RU2811573C1 - Dome structure - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: construction.

SUBSTANCE: intersections of parts of the rings forming a star structure are used as formative elements of the dome structure, and the rays of each star of the star structure are formed by intersection of formative elements made by intersecting two parts of the rings. The strength elements of the structure are the intersections of three parts of the rings, each intersection of three parts of the rings forms a spherical triangle, two sides of which are the sides of one of the rays of the star, the third side of the spherical triangle is part of a segment connecting two adjacent rays of the star. Each of the sides of the spherical triangle is located at one end above the intersecting part of the ring, at the other end it is located under the intersecting part of the other ring. The spherical segment is designed in such a way that at the intersection of parts of the rings relative to the conventional surface of the spherical segment they pass relative to each other alternately from above and below. The ends of the ring parts are attached to the attachment points on the base of the dome structure. The dome structure is a convex roof in the form of a spherical segment.

EFFECT: improved reliability.

5 cl, 33 dwg, 2 tbl

Description

The invention relates to construction, in particular to the construction of spherical domes [E04B 7/00, E04B 7/08, E04B 1/32].

MEANS AND METHODS OF CONSTRUCTING AND USING GEODETIC RHOMBIC THREE ACONTAHEDRON [US 2007163185, publ. 07/19/2007], in which a building structure contains a set of two sets of triangles, close to rectangular, each of which is a mirror image of the other, so that all the vertices of the structure are at the same radial distance from the center.

Also known from the prior art is a RIBBED DOME [RU 2298618, publ. 05.10.2007], containing composite meridional arched ribs made of hingedly interconnected load-bearing elements, hinged at the upper ends to the central support element, and at the bottom to the support elements of the base, evenly spaced along the perimeter of the dome, and horizontal annular load-bearing elements, fixed to the meridional arched ribs at the junctions of the load-bearing elements forming them, characterized in that it is equipped with additional rigidity elements, the annular load-bearing elements are made of rigid girders, forming in each of the sectors of the dome with the load-bearing elements of the meridional arched ribs rigid trapezoidal and upper triangular sections, and additional stiffening elements are placed in the trapezoidal sections of the dome in a checkerboard pattern and are each made in the form of a quadrangle of rods, rigidly fixed with their vertices in the middle of the load-bearing elements forming the sides of the trapezoid.

The closest in technical essence is a TRIANGULAR SEGMENT OF A POLYHEDAL SPHERICAL DOME [RU 2235833, publ. 09/10/2004], which is part of a 980-hedron, consisting of 49 triangles of several sizes, including a central equilateral triangle, and having three planes of symmetry, characterized in that 12 triangles intersected by planes of symmetry, located between the vertices of the central equilateral triangle and the vertices of the segment, made equal to each other and grouped in pairs in the form of 6 rhombuses, the sides of which are adjacent to the sides of 18 oblique triangles, equal to each other, which, in turn, are adjacent to 12 oblique triangles, also equal to each other and united in pairs by common bases.

The main technical problem of the analogues and the prototype is the high complexity of the structures and their low reliability, due to the fact that these structures use a large number of elements having a complex geometric shape, while the design does not use the properties of weaving, when without adding additional elements and connections , the structural elements support and fix each other, ensuring the reliability of the dome structure.

The objective of the invention is to eliminate the shortcomings of the prototype.

The technical result is to simplify the dome structure while increasing its reliability.

The specified technical result is achieved due to the fact that the dome structure, characterized by the fact that it is a convex roof in the form of a spherical segment, characterized in that the intersections of segments of rings forming a star structure are used as the formative elements of the dome structure, with the rays of each star of the star structure formed by the intersection of formative elements made by the intersection of two segments of rings, the intersections of three segments of rings act as load-bearing elements of the structure, each intersection of three segments of rings forms a spherical triangle, two sides of which are the sides of one of the rays of the star; the third side of the spherical triangle is part of a segment connecting two adjacent star beam, each side of a spherical triangle, at one end is located above the intersecting segment of the ring, at the other end is located under the intersecting segment of the other ring, the spherical segment is made in such a way that the overlap of the ring segments relative to each other relative to the conditional surface of the spherical segment is realized alternately from above and below.

