RU2801453C2 - Isotope compositions ii - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: water production.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the production of water enriched with oxygen or hydrogen isotopes and can be used in the manufacture of water-based compositions to maintain water balance in the body, such as drinks or topical dermatological compositions, as well as in the production of process water intended for cooling or preparing solutions. The source water, including various isotopes of oxygen or hydrogen, is filtered to remove contaminants such as salts, organic compounds, gas, particles. As a source of initial water, for example, an extract of plant tissue can be used. The water is then fractionated to obtain a fraction of enriched water with a relative content of at least one of the isotopes of oxygen or hydrogen greater than the relative content of the isotopes determined in the source water. Fractionation can be done by freezing or evaporation under vacuum. The obtained fractions of enriched water are passed through a molecular filter, including graphene, to remove contaminants, obtain pure water and separate water molecules containing different isotopic compositions of oxygen and hydrogen. Water can be further purified by activated carbon treatment or preparative chromatography.

EFFECT: increase in the amount of isotopically pure water while reducing energy consumption.

7 cl, 4 dwg, 1 tbl

Description

FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY TO WHICH THE PRESENT INVENTION RELATED

The present invention relates to the field of water-based compositions suitable for maintaining water balance in the body of mammals and, in particular, for replacing fluid loss in the human body using oral or topical means of delivering fluid to the body. The present invention further relates to the industrial use of water, for example for cooling purposes.

BACKGROUND TO THE PRESENT INVENTION

Water is a universal biological solvent, without which life cannot exist. The human body, in particular, is at risk of dehydration due to the fact that sweating provides at least partial regulation of the human body temperature. Despite the fact that sweating has an important function in regulating body temperature, this function is a major factor in the loss of water and solutes from the body. The maximum sweating rate is up to 50 ml / min, or 2000 ml / hour in an acclimatized adult. The indicated rate of sweating cannot be constant, since in severe stressful situations, moisture loss can be up to 25% of the total amount of water in the body.

Various types of beverages are known in the prior art that are formulated to replenish water and electrolytes lost due to perspiration. As a rule, such drinks are consumed during the period of physical exertion on the body. Being generally effective, these drinks do not allow you to change the amount of heat released into the environment from the body, due to the fixed latent heat of water evaporation.

Despite the fact that there is a biological need for water, maintaining the water balance in the human body is also important for skin hydration for its functioning and for aesthetic reasons. When dehydrated, the top layers of the skin can crack, thereby opening the way for infection to enter the body. Dehydration of the skin can also cause skin irritation, leading to inflammation, which in turn causes redness and swelling of the skin. In addition, dehydration of the skin can also exacerbate conditions such as psoriasis.

If we proceed from considerations of an aesthetic nature, then in this case, dehydrated skin loses its elasticity and begins to sag. The formation of wrinkles on the skin becomes more pronounced and the skin loses its luster. A person with dehydrated skin often looks old or sickly.

In dealing with the aesthetic problems associated with skin dehydration, a wide range of topical moisturizing compositions such as creams, gels, lotions and similar cosmetics are known in the prior art for introducing water molecules into the upper layers of the skin. Although these agents are generally effective for a short period of time, the rapid evaporation of water from the skin means that after a short period of time the skin will return to a state characterized by less intensive replenishment of fluid loss. Said topical compositions may further include oils and other substances designed to form a layer on the skin to limit fluid loss. However, oils and other substances can block pores and harden with makeup base and facial powder.

Water is also an essential ingredient for many industrial processes such as cooling, steam generation, cleaning and flushing of tanks and pipelines, etc. The problem is that the rate of evaporation of process water may be low or too high, or that a significant amount of energy and, in particular, heat energy must be supplied to evaporate it.

Water is also used as a solvent in many industrial processes. The problem in this area is to obtain the required amount of water at a sufficient level of purity required for its use as a solvent.

In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, a solution or elimination of the problem of the prior art is provided by providing improved beverages and topical compositions for maintaining water balance in the body of mammals and, in particular, in the human body. In accordance with a further aspect, it is envisaged to create products that are an alternative to prior art beverages and topical compositions.

Consideration of documents, acts, materials, devices, articles, etc. included in the description of the present invention solely for the purpose of providing a context for the present invention. It is not assumed or contemplated that any or all of said materials form part of the background of the prior art or constitute common knowledge in the field related to the present invention, as long as they existed prior to the date of establishment of priority for each claim of the present application.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the first aspect, but not necessarily in accordance with the broadest aspect, the present invention provides a drink that includes water molecules, while the water molecules include oxygen or hydrogen atoms of various isotopes, while the drink is enriched in at least one of the isotopes oxygen or hydrogen, with the enrichment related to (i) the amount of a given oxygen or hydrogen isotope in the water used to make the beverage, or (ii) the amount of a given oxygen or hydrogen isotope in groundwater, or (iii) the average natural water.

In one embodiment of the invention, the relative content of at least one isotope in the beverage is:

for the isotope ¹⁶ O: 0.99757 mole fraction,

for the isotope ¹⁷ O: 3.8 x 10 ^-4 mole fraction, or

for the isotope ¹⁸ O: 2.05 x 10 ^-3 mole fraction

In one embodiment of the invention, the relative content of at least one isotope in a beverage is determined by the following range:

for the isotope ¹⁶ O: 0.99738 - 0.99776 mole fraction,

for the isotope ¹⁷ O: 3.7 x 10 ^-4 - 4.0 x 10 ^-4 mole fractions, or for the isotope ¹⁸ O: 1.88 x 10 ^-3 - 2.22 x 10 ^-3 mole fractions.

In one embodiment of the invention, the relative content of the isotope ¹⁷ O in the drink is less than 3.8 x 10 ^-4 mole fractions, and (or) the relative content of the isotope ¹⁸ O is less than 2.05 x 10 ^-3 mole fractions, and (or) the relative the content of the isotope ¹⁶ O is approximately more than 0.99757 mole fraction.

In one embodiment of the invention, the relative content of the isotope ¹⁷ O in the drink is less than 3.7 x 10 ^-4 mole fractions, and (or) the relative content of the isotope ¹⁸ O is less than 2.22 x 10 ^-3 mole fractions, and (or) the relative the content of the isotope ¹⁶ O is approximately more than 0.99776 mole fraction.

In one embodiment of the invention, in a beverage, the delta-O-18 value of the water molecule is more or less than about 0 0/00. In one embodiment, in a beverage, the delta-O-18 value of the water molecule is greater than about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 or 100 0/00. In one embodiment of the invention in the beverage, the delta-O-18 value of the water molecule is less than approximately -5, -10, -15, -20, -25, -30, -35, -40, -45, -50, -55 , -60, -65, -70, -75, -80, -85, -90, -95 or -100 0/00.

