the real wind speed vector, which, when measuring the state of atmospheric flows, can give false information about the presence or absence of such dangerous phenomena as wind shear. Secondly, the impossibility of its use in the landing zone of personnel, due to the high probability of damage to the visual organs of paratroopers when they are hit by a laser emitted by the device, while measuring wind parameters in the landing zone.

The DMK landing meteorological kit [5] and the DMK-01 landing meteorological kit [6], which have similar disadvantages, are known.

The landing meteorological set DMK [5] consists of a wind speed and direction sensor, a temperature and humidity sensor unit, an indicator of meteorological elements, a visibility range meter, and a meteorological mast with guy wires. A block of wind speed and direction sensors is assembled onto a meteorological mast and a cable is connected. Deploy blocks of wind, temperature and humidity sensors and connect cables to them. All cables are connected to the indicator of meteorological elements. The ground atmospheric pressure value is taken from the pressure indicator. On the indicator of meteorological elements, set the switch to the TEMP position and, by pressing the START button, read the air temperature in degrees Celsius on the scale. To determine the speed and direction of the ground wind, the switch on the indicator of meteorological elements is sequentially set to the SPEED and NAPR positions. and take data on instantaneous speed (in m/s) and wind direction (in degrees). If necessary, measure the relative humidity of the air, for which the switch on the indicator of meteorological elements is set to the HUMIDITY position. and by pressing the START button, the air humidity is read off the scale. The received data is processed manually or using independent automation tools.

Landing meteorological DMK-01[6], consists of a sensor unit, a digital unit, a communication line and a meteorological mast. The sensor block combines a wind speed and direction sensor, an air temperature and humidity sensor and a measuring transducer, which are mounted in the upper part of the meteorological mast. In the sensor block, meteorological parameters are measured, which enter the measuring transducer and, after conversion, are transmitted via communication lines to the digital block for processing. In the digital block, meteorological information is processed and output to a digital display and to a personal computer via a communication line.

The disadvantages of the landing meteorological kit DMK and the landing meteorological kit DMK-01 are that the use of an anemorumbometer as a wind speed and direction sensor, firstly, the inaccuracy of setting the axis of rotation of the propeller along the wind vector entails a change in the readings of the anemorumbometer itself. Secondly, uneven perception of wind speed, since any screw anemometer, which includes an anemorbometer, perceives an increase in wind speed faster than a decrease in wind. Thirdly, an overestimation of the average wind speed due to the increase in the Kinetic energy of the pulsating wind flow. Fourthly, for the anemorummeter to work correctly, before using it, the device must be oriented towards the light, corresponding to the north direction. Fifthly, the design of a meteorological mast with guys for the DMK landing meteorological kit requires a lot of time and additional human resources for its installation and dismantling.

An ultrasonic hot-wire anemometer with a device for automatically restoring the accuracy characteristics of measurements is known [7], containing a measuring path consisting of two pairs of ultrasonic emitters and receivers oriented towards each other, a device for measuring time intervals, a main computing device, a comparison device, an additional computing device, a windproof box. container, signal sensor for closing the container box and an electronic air temperature sensor inside the container box.

The disadvantage of this device is the design complexity and limitations of its practical application, due to the need for its calibration by periodically placing an acoustic hot-wire anemometer in a box container isolated from external influences, also known as a “zero wind chamber”, in which there is no directional air movement and the air temperature is controlled by temperature sensor installed inside the container box.

The closest, that is, the prototype is an ultrasonic anemometer [8], containing a block for generating control electrical pulses (1), a block for selecting control pulses (2), a block of electroacoustic transducers (3), an electronic computing device (4), a measurement error selection block ( 5), wind parameters display unit (6).

The prototype shown in FIG. 1, works like this:

The control electrical pulse generation unit (1) generates a sequence of pulses that control the generation of acoustic pulses of the electroacoustic transducer unit (3) and its reception switching. The pulses generated by the control electrical pulse generation unit (1) pass through the control pulse selection unit (2), which forms three groups of control pulses, each of which sequentially activates the emission of acoustic pulses to three pairs of acoustically matched electroacoustic transducers of the electroacoustic transducer block (3) ( Fig 4).