In particular, the intersections of five ring segments are used as formative elements of the dome structure.

In particular, the intersections of ten ring segments are used as formative elements of the dome structure.

In particular, the intersections of six ring segments are used as formative elements of the dome structure.

In particular, the intersections of eight ring segments are used as formative elements of the dome structure.

Brief description of the drawings.

In fig. Figure 1 shows the formative element of the first level of the dome structure - the channel.

In fig. Figure 2 shows the formative element of the second level of the dome structure - a two-angle.

In fig. Figure 3 shows the formative element of the third level of the dome structure - a tee.

In fig. 4-5 shows the intersection of two angles, forming tees and a star structure from them.

In fig. Figure 6 shows the intersection of the channel, which sequentially passes above and below the intersecting channels, in the radial direction.

In fig. 7 shows an embodiment of a star structure.

Figure 8 shows an illustration of a “de-densified” sphere arrangement

In fig. Figures 9-12 show options for implementing the dome design.

In fig. Figure 13 shows a diagram of the dome layout for the first implementation example.

In fig. Figure 14 shows an option for manufacturing a half-ring for a dome structure mock-up.

In fig. 15 shows an option for manufacturing channel ends for the first implementation example.

In fig. Figure 16 shows an option for manufacturing a pile head for the first implementation example.

In fig. 17-21 show illustrations of the formation of the dome structure for the first implementation example.

In fig. Figure 22 shows a diagram of the dome layout for the second implementation example.

In fig. Figure 23 shows an option for manufacturing channel ends for the second implementation example.

In fig. Figure 24 shows an option for manufacturing a pile head for the second implementation example.

In fig. 25-30 show illustrations of the formation of the dome structure for the second implementation example.

Figures 31-32 show an illustration of the conventional “movement” of the ornamental composition of the star structure.

FIG. 33 shows an illustration of a "densified" sphere arrangement.

The figures indicate:

1 - channel; 2 - ring; 3 - diagonal; 4 - tee.

Implementation of the invention.

The dome structure is characterized by the fact that it is formed from a sphere, which consists of formative linear elements of the first level - channels 1 (Fig. 1). Each channel 1 is a flat strip of rectangular cross-section (angle, channel, fittings, pipe, etc.). In embodiments, channel 1 can be made with a constant or variable cross-section. The formative elements of the second level of the sphere are the closed channels 1 - rings 2. The formative elements of the third level of the sphere are the bigons 3 (Fig. 2) - which are figures formed by the intersection of two rings 2 (two circles). Doubles 3 act as elements of the first level of the power structure of the dome. The power element of the second level structure is the tee 4 (Fig. 3), which is a three-component, superposition structure, which is the main power element of the dome structure. The tee 4 is formed from the intersection of three rings 2 (the end part of the diagonal 3 - an additional ring 2) so that their intersection forms a spherical triangle, in which, at one end, each side is located above the channel 1 of the corresponding intersecting ring 2, at the other end is located under channel 1 of the corresponding intersecting ring 2. The power element of the third-level structure is the star-shaped structure (Fig. 4-5), formed by the composition of intersecting two-angles 3. In this case, the rays of the star-shaped structure are the intersections of two-angles 3 that form tees 4. Thus , the entire set of intersecting channels 1 in the indicated manner, forming an inextricable star-shaped structure and being in an ideal superposition, naturally forms a harmonious sphere. The design of this sphere is characterized by the fact that each channel 1 intersects other channels 1 sequentially from below and from above. In this way, a sequential change in the orientation of channels 1 is realized, relative to the conventional surface of the formed sphere (Fig. 6), as it intersects with other channels 1. Also, the design of this sphere is characterized by the presence of star-shaped symmetry. The dome structure is a convex roof in the form of a spherical segment (in an embodiment, a hemisphere) formed from the sphere described above. An important property of this dome structure is that the structural elements do not rest on the central axis of the figure of rotation forming the dome (even in plan), but, on the contrary, go around it “tangentially.” In this case, the intersections of 2 ring segments forming a star-shaped structure are used as formative elements of the dome structure. The rays of each star of the stellate structure are formed by the intersection of intertwined formative elements - bigons 3, made in the form of the intersection of two segments of rings 2. The main strength elements of the structure are tees 4 - made in the form of the intersection of three segments of rings, with each intersection of three segments of rings 2 forms a spherical triangle, two sides of which are sides of one star ray, the third side of which is part of a segment connecting two adjacent star rays. Each of the sides of the spherical triangle, at one end is located above the intersecting segment of the ring 2, at the other end is located under the intersecting segment of the other ring 2. The spherical segment is designed in such a way that the segments of the rings 2 overlap each other when moving in the longitudinal direction relative to the conditional surface spherical segment, implemented alternately from above and below. Changing the position to the opposite at just such an intersection leads to a reversal of the conventional “movement” of the ornamental composition of the star-shaped structure and the entire structure, without changing its technical properties (shown in Fig. 31-32). To describe the options for implementing dome structures, let us explain : The terms “densified” and “decompressed” sphere refer to the way spheres are intertwined with five-ray symmetry. They differ in that: in a “densified arrangement” the rays of nearby stars overlap each other. The rays of each star simultaneously belong to the surrounding stars (Fig. 33). In the “decompressed arrangement” the rays of neighboring stars are connected only by their vertices (Fig. 34). They differ in the way they are weaved; in both cases, the spheres contain twelve five-rayed stars.