Additionally, or as an alternative to enrichment in terms of oxygen molecules, heavy water can be obtained by enriching water molecules having two deuterium atoms (with a nucleus containing a neutron and a proton) instead of two protium atoms (with a nucleus containing only a proton) of ordinary water. As described in more detail below, the use of molecular filters (including molecular filters based on graphene, graphene oxide, and boron nitride) is proposed to separate water having different hydrogen isotopes and/or different oxygen isotopes. However, it should be kept in mind that the mass of a heavy water molecule is essentially the same as the mass of a normal water molecule, since approximately 89% of the molecular weight of water is one oxygen atom, not two hydrogen atoms. The colloquial term "heavy water" refers to a highly enriched aqueous mixture containing mainly deuterium oxide (D ₂ O), as well as some hydrogen-deuterium oxide (HDO) and a smaller amount of ordinary hydrogen oxide molecules (H ₂ O). For example, heavy water can be enriched with a fraction of a hydrogen atom up to 99.75%. This means that 99.75% of the hydrogen atoms are heavy type hydrogen. In comparison, ordinary water (the "ordinary water" used for the deuterium standard) contains only about 156 deuterium atoms per million hydrogen atoms, which means that 0.0156% of the hydrogen atoms are heavy type hydrogen atoms.

Heavy water is not radioactive. In its pure form, it has a density that is about 11% higher than that of ordinary water, but otherwise heavy water has a similar physicochemical composition. However, water containing deuterium (in particular, having a negative impact on biological properties) differs significantly more than any other commonly occurring isotopically substituted compound, since deuterium is unique among heavy stable isotopes in that it is twice as heavy as the lightest isotope. This distinctive feature provides an increased strength of the hydrogen-oxygen bonds of water, which, in turn, to a sufficient extent determines the differences that are of great importance for the occurrence of certain chemical reactions.

In one embodiment of the invention for preparing a beverage, water molecules are obtained from a source of source water, and the relative content of at least one of the isotopes of oxygen or hydrogen is greater than or less than the relative content of at least one of the isotopes of oxygen or hydrogen in source water source.

In one embodiment of the invention for preparing a beverage, the source of water is plant tissue, or raw milk, or water taken from a natural water body. In one embodiment of the invention for preparing a beverage, the plant tissue is a reproductive tissue or plant fiber tissue. In one embodiment of the invention for preparing a beverage, the plant tissue is that of fruits, vegetables, seeds, leaves, stems or roots. The water source can also represent the failure of plant sap, or water from wood tissue.

In one embodiment of the invention, the beverage includes a nutritional supplement.

In one embodiment of the invention, additives are added to the beverage, including a color, flavor, electrolyte, sweetener, preservative, soluble or insoluble gas, nutrients, vitamins, pharmaceutical agents, probiotics or prebiotics.

In accordance with another aspect, the present invention provides a container of food materials containing a drink according to the present description.

In one embodiment, the container includes a food grade lid to seal the container.

In accordance with another aspect, the present invention provides a component used in an industrial process and in contact with industrial water during the production process, according to the present description.

In accordance with another aspect, the present invention provides an intermediate or product of an industrial process, including industrial solvent, according to the present description.

In accordance with a further aspect, the present invention provides a topical dermatological composition comprising water molecules, wherein the water molecules comprise oxygen or hydrogen atoms of various isotopes, wherein the beverage is enriched in at least one of the oxygen or hydrogen isotopes, the enrichment being correlated with (i) the amount of a given oxygen or hydrogen isotope in the water used to make the beverage, or (ii) the amount of a given oxygen or hydrogen isotope in groundwater, or (iii) averaged natural water.

In one embodiment of the invention in the composition, the relative content of at least one isotope is:

for the isotope ¹⁶ O: 0.99757 mole fraction,

for the isotope ¹⁷ O: 3.8 x 10 ^-4 mole fraction, or

for the isotope ¹⁸ O: 2.05 x 10 ^-3 mole fraction

In one embodiment of the invention in the composition, the relative content of at least one isotope is determined by the following range:

for the isotope ¹⁶ O: 0.99738-0.99776 mole fraction,

for the ¹⁷ O isotope: 3.7 x 10 ^-4 -4.0 x 10 ^-4 mole fractions, or for the ¹⁸ O isotope: 1.88 x 10 ^-3 -2.22 x 10 ^-3 mole fractions.

In one embodiment of the invention in the composition, the relative content of the isotope ¹⁷ O is more than 3.8 x 10 ^-4 mole fractions, and (or) the relative content of the isotope ¹⁸ O is more than 2.05 x 10 ^-3 mole fractions, and (or) the relative the content of the isotope ¹⁶ O is approximately less than 0.99757 mole fraction.

In one embodiment of the invention in the composition, the relative content of the isotope ¹⁷ O is more than 4.0 x 10 ^-4 mole fractions, and (or) the relative content of the isotope ¹⁸ O is more than 2.22 x 10 ^-3 mole fractions, and (or) the relative the ¹⁶ O isotope content is less than about 0.99738 mole fraction.

In one embodiment of the invention, the delta-O-18 value of the water molecule in the composition is more or less than about 0 0/00. In one embodiment of the invention, the delta-O-18 value of the water molecule in the composition is greater than about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 or 100 0/00. In one embodiment of the invention in the composition, the delta-O-18 value of the water molecule is less than about -5, -10, -15, -20, -25, -30, -35, -40, -45, -50, - 55, -60, -65, -70, -75, -80, -85, -90, -95 or -100 0/00.

In one embodiment of the invention for the composition, water molecules are obtained from a source of source water, and the relative content of at least one of the isotopes of oxygen or hydrogen is greater than or less than the relative content of at least one of the isotopes of oxygen or hydrogen in the source of water.

In one embodiment of the invention, for the preparation of the composition, the source of water is plant tissue, or raw milk, or water taken from a natural water body. In one embodiment of the invention, for preparing the composition, the plant tissue is a reproductive tissue or plant fiber tissue. In one embodiment of the invention for the preparation of the composition, the plant tissue is the tissue of fruits, vegetables, seeds, leaves, stems or roots. The water source can also represent the failure of plant sap, or water from wood tissue.

In one embodiment of the invention, the composition includes a dermatologically acceptable additive. In one embodiment of the invention, the composition additive is hypoallergenic.

In one embodiment, the composition additive is a colorant, fragrance, salt, buffer, preservative, emulsifier, oil, vitamin, detergent, dermatologically active agent, or pharmaceutical agent.

In accordance with a further aspect, the present invention provides a cosmetic container containing a composition according to the present description. In one embodiment, the container includes a cosmetic cap that seals the container.

In accordance with another additional aspect, the present invention provides a method for producing a beverage or a topical dermatological composition, the method comprising the following steps: (i) providing source water, wherein the water molecules include oxygen or hydrogen atoms of various isotopes, (ii) fractionating the source water to obtain a fraction enriched with water molecules having a relative content of at least one of the isotopes of oxygen or hydrogen that exceeds or is less than the relative content determined in the source water, while the source water is already enriched with heavy water, which fully or partially ensures the maintenance enrichment level.

In one embodiment of the method, the fractionation step includes the step of evaporating the source water.