Next, the electronic computing device (4) sequentially calculates three times the magnitude of the three components of the same wind speed and transmits the measurement errors to the selection block (5), in which, using special algorithms, the data calculated with error is eliminated and the data calculated without error is stored. the specified error (excluding the maximum and minimum wind speed values from the three obtained). Next, a signal characterizing the wind speed value is sent to the wind parameters display unit (6) to indicate the received data to the consumer. The measuring process is repeated cyclically.

The disadvantage of the prototype is, firstly, its design limitations, which consist in the impossibility of determining the temperature of acoustically matched electroacoustic transducers of a block of electroacoustic transducers, and secondly, the possibility of obtaining erroneous information about the value of wind speed due to a possible uncontrolled change in the distances between the emitters and receivers of acoustically matched pairs electroacoustic transducers, which may occur during operation or transportation of the device. Thirdly, measurements of wind parameters are carried out only at the point where the ultrasonic anemometer is located, and measurements in the surface layer of the atmosphere and in the upper part of the boundary layer of the atmosphere, located above the surface layer (Ekman layer), where the landing occurs, are not measured.

Well-known technical solutions also have this disadvantage: the portable automated meteorological kit 1B65 and the autonomous meteorological station AMK-03P.

The lack of data on wind in the surface layer and the Ekman layer negatively affects the safety of skydiving.

The purpose of the invention is to provide the landing director with data on the speed and direction of the wind both at the surface of the earth and in the surface layer of the atmosphere, as well as the Ekman layer at altitudes up to 800 meters.

This task is achieved by introducing into the prototype circuit, a power supply unit (8), a wind profiler (10) (also known in the literature under the English abbreviation “SODAR” from sonic detection and ranging or under the transliteration of the English abbreviation “SODAR”), containing a power supply unit (8 ), transmitter (11), the output of which is connected to a transceiver antenna device with electroacoustic transducers (12), the output of which is connected to the input of the receiver (13), the output of which is connected to the signal processor (14), which, through the data processor (15) connected to the information display device (16).

One of the elements of the transmitting-receiving antenna device with electroacoustic transducers (12) radiates vertically upward, that is, perpendicular to the surface of the earth, and the other two are installed with an angular inclination relative to the vertical axis.

In both versions of the landing meteorological kit, it contains a wind profiler (10) and an ultrasonic anemometer (9).

In this case, in the first version of the airborne meteorological kit, the ultrasonic anemometer (9) is worn by personnel and displays data on wind speed and direction on its own wind parameters display unit (6).

In the second version of the landing meteorological kit, the ultrasonic anemometer (9) is installed on the meteorological mast (17) and displays data on the wind speed and direction of the information display device (16), the ultrasonic anemometer (9) and the wind profiler (10) have a common power supply unit ( 8).

In fig. Figure 2 shows a block diagram of the landing meteorological set in the first version.

In fig. Figure 3 shows a block diagram of the landing meteorological set in the second version.

The proposed landing meteorological kit consists of an ultrasonic anemometer (9) containing a control electrical pulse generation block (1), a control pulse selection block (2), a block of electroacoustic transducers (3), an electronic computing device (4), a measurement error selection block (5) , a wind parameters display unit (6), a humidity sensor (7), a meteorological mast (17), a power supply unit (8) and a wind profiler (10) containing a power supply unit (8), a transmitter (11), the output of which is connected to the receiver a transmitting antenna device with electroacoustic transducers (12), the output of which is connected to the input of the receiver (13), the output of which is connected to the signal processor (14), which is connected through the data processor (15) to the information display device (16).

The proposed landing meteorological kit works as follows:

To measure wind parameters near the ground, depending on the version of the landing meteorological kit, the ultrasonic anemometer (9) is located either on the meteorological mast (17) or in the hand of the person responsible for conducting meteorological reconnaissance at the landing site. The power supply unit (8) of the ultrasonic anemometer (9) provides power to its components.