Dome design options.

1. A dome of compacted weaving with five-beam symmetry and five channels 1 (segments of rings 2) (Fig. 9). made on the basis of a compacted sphere (five-beam symmetry, five channels 1), which is characterized by the fact that the tees 4 are spherical triangles and are the rays (five rays) of a star.

2. A dome of decompressed weaving with five-beam symmetry and ten channels 1 (segments of rings 2) made on the basis of a decompressed sphere (five-beam symmetry, ten channels 1) - differs from the first design option in that the tees 4 do not “overlap” each other but are separate elements, each of which belongs to only one of the six stars of the stellate structure; the stars are conjugated only at the distant vertices of the rays (Fig. 10).

3. Dome with six-beam symmetry and six channels 1 (ring segments 2) (Fig. 11).

5. Dome with eight-ray symmetry and eight channels 1 (ring segments 2) (Fig. 12).

Let's look at the method of constructing a dome structure using examples.

Example 1.

Method for constructing a dome structure 5×10, D - 5000 mm. from plywood. The construction of the dome is carried out in several stages:

1. Determine the dimensions of the dome, the lifting boom, and the materials from which the structural elements will be created. In the embodiment, the dome will have a diameter of 5 meters, the lifting boom will be 2.5 meters, the material will be wood (plywood).

2. Calculate the length of channel 1. The length is calculated using the formula: L=π×d, where L is the circumference, π is a constant equal to 3.14, d is the diameter of the circle. For the specified implementation option 3.14×5000=1570 0 mm. - circumference. Since in this case we are building half a sphere, the length of channel 1 will be equal to half the circumference - 7850 mm.

3. Build a model to scale. The layout serves: to determine the optimal thickness and width of channel 1 (using the selection method, the most suitable cross-sectional values for channel 1 are found for a specific design); to create an assembly table; as a visual aid when assembling the dome (due to the lack of information content of the drawings). For the specified implementation option: a dome model is built on a scale of 1:25. The diameter of the layout is 200 mm. Channel length 1 - 314 mm. Channel thickness - 0.53 mm. Channel width 1 - 3.07 mm. The base of the dome model is a circle with a diameter of 200 mm. divided into ten equal parts, 36° each (Fig. 13). Next, the attachment points of channels 1 are numbered, in the form of metal washers oriented along the circumference. Ten channels 1 with a length of 314 mm are made from a steel strip of a suitable cross-section (Fig. 14). Using bending rollers, the required curvature of channels 1 is formed. The finished product is half a circle with a diameter of 200 mm. The ends of channels 1 are decorated with fastening rings. Channels 1 are sequentially attached to the numbered attachment points on the foundation layout, and an installation table is drawn up (Table 1). After successful testing on the model, construction of the dome structure begins.