In one embodiment of the method, the fractionation step includes the step of concentrating or filtering the feed water through a molecular sieve.

In one embodiment of the method, the source of initial water is plant tissue, or raw milk, or water taken from a natural water body. In one embodiment of the method, the plant tissue is a reproductive tissue or plant fiber tissue. In one embodiment of the method, the plant tissue is fruit, vegetable, seed, leaf, stem or root tissue. The source of initial water can also be plant sap or water from wood tissue.

In one embodiment of the method, plant tissue is processed to obtain a plant tissue extract, wherein the plant tissue extract is subjected to a fractionation step. In one embodiment of the method, the plant tissue extract is essentially a liquid. In one embodiment of the method, the liquid is juice. In one embodiment of the method, the fractionation step is carried out using a food concentrator/evaporator.

In one embodiment of the method, the fractionation step includes an evaporation step and a condensation step. In one embodiment of the method, the evaporation step is carried out until at least about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% of the original water has been evaporated. In one embodiment of the method, condensate is selectively collected.

In one embodiment of the method, the evaporation step and the condensation step are carried out using a multi-effect evaporator. For example, the juice can be evaporated to the desired concentration level using an evaporator equipped with a number of housings. Each casing removes water from the juice, and each successive casing ensures the evaporation of water from the juice that has changed the composition of the oxygen or hydrogen isotopes. In fact, the condensate removed from each vessel will differ in the composition of oxygen or hydrogen isotopes. It has been demonstrated that the water from the first vessel has a higher H ₂ 0 ¹⁶ /H ₂ 0 ¹⁸ ratio than the water from the vessel closer to the outlet of the multi-vessel evaporator.

In one embodiment of the method, the fractionation step includes a freezing step.

In one embodiment of the method, the fractionation step is performed until at least about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% of the original water is frozen.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the method includes the step of contacting source water, or material derived from a source of source water, with a molecular sieve.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the molecular filter is designed to separate water molecules containing different isotopic compositions.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the molecular filter is designed primarily to remove salt.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the method includes a direct osmosis step comprising an extract solution, wherein the method includes the step of contacting the extract solution with a molecular sieve in order to regenerate the extract solution.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the method includes a purification step selected from reverse osmosis, direct osmosis, activated carbon treatment, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and preparative chromatography.

In one embodiment of the method, non-frozen water is selectively collected.

In one embodiment of the method, the fractionation step is designed to obtain a first fraction and a second fraction, wherein the relative content of at least one of the isotopes of oxygen or hydrogen exceeds the relative content found in the source water in the first fraction, and the relative content of at least , one of the isotopes of oxygen or hydrogen does not exceed the relative content found in the source water in the second fraction.

In one embodiment of the beverage production method, the method includes the step of adding a nutritional supplement to the first or second fraction.

In one embodiment of the method, the additive is a color, flavor, electrolyte, sweetener, preservative, soluble or insoluble gas, nutrients, vitamins, pharmaceutical agents, probiotics, or prebiotics.

In one embodiment, the method includes the step of moving the first or second fraction into a food material container.

In one embodiment, the method includes the step of sealing the container.

In one embodiment of the method, in which the method is for obtaining a topical dermatological composition, the method includes the step of introducing a dermatologically acceptable additive into the first or second fraction.

In one embodiment of the method for preparing a topical dermatological composition, the additive is a colorant, fragrance, salt, buffer, preservative, emulsifier, oil, vitamin, detergent, dermatologically active agent, or pharmaceutical agent.

In one embodiment of the method for preparing a topical dermatological composition, the method includes the step of moving the first or second fraction into a cosmetic container.

In one embodiment of the method for preparing a topical dermatological composition, the method includes the step of sealing the container.

In one embodiment of the present invention, in which the method is for producing process water, the method includes the step of transporting the process water thus obtained to a storage tank.

In one embodiment, in which the method is for producing an industrial solvent, the method includes the step of adding the industrial solvent to the solute or solution.

In some embodiments of the present invention, the source water, or source water precursor, or intermediate is concentrated or fractionated using a method selected from the group including nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, direct osmosis, membrane distillation, or using a methodology based on a principle similar to the principle any of the above methods.

In accordance with yet another additional aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for treating or preventing dehydration or fever in a subject, the method comprising the step of administering to the subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a beverage as described herein.

In one embodiment of the method of treatment, the fever is caused by physical activity or fever.

In accordance with another additional aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for treating or preventing dehydration or skin disorders that interfere with the aesthetic appearance of the skin of a subject, the method comprising applying directly to the skin of a subject in need of such treatment, an effective amount of a topical dermatological composition according to the present description.

In one embodiment of the method for treating skin disorders, skin disorders that cause aesthetic problems include skin laxity, wrinkles, skin flaking, skin discoloration, or age-related changes in the skin.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a device used to prepare isotopically enriched condensate on a laboratory scale.

FIG. 2 is a highly schematic representation of physically constrained graphene oxide membranes illustrating the direction of NaCl filtration along graphene planes. It should be noted that Na and Cl ions are retained on the feed/retentate side of the membrane.

FIG. 3A is a purely schematic representation of the steps involved in the manufacturing process of a graphene/nafion composite membrane.

FIG. 3B is a purely schematic representation of the composite membrane illustrated in FIG. 3A for isotope separation by electrochemical pumping.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

As a result of reading the description of the present invention, it will be apparent to a person skilled in the art how the present invention is implemented in various alternative embodiments and alternative applications. However, while the various embodiments of the present invention have been described herein, it is understood that these embodiments are provided by way of example only and not by way of limitation of the present invention. Therefore, this description of various alternative embodiments should not be construed as limiting the scope or scope of the present invention. In addition, the listing of advantages or other aspects is applicable to specific illustrative embodiments, and not necessarily to all embodiments covered by the claims.

Throughout the specification and claims accompanying the description of the present invention, the word "comprise" and variations of said word such as "comprising" and "comprises" are not intended to exclude other additives, components, integers, or steps.

Reference throughout the description of the present invention to "one embodiment" or "an embodiment" or "some embodiments" means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, the appearance of the phrases "in one embodiment", or "in an embodiment", or "in some embodiments" in different places throughout the description of the invention do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, but may refer.

In the present description of the invention, distinctive advantages are disclosed in relation to various embodiments of the present invention. It is not intended and does not imply that any particular embodiment has all of the advantages disclosed herein. Some embodiments may have only one advantage. Other embodiments may be completely devoid of advantages, and yet they represent a suitable alternative to the prior art.

The present invention is based at least in part on Applicant's discovery that water, preferably enriched in "heavy" water molecules (i.e., water molecules having oxygen atoms of isotopes with 17, 18 neutrons or more) or "light" water molecules water (i.e., water molecules having isotope oxygen atoms with 16 neutrons or less) is effective for maintaining water balance in the body of mammals and is administered to the body both orally/parenterally and topically. Thus, according to the first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a beverage, either process water or an industrial solvent, comprising water molecules, wherein the water molecules comprise oxygen or hydrogen atoms of various isotopes, wherein the beverage is enriched in at least one of the oxygen isotopes or hydrogen, with enrichment related to (i) the amount of a given oxygen or hydrogen isotope in the water used to make a beverage, or industrial water, or an industrial solvent, or (ii) the amount of a given oxygen or hydrogen isotope in groundwater, or to ( iii) averaged natural water.