The data processor (15) is automatically oriented by the built-in compass according to the cardinal directions (not shown in the graphic part).

The control electrical pulse generation unit (1) generates a sequence of pulses that control the generation of acoustic pulses of the electroacoustic transducer unit (3) and its reception switching.

The pulses generated by the control electrical pulse generation unit (1) pass through the control pulse selection unit (2), which forms three groups of control pulses, each of which sequentially activates the emission of acoustic pulses to three pairs of acoustically matched electroacoustic transducers of the electroacoustic transducer block (3).

Next, the electronic computing device (4) calculates the wind speed and its direction, and also calculates the so-called “ultrasonic” air temperature based on known relationships [9]:

Where:

V _i - orthogonal components of wind speed (i=x, y, z) in m/sec;

L _i - distances between pairwise matched emitters and receivers of acoustic pulses;

t ₁ and t ₂ - propagation time of the ultrasonic pulse from the emitter to the receiver of the first and second pairs, respectively;

C is the speed of sound in air in m/sec;

T - air temperature in degrees Kelvin.

and transmits measurement errors (5) to the selection block, in which, using special algorithms, the wind direction is calculated and errors caused by external and internal interference are eliminated and the received data is stored. The data from the humidity sensor (7) also enters the electronic computing device (4) from where, together with other signals, through the measurement error selection block (5) they enter the wind parameters indication block (6) in the first version and on the information display device (16) in the second execution, which displays data characterizing the value of wind speed, its direction, humidity and temperature in the interests of consumers of metrological information in the area of the landing site.

To measure wind parameters in the surface layer of the atmosphere and the Ekman layer, a wind profiler (10) is used, and a power supply unit (8) provides power to its components.

The computing device (4) is automatically oriented by the built-in compass according to the cardinal directions (not shown in the graphic part).

Probing signals with a frequency of 3.6 kHz and a repetition period of 4 s, generated by the transmitter (11), are sent to a transceiver antenna device with electroacoustic transducers (12) and emitted into space.

Echo signals resulting from the reflection of probing pulses caused by the movement of the scattering volume of the atmosphere under the influence of wind, through the output of the transmitting-receiving antenna device with electroacoustic transducers (12), are respectively supplied to the input of the receiver (13). The output signals of the receiver (13) enter the signal processor (14), where they are analog-to-digitally converted, filtered, and a detection procedure is performed according to the Neyman-Pearson criterion, ensuring the maximum probability of correct detection of wind parameters with a fixed probability of false detection based on noise.

The output signals of the signal processor (14) enter the data processor (15), where they are processed secondary and, in particular, the calculation of wind speed and direction is determined by the formulas [10]:

Where:

V - wind speed, m/s;

ε - wind direction, degrees;

H is the height of the layer caused by the movement of the scattering volume under the influence of wind and recorded by the receiver, m;

ΔF _D - Doppler frequency shift of radiation along three channels (1,2,3), Hz;

λ ₀ - length of the incident radiation wave, m;

k - wave number;

θ - beam inclination angle, degrees;

τ - pulse duration, ms;

c is the speed of propagation of a sound wave in the atmosphere, m/sec.

The output information of the data processor (15) enters the information display device (16), from where it is communicated to consumers of metrological information in the area of the landing site.

In the second version of the landing meteorological kit, data from a wind profiler (10) on wind parameters in the surface layer of the atmosphere and the Ekman layer are displayed on an information display device (16) together with data from an ultrasonic anemometer (9) on wind speed, its direction, humidity and temperature, adjusted to consumers of metrological information in the area of the landing site.

For the purpose of practical implementation of the proposed landing meteorological kit, the PWS300 from ICBCom LLC can be used as an ultrasonic anemometer, and the wind profiler can be the RA-0 product from REMTECH S.A., France. The built-in compass can be implemented based on the HMC5883L chip from Parallax Incorporated.

Providing data on the speed and direction of the wind both at the surface of the earth and in the surface layer of the atmosphere, as well as the Ekman layer, increases the safety of landing and makes it possible to meet the requirements of the Airborne Training Manual in terms of meteorological support for landing.