4. Having determined the thickness and width of channel 1 in the layout, calculate the actual values to scale. Channel thickness 1 - 13.25 mm. Channel width 1 - 76.75 mm. Since 3 mm thick plywood is used. and a sheet size of 1200×2500 mm, we round the value of channel width 1 to 80 mm. (taking into account the cutting thickness of the circular saw).

5. Create structural elements (channels 1) - half rings made of plywood (Fig. 15). On a horizontal base, made of 10 mm plywood. and a wooden beam 60x60 mm, a double-sided jig (matrix and punch) is built, reproducing the shape of the future channel 1. (It is allowed to increase the curvature of channel 1 by 10% in order to simplify subsequent transportation). Sheets of plywood, 3 mm thick. and 1200 mm wide, spread along the long side into 15 equal strips. The conductor is laid with a thin polyethylene film, the plywood strips are moistened with acetone, coated on both sides with epoxy resin (TU 2252-003-53507644-2002) and laid end-to-end in the stationary part of the conductor. Subsequent layers are laid in a similar way with a shift of 25% of the length of the product. Between the second and third layers over the entire area, a fiberglass tape is laid. After a set of four layers of plywood, the package is leveled, lined with thin plastic film and tightly clamped with the movable part of the conductor. After the resin has hardened, the jig is disassembled and the irregularities are sanded. At a distance of 70 mm from the ends, in the center, holes with a diameter of 16 mm are made for fastening. The corners are rounded (Fig. 15). Ten identical channels 1 are formed.

6. Set up a pile foundation from a steel pipe D 100 mm. The pile head is crowned with a steel plate 10 mm thick {Fig. 16). Plate size 300×150 mm. The lower part of the plate is welded into the corresponding slot in the end of the pile, centered. Its upper part has a 16 mm mounting hole in the center, at a distance of 70 mm from the top edge. The corners are rounded. The plates are oriented with one of their sides to the center of the circle of the base of the dome and set to zero.

7. Five channels 1, forming the upper support ring, in a horizontal position, are secured (from the inside) to the foundation with M16 bolts through the mounting holes of the pile heads, under a wide washer and a self-locking nut. According to the installation table. (points 1-5). The nuts are tightened, the connections are not fixed (Fig. 17).

8. The structure is lifted and leveled in the calculated position (Fig. 18).

9. The second five channels 1 are woven into the dome, in accordance with the data in the installation table (points 6-10). As channels 1 are added, the connections of the first five are disassembled and the second channel 1 is added through washers to each pile support. The nuts are tightened, the connection is not fixed (Fig. 19).

10. The structure is leveled. The upper support ring is centered relative to the center point of the dome base. Its diameter can vary, depending on the tasks, from 600 mm in the upper position (Fig. 20) (the height of the entrance openings is 2000 mm at the top point, the lifting boom is 2500 mm) to 4250 mm in a fully open state (Fig. 21) ( the height of the wall in this position reaches 1500 mm) The lower five of channels 1 are lifted up until wedging at the intersection with the upper five. Channels 1 are fixed in a stationary position by pulling bolted connections at the foundation. In the upper support ring, at the intersection of channels 1 (the vertices of the central pentagon), five suitable holes are installed and channels 1 are fixed with M8 bolts under wide washers on both sides, with a self-locking nut. Also fix channels 1 of the lower five, at the junction of the horizontal rays of the stars.

10. The dome is covered with a tension awning made of PVC (or similar material).

Example 2.