In the context of this document, the term "beverage" is intended to cover any drink acceptable for consumption by an animal, including primarily products in the form of clean drinking water.

In the context of this document, the term "process water" is intended to cover any water or composition containing predominantly water used on an industrial scale.

In the context of this document, the term "industrial solvent" covers any water or composition containing predominantly water used on an industrial scale to dissolve a solute, either to maintain the concentration of a solute in a solution, or to dilute a solvent in a solution.

In the context of this document, the term "industrial" is intended to exclude use on a laboratory scale or on a limited experimental scale. Industrial processes are processes used to produce goods in industrial quantities and to supply a population of at least about 1000 or 10000 or 100000 or 1000000 or 10000000 or 50000000 or at least 100000000 Human. Alternatively, an industrial process can be viewed as a process that produces a product of 10 or 100 or 1000 or 10000 or 100000 kg over a period of time of either one day or one week or one month or one year. .

In accordance with the second aspect of the present invention, it is proposed to create a topical dermatological composition comprising water molecules, while the water molecules include oxygen or hydrogen atoms of various isotopes, while the drink is enriched in at least one of the oxygen or hydrogen isotopes, while the enrichment is correlated with (i) the amount of a given oxygen or hydrogen isotope in the water used to make the beverage, or (ii) the amount of a given oxygen or hydrogen isotope in groundwater, or (iii) averaged natural water. As used herein, the term "topical dermatological composition" is intended to encompass any composition suitable for application to the skin of an animal, comprising predominantly pure water products.

The degree of enrichment in any given oxygen or hydrogen isotope in the beverage water can be determined from the reference water. The reference water may be the water used to produce the beverage, coming from the public water supply system, or from natural water sources such as river water, or spring water, or rainwater.

Alternatively, the control water is isotopically neutral water such as groundwater or isotopically standard water such as averaged natural water (VSMOW).

The enrichment can be calculated based on the total number of oxygen or hydrogen atoms for the isotope in the beverage compared to the total number of oxygen or hydrogen atoms in the control water. Below is a basic example to illustrate the principle: if the control water contains 99 ^16O and 1 ^18O (for a total of 100), while the beverage water contains 98 ^16O and 2 atoms of the ¹⁸ O isotope (in relation to a total of 100 atoms), the enrichment in the ¹⁸ O isotope can be expressed as 1 molecule per 100 molecules of the total.

The degree of enrichment may be at least about 1 molecule in 1,000,000 total molecules, 1 molecule in 100,000 total molecules, 1 molecule in 10,000 total molecules, 1 molecule in 1,000 total molecules, 1 molecule in 900 total molecules, 1 molecule per 800 molecules total, 1 molecule per 700 molecules total, 1 molecule per 600 molecules total, 1 molecule per 500 molecules total, 1 molecule per 400 molecules total, 1 molecule per 300 molecules total, 1 molecule per 200 molecules total, 1 molecule per 100 molecules total, 1 molecule per 90 molecules total, 1 molecule per 80 molecules total, 1 molecule per 70 molecules total, 1 molecule per 60 molecules total, 1 molecule per 50 molecules in total, 1 molecule in 40 molecules in total, 1 molecule in 30 molecules in total, 1 molecule in 20 molecules in total, or 1 molecule in 10 molecules in total.

The degree of enrichment in heavy water molecules or light water molecules can be set to a predetermined level or to a predetermined level, or in accordance with the desired result. For example, when a perspiration drink is to be used to reduce body temperature when the body is exercised, the water of the drink may be enriched with light water molecules. Applicant contemplates that light water molecules secreted by perspiration evaporate faster from the skin surface and thus have a higher ability to remove the latent heat of evaporation from the skin compared to heavy water molecules. The removal of the latent heat of evaporation serves to cool the skin and maintain or decrease body temperature. In contrast, a drink enriched with heavy water molecules can be used in cases where it is intended to prevent water loss from the surface of the skin, for example, to moisturize the skin for functional or cosmetic reasons, or to avoid water loss from the body.

In the case of a topical dermatological composition, the water molecules can be enriched with heavy water to prevent evaporation of water from the skin. Thus, the composition is applied to the surface of the skin (by spraying or manually applying the composition to the skin), thereby forming a film of water molecules on the skin. The film is enriched with heavy water molecules, as a result of which it is less subject to evaporation. Thus, the skin remains hydrated to a greater extent and/or for a longer period of time compared to a composition not enriched with heavy water molecules.

A dermatological composition enriched with light water molecules may be necessary in certain cases. For example, the composition can be sprayed, thereby providing cooling to the body in hot weather. In this case, light water molecules evaporate more intensively than heavy water molecules, and thus, these molecules are more able to remove the latent heat of evaporation from the skin.

The starting water source from which the beverage or dermatological composition is derived may be naturally enriched in heavy water or light water. For example, all water molecules contained in groundwater, surface water, seawater, lake water, river water, rainwater, snow, ice formed due to precipitation, and glacial ice are characterized by a different ratio of heavy water molecules to molecules light water. In addition, the ratio varies depending on the location of the source of source water and, in particular, depending on the temperature of the surrounding atmosphere at the location of the source. In the context of the present invention, water molecules used to make dermatological compositions or

beverages can be obtained from a natural source that is already enriched with heavy or light water molecules. In other embodiments of the present invention, water used to make dermatological compositions or beverages is modified using any means considered effective by those skilled in the art to enrich the water with at least one oxygen isotope or one hydrogen isotope.

The degree of enrichment in heavy water molecules and light water molecules and their ratio can be expressed using means known in the meteorological, geochemical, paleoclimatological and paleooceanographic fields, taking into account the value of delta-18-O. This value is indicative of the ^18O : ^16O stable isotope ratio and is generally used as an indicator of precipitation temperature, as an indicator of groundwater-mineral interactions, and as an indicator of processes indicative of isotopic fractionation such as methanogenesis. In paleoscience, ^18O : ^16O ratio data from corals, foraminifera, or ice cores are used as an indicator to determine the temperature value. The definition is expressed in “ppm” (‰, parts per thousand) and is calculated using the formula below:

,

where the standard contains a known isotopic composition such as averaged natural water (VSMOW). Until now, the delta-18-O factor has not been taken into account in the medical, cosmetic or beverage fields, however, the Applicant contemplates that this value may find use in describing the beverages, compositions and methods of the present invention.