Information sources

1. Guide to airborne training - Moscow:, JSC "Red Star", 2017- 328 p. Chipboard

2. Grigorov N.O., Saenko A.G., Voskanyan K.L.. Methods and means of hydrometeorological measurements. Meteorological instruments. Textbook. - St. Petersburg: ed. RGGMU, 2012-306 p.

3. Utility model of the Russian Federation No. 121942 “Doppler weather radar “DMRL-S””, application 2012110972/08 dated 03/23/2012, published 11/10/2012, Bull. No. 31.

4. US Patent No. US 7391506 B2 “Laser radar device and method”, application US 11/578,720 dated 2005-05-18, published 2008-06-24.

5. Landing meteorological kit DMK. Technical description, operating instructions and form - M, Voenizdat, 1980, 65 p.

6. Operating manual “Landing meteorological kits DMK-01” KNGP.416321.001RE

7. RF Patent No. 2319987 “Ultrasonic hot-wire anemometer with a device for automatic restoration of measurement accuracy characteristics”, application 2006119583/28 dated 06/05/2006, published 03/20/2008 Bull. No. 8

8. RF Patent No. 2699939 “Ultrasonic anemometer”, application 2019101136, dated 01/14/2019, published: 09/11/2019 Bull. No. 26

9. Regional atmospheric monitoring: no. monograph / edited ed. Kabanova M.V.. - Tomsk: Spectrum, 1997. - Part 2: New instruments and measurement techniques. - 295 s

10. On the theory of SODAR measurement techniques (final reporting on WP1, EU WISE project NNE5-2001-297) [Electronic resource] URL: https://usir.salford.ac.uk/id/eprint/9588/1/ WISE_WP1.pdf:public (date of access: 01/07/2023).

Claims (4)

1. Landing meteorological kit, consisting of an ultrasonic anemometer containing a block for generating control electrical pulses, the output of which is connected to the input of the control pulse selection block, the output of which is connected to the input of the block of electroacoustic transducers, the output of which is connected to one of the inputs of an electronic computing device, a humidity sensor , the output of which is connected to another input of the electronic computing device, the output of the electronic computing device is connected to the input of the measurement error selection block, the output of which is connected to the input of the wind parameters indication block, characterized in that a wind profiler is additionally introduced, containing a transmitter, the output of which is connected to the receiver - a transmitting antenna device with electroacoustic transducers, the output of which is connected to the input of the receiver, the output of which is connected to a signal processor, which is connected through a data processor to an information display device, containing a power supply unit, the output of which is connected to a transmitter, receiver, signal processor, data processor, an information display device, and a power supply unit is additionally introduced into the ultrasonic anemometer, the output of which is connected to a control electrical pulse generation unit, a control pulse selection unit, an electronic computing device, a measurement error selection unit, a wind parameter display unit and a humidity sensor through an electronic computing device. 2. Landing meteorological kit, consisting of an ultrasonic anemometer containing a meteorological mast, a control electrical pulse generation unit, the output of which is connected to the input of the control pulse selection unit, the output of which is connected to the input of the electroacoustic transducer unit, the output of which is connected to one of the inputs of the electronic computing device , a humidity sensor, the output of which is connected to another input of the electronic computing device, the output of the electronic computing device is connected to the input of the measurement error selection block, characterized in that a wind profiler is additionally introduced, containing a transmitter, the output of which is connected to a transceiver antenna device with electroacoustic transducers, the output which is connected to the input of the receiver, the output of which is connected to the signal processor, which is connected through a data processor to an information display device, containing a power supply unit, the output of which is connected to a transmitter, receiver, signal processor, data processor, information display device, control electrical pulse generation unit , a control pulse selection block, an electronic computing device, a measurement error selection block and with a humidity sensor through an electronic computing device. 3. Landing meteorological kit according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the ultrasonic anemometer and wind profiler are designed to be automatically oriented with a built-in compass to the cardinal points. 4. Landing meteorological kit according to claim 1, characterized in that the ultrasonic anemometer is worn by personnel conducting meteorological reconnaissance at the landing site.

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