Method for constructing a dome structure 6x6, D - 10000 mm. made of fiberglass. The construction of the dome is carried out in several stages:

1. Determine the dimensions of the dome, the lifting boom, and the materials from which the structural elements will be created. In the embodiment, the dome will have a diameter of 10 meters, the lifting boom will be 5 meters, the material will be fiberglass.

2. Calculate the length of channel 1. For the specified implementation option: 3.14×10000=31400 mm. - circumference. The length of channel 1 will be equal to half the circumference - 15700 mm.

3. Build a model to scale. For the specified implementation option: a dome model is built on a scale of 1:65. The diameter of the layout is 150 mm. Channel length 1 - 240 mm. Channel 1 thickness - 0.36 mm. Channel width 1 - 11.75 mm. The base of the dome model - a circle with a diameter of 150 mm is divided into six equal parts, 60° each (Fig. 22). Next, the attachment points of channels 1 are numbered, in the form of metal washers oriented along the circumference. Six channels 1 with a length of 240 mm are made from a steel strip of a suitable cross-section (Fig. 14). Using bending rollers, the required curvature of channels 1 is formed. The ends of channels 1 are decorated with fastening rings. Channels 1 are sequentially attached to the numbered attachment points on the foundation layout, and an installation table is drawn up (Table 2).

After successful testing on the model, construction of the dome structure begins.

4. Having determined the thickness and width of channel 1 in the layout, calculate the actual values to scale. Channel thickness 1 - 23.4 mm. (rounded to 25 mm) Channel width 1 - 763.75 mm. (rounded to 760 mm).

5. Create structural elements (channels 1) - half rings made of fiberglass. The punch and matrix of the future product are manufactured at the appropriate production facility (the curvature of channel 1 can be increased by 10% in order to simplify subsequent transportation). Starting from a mark of 3100 mm from each end, channel 1 is gradually thickened and reduced in width (Fig. 23). As a result, the end of channel 1 has a cross-section of: 50 mm in thickness and 350 mm in width. At a distance of 175 mm from the end, in the center, holes with a diameter of 16 mm are provided for fastening, the corners are rounded, six identical channels are formed 1.

6. A pile foundation is installed from a steel pipe D 300 mm. The head of the pile is crowned with a steel plate 20 mm thick (Fig. 24). Plate size 500×550 mm. The lower part of the plate is welded into the corresponding slot in the end of the pile, centered. Its upper part has a 16 mm mounting hole in the center, at a distance of 160 mm from the top edge. And also four 16 mm holes, spaced 100 mm from the central one along the horizontal and vertical axes. The corners are beveled. A clamping part measuring 320×320 mm is made from a steel plate 10 mm thick, according to the drawing. The plates are oriented with one of their sides to the center of the circle of the base of the dome and set to zero.

7. Installation of the dome is carried out in accordance with the installation table. Scaffolding is installed in the center of the site for ease of manipulation with the upper support ring. The first channel 1 is mounted in a horizontal position on supports 1, 4, with M16 bolts through the central fastening holes of the pile heads, under the central hole of the clamping part and the self-locking nut. The nuts are tightened, the connections are not fixed (Fig. 25). Also, the second channel 1 - supports 2, 5, bypassing the first channel 1 from the outside (Fig. 26). Also, the third channel 1 - supports 3, 6, is inserted under the first channel 1 and covers the second from the outside. Raising the second channel 1 and supporting it with the first and third, they are set at an angle of 70 degrees each (Fig. 27). The third channel 1, at the top point, is attached to a guy wire with a cable to the second support. The first and second channel 1, at the intersection, are tightly tied with a suitable rope. The fourth channel 1 - supports 4, 1, overlaps the third and passes under the second (Fig. 28). The second and third channels 1, at the intersection, are tightly tied with a suitable rope. The fourth channel 1 1, at the top point, is attached to a guy wire with a cable to the third support. The cable from the third channel 1 is removed. Next, in a similar way, in accordance with the installation table, install the fifth and sixth channels 1 (Fig. 29-30). The structure is aligned in the design position. The elevation angle of the channels is 72°. The upper support ring is centered relative to the center point of the dome base. The central bolts of the supports are pulled through. The guy wire and straps are removed from the upper support ring. Through the holes in the pile heads and clamping parts, through holes are drilled in the ends of the channels sandwiched between them. Through wide steel washers on both sides, through these holes the structure is additionally tightened with M16 bolts. The height of the entrance portals is 4000 mm.