Methods for determining delta-18-O values in the meteorological, geochemical, paleoclimatological and paleoceanographic fields are well known to those skilled in the art, and the Applicant has found that such methods are also effective in the fields of dermatology, cosmetics, beverage production and industrial processes. Commercially available analyzers such as the model L2140-1 (Picarro Inc, CA) provide highly accurate measurements of delta-18-O in water for applications such as paleoclimatology and oceanography. The Applicant contemplates that such devices are also effective in the beverage, pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields.

Given the advantages set forth in the description of the present invention, those skilled in the art are able to select the minimum degree of heavy or light water fortification for particular applications. In some applications the degree of enrichment may be within the range of naturally occurring water, while in other applications it may be necessary to artificially enrich the water to levels in excess of those found in natural water.

In some embodiments of the present invention, the source water source may be substantially not enriched in heavy or light water molecules, or insufficiently enriched in heavy or light water molecules, considering the proposed use of water in the form of a beverage or dermatological composition. Under such circumstances, source water can be artificially fractionated by humans to produce water enriched (or more enriched) with either heavy water or light water molecules. Of course, for reasons of convenience or economy or reproducibility, the compositions and beverages of the present invention preferably contain water artificially enriched with heavy or light water molecules.

In some embodiments, implementation of the present invention, the source water is treated using an evaporative method. Typically, when using this method, the water is heated (if possible under vacuum) to evaporate water molecules from its surface, and then the evaporated water is condensed from a vapor state to a liquid state, then the water is collected for use in the manufacture of drinks or dermatological compositions. Evaporation of light water molecules occurs predominantly, as a result of which the condensate will be enriched with light water molecules. The rest of the non-evaporated water will be enriched in heavy water molecules due to the removal of light water molecules by evaporation.

In some embodiments, implementation of the present invention, the source of source water is plant tissue. The Applicant contemplates that a significant advantage is provided by the use of plant tissue. One of the advantages is that the collected heavy or light water contains ions and compounds of vegetable origin. Fruits, vegetables and other plant materials contain phytonutrients, antioxidants, nutraceuticals, minerals, vitamins and similar substances. A number of studies have demonstrated their ability to provide protection against chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular accident, cancer and hypertension.

There are numerous types of phytonutrients found in plant materials, including alkaloids, betalains, carotenoids, chlorophyll and chlorophyllin, flavonoids, flavonoligans, isothiocyanates, monoterpenes, organosulfides, phenolic compounds, saponins, and sterols.

The plant material also contains water-soluble vitamins such as vitamins C, Bl, B2, niacin, B6, folate, B12, biotin and pantothenic acid. Water-soluble vitamins are not stored in the body and are easily excreted in the urine. Thus, a person needs a constant supply of these vitamins with food. Water-soluble vitamins are found in many types of plant materials, but they are easily destroyed by heat, contact with air, alkaline and acidic environments, and exposure to light.

Eight water-soluble vitamins are known as the B complex: thiamine (vitamin Bl), riboflavin (vitamin B2), niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, biotin, and pantothenic acid. These vitamins are found in large quantities in plant materials. They act on many parts of the body and function as coenzymes involved in extracting energy from food. They are also important for appetite, vision, skin health, nervous system function, and red blood cell formation.

Vitamin C maintains cellular integrity, promotes wound healing, bone and tooth formation, strengthens blood vessel walls, is vital for immune system function, and enhances the body's absorption and utilization of iron. This vitamin also helps to prevent diseases associated with eating disorders, such as beriberi. In combination with vitamin E, vitamin C also acts as an antioxidant, a free radical scavenger. The results of the study indicate that vitamin C can reduce the risk of certain types of cancer, cardiovascular system and cataracts. Vitamin C is not synthesized in the human body and requires its constant intake in the body. Despite the fact that the body constantly needs vitamin C, its safety in the body is limited. Thus, a beverage made using water enriched in heavy or light water molecules provides additional benefits to the consumer even if only trace amounts of any of the aforementioned compounds are co-fractionated with the fraction enriched in heavy or light water.

In the context of a topical dermatological formulation, plant derived ions and compounds can provide functional or aesthetic benefits to the skin. Compounds such as vitamins are known to be effective in improving the function or appearance of the skin. For example, vitamin C (found in citrus fruits) and vitamin A (found in carrots) have long been proven to improve skin health by reducing wrinkle formation, uneven skin pigmentation, and more. Vitamin E (found in broccoli, spinach, papaya or avocado) is a potential free radical scavenger that protects the skin from damaging oxidation. Vitamin K (found in kale, onions, or asparagus) is effective in preventing spider veins, scars, and dark circles under the eyes.) It is known that biologically active molecules in various types of aloe are effective in the treatment of psoriasis.

Another advantage of using plant materials as source of source water relates to the fact that the water obtained from plants is already enriched in heavy water molecules compared to the water that plants absorb during their growth. During transpiration, water moves from the roots of the plant and is excreted through stomata on leaves and other structures. Light water molecules are likely to be dispersed into the environment during transpiration (released through stomata), whereby the remaining water in the plant is enriched with heavy water molecules. The plant-derived water (which is already enriched with heavy water) thus serves as a suitable beverage base as well as the basis for a dermatological composition. Plant-derived water, which serves as the basis for the production of beverages, can be used to provide water to a person who wants to reduce perspiration and retain more water in his body. Heavy water serving as the basis for the production of the dermatological composition is effective in forming a film on the surface of the skin, whereby the skin is less susceptible to moisture evaporation.

The Applicant has found that in the process of extracting raw water from vegetable raw materials, there is a loss of part of the fractions or all of the useful fractions of heavy water. Thus, the recovered water is not useful or is less useful in the manufacture of beverages or topical dermatological compositions. Thus, for example, when using an evaporative method to extract plant water from juice, the extracted water does not contain the expected amount of heavy water molecules, given the amount of heavy water molecules that the juice contains. It turns out that there is a significant loss of heavy water molecules.

Plant water is often obtained as a by-product when using prior art methods for concentrating juices. At the same time, it was found that water, which is a by-product, contains fewer heavy water molecules than expected.

It has been found that in order to increase the yield of heavy water molecules, the evaporation process must be carried out for a longer period of time compared to the previously carried out process. Using prior art methods for concentrating juices, the juice was only partially concentrated, leaving a significant amount of water in the concentrate. For example, when orange juice is concentrated commercially, the moisture content of the orange juice feedstock is approximately 90%, while the moisture content is reduced to approximately 30% during the evaporation process. Thus, at the end of the evaporation process, a significant amount of water remains in the concentrate. Even when sugarcane juice is highly concentrated, forming molasses, the water content of the product can be as low as 15%. However, Applicant contemplates that the water contained in the concentrate at the end of the evaporation process is a source of heavy water molecules that are suitable for the production of beverages and dermatological compositions.

Thus, it is proposed to carry out the concentration process for a longer time compared to the previous process in the manufacture of juice concentrate so that the water content of the concentrate is less than about 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1%. As a result, substantially all of the heavy water molecules are evaporated and then collected as a condensate. Thus, there is practically no loss of heavy water molecules. If necessary, evaporation to the point where mostly solid material remains, special equipment can be used to recover the last remaining water, which will be highly enriched in heavy water molecules.

If evaporation to a solid state is desired, such evaporation can be achieved using any means deemed appropriate by those skilled in the art, provided that any water removed can be condensed. For example, additional heating may be provided in the vessel to drive off any remaining water, with the final amount of water being collected by a chilled condenser.

Alternatively, an industrial spray drying process may be used, in some cases a type of drying known to those skilled in food technology or pharmaceutical production may be used. In such embodiments, implementation of the present invention, the water removed in the process of spray drying, can be condensed to obtain water enriched in heavy isotopes.

Where water highly enriched in heavy water molecules is desired, the condensate can be separated into condensate fractions, with each fraction being removed in subsequent steps in the evaporation process. Thus, the first fractions will be characterized by lower levels of heavy water molecules, while the content of heavy water molecules in subsequent fractions will be higher. For example, during the evaporation process, the juice can be concentrated to a level at which the water content is 20%, while the condensate is disposed of as waste or used for other purposes. The condensate obtained by an additional concentration of 20% to 5% is stored and used for the production of a beverage or dermatological composition due to the exceptionally high content of heavy water molecules.

Evaporative concentrators are known to those skilled in the art of beverage concentrators, including multi-effect evaporators and concentrators. Suppliers of such equipment are Alfa Laval AB (Sweden) and Andritz AG (Austria).

As an alternative or in addition to the evaporation process, the feed water may be fractionated using a freezing process. Without wishing to be bound by theory in any way, the authors believe that the lower activation energy and molecular weight of light water allows light water to form ice more quickly. Thus, in cases where the source water is not completely frozen, the non-frozen fraction will be enriched in heavy water, while the frozen fraction will be enriched in light water. Either the frozen or non-frozen fraction can be removed from the mixture and used as needed.

In some embodiments of the present invention, the source water, or the source water precursor, or the intermediate product is concentrated or fractionated using a method selected from the group consisting of filtration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, direct osmosis, membrane distillation, or using a methodology based on the principle , similar to the principle of any of the above methods.

Inclusion of enriched water in the drink

While water enriched in either heavy or light water molecules may be used without further modification, additives may be added to the water in some embodiments. For example, where the beverage is a sports drink, electrolytes, buffers, food acids, food bases, colors, flavors, and sweeteners may be added to the enriched water.

In cases where the drink is an energy drink, compounds such as caffeine or guarana extract may be added to the water.

Where the beverage is a soft drink, sugar, colorings and flavorings may be added to the beverage and then the mixture is carbonated.

In cases where the drink is indicated for nutritional, functional, therapeutic, nutraceutical, paramedical, quasi-medical and medical use, the drink may include additives such as carbohydrates, amino acids, peptides, proteins, protein hydrolyzate, vitamins, minerals, fats, oils, plant extracts. , probiotics, prebiotics or extracts of animal origin.

In some embodiments, implementation of the present invention, the drink can be used with the introduction of pharmaceutical substances, while the pharmaceutical substances are dissolved or suspended in the drink. It is believed that the administration of some pharmaceutically active substances is facilitated by dissolution in a drink or suspension with a drink enriched with heavy water molecules, in view of the lower probability of loss of such molecules through perspiration or evaporation from the surface of the lungs or oral cavity. The heavy water molecules can form a hydration shell around the active compound, thereby preventing loss of the compound.

Where the beverage is a blend of beverages, the beverage may only be carbonated.

Beverage packaging

The beverage may be filled into beverage containers, and the containers may be provided with a closure (such as a cap) to seal the container. The volume of the container may be less than about 1000 ml, 900 ml, 800 ml, 700 ml, 700 ml, 600 ml, 500 ml, 400 ml, or 300 ml. A graphic, corporate and text sticker (including the component composition and instructions for use) can be applied to the container.

Inclusion of Enriched Water in a Topical Dermatological Composition

Enriched water may be used alone (eg, as a simple skin moisturizing spray) or may be included in a formulation containing such an additive as a dermatologically acceptable excipient.

In the context of this document, the term "dermatologically acceptable excipient" includes, in particular, any adjuvant, carrier, glidant, diluent, preservative, dye/dye, surfactant, wetting agent, dispersing agent, suspending agent, stabilizer, isotonic agent, a solvent or emulsifier, including excipients approved by the US Food and Drug Administration as being acceptable for use in dermatology or human therapy, or which are known or are acceptable for use in dermatological compositions.

The formulation of the composition is preferably formulated in such a way as to minimize irritation of the skin, and at the same time provide adequate hydration of the skin and/or transport of active compounds to the skin.

If necessary, and using the description of the present invention, those skilled in the art are able to decide whether it is necessary to add any buffer or salt to achieve the desired pH or ionic strength of the composition. Acceptable salts include those salts which retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the free acids and which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable. These salts are obtained by adding an inorganic base or an organic base to the free acid. Salts obtained by adding inorganic bases include, in particular, salts of sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, aluminum, and the like. Preferred inorganic salts include ammonium, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium salts. Salts obtained by addition of organic bases include, in particular, salts of primary, secondary and tertiary amines, substituted amines, including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines and basic ion exchange resins such as ammonia, isopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethiamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine , diethanolamine, ethanolamine, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, 2-diethylaminoethanol, dicyclohexylamine, lysine, arginine, histidine, caffeine, procaine, hydrabamine, choline, betaine, benetamine, benzathine, ethylenediamine, glucosamine, methylglucamine, theobromine, triethanolamine, trometami nye, purine, piperazine , piperidine, N-ethylpiperidine, polyamine resins, etc.

The pH value of the dermatological composition can be adjusted, if necessary, in the range from about 6.0 to 8.0 using an acid such as food acid. The pH adjusting acid may be any conventional organic or inorganic acid or mixtures thereof, and is preferably citric acid.