8. The dome is covered with a transparent polycarbonate geodome (or similar).

The dome can also be covered using pneumatic formwork. The spherical surface of the dome is successively lined with fiberglass, which is filled with polymer resin. After the resin has hardened, the pneumatic formwork is removed and the second layer of fiberglass is glued from the inside. The operation is repeated until the required coating thickness is achieved. The internal space is built up in a traditional way, with the construction of walls, openings, interfloor ceilings and stairs. Window openings and other openings are cut into the surface of the dome without violating the integrity of the supporting channels 1.

The stated technical result - simplification of the dome structure while increasing its reliability is achieved due to the fact that the design is based on power elements made in the form of a star-shaped structure, formed from the intersection of two-angles 3 with the formation of tees 4 in each of which all sides of the spherical triangle are securely fixed adjacent parties. Implemented in this way, a sequential change in the orientation of channels 1, relative to the conventional surface of the formed sphere, forms a reliable wicker structure capable of withstanding significant operational loads and ensuring a high level of wind, snow and seismic resistance of the structure. At the same time, the construction of the specified dome structure does not require large labor costs, since the formation of the structure uses a reduced (compared to analogue and prototype solutions) number of structural and connecting elements. All structural elements used are the same and are characterized by ease of industrial production. Installation of the dome structure does not require specialized preparatory work on the ground.

In 2023, the applicant built models of dome structures, carried out calculations and modeling, which confirmed the declared technical result, namely: due to the fact that an average of 40-90% fewer parts are used to construct the declared structure, the dome structure is simplified. Also, thanks to the use of the specified form-building and power elements, the reliability of the dome structure is increased (compared to solutions known from the prior art) by an average of 5 to 30% (with similar dimensions of the dome structure). Also, based on the calculations, other positive aspects of the stated solution were identified, namely:

- ensuring the possibility of forming a large span overlap;

- simplicity of design and calculations;

- ensuring the possibility of obtaining maximum transparency of the dome;

- eliminating the need to construct complex foundations;

- ensuring the possibility of creating large structural elements directly on the construction site and, as a result, reducing logistics costs;

- significant reduction in costs for building materials;

- ease of installation and construction of the structure, resulting in reduced labor costs;

- reduction in the cost of the object as a whole;

- high aesthetic properties of the structure.

Claims (5)

1. A dome structure, characterized in that it is a convex roof in the form of a spherical segment, characterized in that the intersections of segments of rings forming a star structure are used as formative elements of the dome structure, while the rays of each star of the star structure are formed by the intersection of formative elements made by crossing two segments of the rings, the intersections of three segments of the rings act as the load-bearing elements of the structure, each intersection of the three segments of the rings forms a spherical triangle, two sides of which are the sides of one of the rays of the star, the third side of the spherical triangle is part of the segment connecting two adjacent rays of the star, each side of the spherical triangle is located at one end above the intersecting segment of the ring, at the other end it is located under the intersecting segment of the other ring, the spherical segment is designed in such a way that the overlap of the ring segments relative to each other relative to the conventional surface of the spherical segment is realized alternately from above and below. 2. Dome structure, characterized in that the intersections of five ring segments are used as formative elements of the dome structure. 3. Dome structure, characterized in that the intersections of ten ring segments are used as formative elements of the dome structure. 4. Dome structure, characterized in that the intersections of six ring segments are used as formative elements of the dome structure. 5. Dome structure, characterized in that the intersections of eight ring segments are used as formative elements of the dome structure.