In addition, a buffering agent may be included in order to maintain the pH at a given level. Suitable agents for adjusting the pH, buffering or otherwise changing the ionic states of the composition include (by name, CAS registry number, and European Chemical List number): l,6-hexanediamine 124-09-4,204-679-6 ; 2-aminobutanol, 96-20-8, 202-488-2; acetic acid, 64-19-7, 200-580-7; acetyl mandelic acid, 51019-43-3 / 7322-88-5; adipic acid, 124-04-9, 204-673-3; alstonia sholaris bark extract, 91745-20-9, 294-689-7; aluminum glycinate, 13682-92-3 / 41354-48-7; aluminum lactate, 18917-91-4, 242-670-9; aluminum triformat, 7360-53-4,230-898-1; aminoethyl propanediol, 115-70-8, 204-101-2; aminomethyl propanediol, 115-69-5, 204-100-7; aminomethyl propanol, 124-68-5, 204-709-8; aminopropanediol, 616-30-8, 210-475-8; ammonia, 7664-41-7; 231-635-3; ammonium acetate 631-61-8, 211-162-9; ammonium bicarbonate, 1066-33-7, 213-911-5; ammonium carbamate, 1111-78-0, 214-185-2; ammonium carbonate, 10361-29-2, 233-786-0; ammonium chloride, 12125-02-9, 235-186-4; ammonium glycolate 35249-89-9; ammonium hydroxide, 1336-21-6, 215-647-6; ammonium lactate, 515-98-0, 208-214-8; ammonium molybdate 12054-85-2; ammonium nitrate 6484-52-2, 229-347-8; ammonium phosphate, 7722-76-1, 231-764-5; ammonium thiocyanate, 1762-95-4, 217-175-6; ammonium vanadate, 7803-55-6, 232-261-3; ascorbic acid, 50-81-7 / 62624-30-0, 200-066-2 / 263-644-3; azelaic acid, 123-99-9; 204-669; palm acid; bakugan; benzyl acid, 76-93-7, 200-993-2; bis-hydroxyethyl tromethamine, 6976-37-0, 230-237-7; bismuth citrate, 813-93-4, 212-390-1; boric acid, 10043-35-3 / 11113-50-1, 233-139-2 / 234-343-4; butyldiethanolamine, 102-79-4, 203-055-0; calcium carbonate, 471-34-1, 207-439-9; calcium citrate 813-94-5, 212-391-7; calcium dihydrogen pyrophosphate, 7758-23-8, 231-837-1; calcium glycinate, 35947-07-0, 252-809-5; calcium hydroxide, 1305-62-0; 215-137-3; calcium lactate, 814-80-2, 212-406-7; calcium oxide, 1305-78-8, 215-138-9; calcium phosphate, 7758-23-8/10103-46-5, 231-837-1/233-283-6; citric acid 77-92-9 / 5949-29-1, 201-069-1; clay minerals; copper glycinate, 32817-15-5, 251-238-9; diammonium citrate, 3012-65-5, 221-146-3; diammonium phosphate, 7783-28-0, 231-987-8; dibutylethanolamine, 102-81-8, 203-057-1, diethylethanolamine, 100-37-8, 202-845-2; dimethylisopropanolamine, 108-16-7, 203-556-4; dimethylethanolamine, 108-01-0, 203-542-8; dioleoyl edetolmonium methosulfate, 111030-96-7; dioleyl phosphate, 14450-07-8,238-431-3; potassium hydrogen phosphate, 7758-11-4, 231-834-5; disodium furmarate, 17013-01-3, 241-087-7; sodium hydrogen phosphate, 7558-79-4 / 7782-85-6, 231-448-7; disodium pyrophosphate, 7758-16-9, 231-835-0; disodium tartrate, 868-18-8, 212-773-3; ethanolamine, 141-43-5, 205-483-3; ethanolamine hydrochloride, 2002-24-6, 217-900-6; ethylethanolamine, 110-73-6, 203-797-5; fumaric acid, 110-17-8, 203-743-0; galacturonic acid, 685-73-4, 211-682-6; glucoheptonic acid, 23351-51-1, 245-601-0; gluconic acid, 526-95-4, 208-401-4; glucuronic acid, 576-37-4; 209-401-7; glutaric acid, 110-94-1, 203-817-2; glycine, 56-40-6, 200-272-2; glycolic acid, 79-14-1 201-180-5; glyoxylic acid, 298-12-4, 206-058-5; guanidine carbonate, 593-85-1, 209-813-7; guanidine hydrochloride, 50-01-1, 200-002-3; hydrobromic acid, 10035-10-6, 233-113-0; hydrochloric acid, 7647-01-0, 231-595-7; hydroxyectoin, 165542-15-4, 442-870-8; hydroxyethylpiperazine ethanesulfonic acid, 7365-45-9, 230-907-9; imidazole, 288-32-4, 206-019-2; isobutyric acid, 79-31-2, 201-195-7; isopropanolamine, 78-96-6, 201-162-7; isopropylamine 75-31-0200-860-9; lactic acid, 50-21-5, 200-018-0; lactobionic acid, 96-82-2, 202-538-3; lauryl p-cresol ketoxime, 50652-76-1; lithium carbonate, 554-13-2, 209-062-5; lithium hydroxide, 1310-65-2, 215-183-4; magnesium acetate, 142-72-3, 205-554-9; magnesium carbonate hydroxide, 12125-28-9, 235-192-7; magnesium glycinate, 14783-68-7, 238-852-2; magnesium hydroxide, 1309-42-8, 215-170-3; magnesium lactate, 18917-93-6, 242-671-4; magnesium oxide, 1309-48-4, 215-171-9; maleic acid, 110-16-7, 203-742-5; malic acid, 97-67-6, 202-601-5; malonic acid, 141-82-2, 205-503-0; maltobionic acid 534-42-9; monoethanolamine borate, 10377-81-8, 233-829-3; metaphosphoric acid, 37267-86-0, 253-433-4; methoxy peg-lOO/polyepsilon caprolactone ethylhexanoate; methoxy peg-lOO/polyepsilo caprolactone palmitate; methoxy peg-114/poly epsilo caprolactone; methylethanolamine, 109-83-1, 203-710-0, monosodium citrate, 18996-35-5, 242-734-6; arryllite powder; enzyme filtrate from paecilomyces japonica/grape/cucumber juice extract; pentapotassium triphosphate, 13845-36-8, 237-574-9; pentasodium triphosphate, 7758-29-4, 231-838-7; phenolsulfophthalein, 143-74-8, 205-609-7; phenylmercurborate, 102-98-7, 203-068-1; phosphonobutanetricarboxylic acid, 37971-36-1, 253-733-5; phosphoric acid, 7664-38-2, 231-633-2; phosphorus pentoxide, 1314-56-3, 215-236-1; potassium bicarbonate, 298-14-6, 206-059-0; potassium biphthalate, 877-24-7, 212-889-4; potassium bitartrate, 868-14-4, 212-769-1; potassium borate, 1332-77-0, 215-575-5; potassium carbonate, 584-08-7, 209-529-3; potassium citrate, 866-84-2, 212-755-5; potassium hydroxide, 1310-58-3, 215-181-3; potassium lactate, 996-31-6 / 85895-78-9, 213-631-3 / 288-752-8; potassium/magnesium aspartate, 67528-13-6; potassium oxide, 12136-45-7, 235-227-6; potassium phosphate, 7778-77-0/16068-46-5, 231-913-4/240-213-8; potassium sodium tartrate, 304-59-6, 206-156-8; potassium tartrate, 921-53-9, 213-067-8; propane tricarboxylic acid, 99-14-9 / 51750-56-2, 202-733-3; quinic acid, 77-95-2 / 562-73-2 / 36413-60-2, 201-072-8 / 209-233-4; ribonic acid, 17812-24-7; sebacic acid, 111-20-6, 203-845-5; sesquiethoxytriethanolamine; sh-decapeptide-7; sodium acetate, 127-09-3, 204-823-8; sodium aluminate, 1302-42-7, 215-100-1; sodium aluminum lactate, 68953-69-5, 273-223-6; sodium arachidate; sodium aspartate, 17090-93-6 / 3792-50-5, 241-155-6 / 223-264-0; sodium bicarbonate, 144-55-8, 205-633-8; sodium bisulfate, 7681-38-1, 231-665-7; sodium borate, 1330-43-4 / 1303-96-4 215-540-4; butoxyethoxy sodium acetate, 67990-17-4, 268-040-3; sodium-calcium boron phosphate; sodium-calcium copper phosphate; sodium calcium zinc phosphate; sodium carbonate, 497-19-8, 207-838-8; sodium citrate, 68-04-2 / 6132-04-3, 200-675-3; sodium esylate, 5324-47-0, 226-194-9; sodium format, 141-53-7, 205-488-0; sodium furmarate 5873-57-4 / 7704-73-6, 227-535-4 / 231-725-2; sodium glycolate, 2836-32-0, 220-624-9; sodium humate, 68131-04-4; sodium hydroxide, 1310-73-2, 215-185-5; sodium lactate, 72-17-3/867-56-1, 200-772-0/212-762-3; sodium metaphosphate, 10361-03-2 / 50813-16-6, 233-782-9 / 256-779-4; sodium metasilicate, 6834-92-0, 229-912-9; sodium oxide, 1313-59-3, 215-208-9; sodium phosphate, 7558-80-7/7632-05-5, 231-449-2/231-558-5; sodium sesquicarbonate, 533-96-0, 208-580-9; sodium silicate, 1344-09-8, 215-687-4; sodium succinate, 2922-54-5, 220-871-2; sodium trimetaphosphate, 7785-84-4, 232-088-3; strontium hydroxide 18480-07-4 / 1311-10-0, 242-367-1; succinic acid, 110-15-6; 203-740-4 sulfuric acid, 7664-93-9, 231-639-5; tartaric acid, 133-37-9 / 147-71-7 / 87-69-4.205-105-7 / 205-695-6 / 201-766-0; taurine, 107-35-7, 203-483-8; triethanolamine-diricinoleate/isophorone diisocyanate copolymer (ipdi), 351425-02-0; triethanolamine hydroiodide 7601-53-8, 231-508-2; triethanolamine sulfate, 7376-31-0, 230-934-6; tetrahydroxyethyl ethylenediamine, 140-07-8, 205-396-0; tetrapotassium pyrophosphate, 7320-34-5, 230-785-7; tetrasodium pyrophosphate, 7722-88-5, 231-767-1; triethanolamine, 102-71-6, 203-049-8; triisopropanolamine, 122-20-3, 204-528-4; trisodium phosphate; 7601-54-9, 231-509-8; trisodium sulfosuccinate, 13419-59-5, 236-524-3; wheat germ protein, 100684-25-1, 309-696-3; wheat germ seed extract, 84012-44-2, 281-689-7; tromethamine, 77-86-1, 201-064-4; urea, 57-13-6, 200-315-5; uric acid, 69-93-2, 200-720-7; zinc carbonate hydroxide, 150607-22-0; zinc glycinate, 14281-83-5, 238-173-1; zinc hexametaphosphate, 13566-15-9, 236-967-2; and zinc and magnesium aspartate.

When incorporated into a surfactant, the surfactant may be a commonly used anionic, cationic, nonionic, zwitterionic or amphoteric surfactant or mixtures thereof.

The composition may be formulated as a simple aqueous solution/suspension, but may also be formulated to include a thickening agent such as gum, gel, agar or hydrogel.

The compositions of the present invention may be formulated as a cream (water or non-aqueous or mixed oil-in-water or water-in-oil), foam, foaming solution, lotion, balm, soap, serum, or cleanser.

In some embodiments of the present invention, the dermatological composition is used to administer a dermatologically active substance, such as a transdermal drug substance. In cases where the composition is enriched with heavy water, the drug may remain in solution (given a lower rate of evaporation from the skin) and/or be in contact with the skin for a longer period of time.

In some embodiments of the present invention, the source water, or the source water precursor, or the intermediate product is concentrated or fractionated using a method selected from the group including nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, direct osmosis, membrane distillation, or using a methodology based on a principle similar to principle of any of the above methods.

Packing of topical dermatological composition

The composition can be presented in the form of a spray in a container, intended for metered spraying of a fine aerosol onto the skin surface in order to create a thin film of the composition on it. In cases where the composition is viscous (for example, in the form of a cream or lotion), the container may be in the form of a tube, vial, sachet or jar and provided with a closure to seal the container. A graphic, corporate and text sticker (including the component composition and instructions for use) can be applied to the container.

In cases where the composition is intended only for application to the skin of the face, packaging of a relatively small volume is optimal, for example, less than 100 ml, 90 ml, 80 ml, 70 ml, 60 ml, 50 ml, 40 ml, 30 ml, 20 ml and 10 ml.

The dermatological composition can be used to impregnate wipes, the wipes being packaged in sealed sachets. Alternatively, a plurality of wipes may be interleaved and packaged in a resealable container after removal of the wipe for its intended use. These wipes can be useful for removing make-up, or as wet wipes for babies; in this case, the composition used to impregnate the wipes may include a detergent, soap, skin cleanser, mild exfoliant, fragrance, antibacterial agent, anti-inflammatory agent, skin emollient, or the like.

The compositions of the present invention are generally used by the user by spraying, applying to and spreading over the skin, gently rubbing the composition into the skin, or massaging the animal's skin. In the context of the present invention, the term "animal" is intended to include, in particular, any mammal, such as humans, primates, domestic animals, beasts of burden, zoo animals, agricultural or economically significant animals. It should be borne in mind that, given the aesthetic and functional advantages of the compositions of the present invention disclosed herein, the main goal is to formulate the compositions in such a way that they are useful for human use, in particular when applied to the skin of the face or upper part of the body.

The composition may be used in a dermatologically effective amount, referring to that amount which, when applied to the skin (i.e., topically) of the animal, is sufficient to provide the desired effects, such as the required amount to replace fluid loss or the required amount of active agent to be tolerated. composition. The amount of composition constituting a dermatologically effective amount may vary depending on the condition of the skin and the need for improvement of its condition, the age of the animal in need of treatment, but such an amount can be determined based on the available practice of specialists in this field of technology, taking into account their own knowledge and invention disclosure.

In accordance with another additional aspect of the present invention, a method for carrying out an industrial process is provided, the method comprising the step of contacting process water in the manufacturing process as described herein with industrial equipment components.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for producing a solute solution or liquid mixture on an industrial scale, the method comprising the step of providing the solute or liquid and contacting the solute with an industrial solvent in accordance with the present disclosure.

In accordance with another additional aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for diluting a solution on an industrial scale, the method comprising the step of obtaining a solution and contacting the solution with an industrial solvent in accordance with the present description.

Dairy raw materials used as a source of isotopically enriched water

Additionally or as an alternative to vegetable sources of source water, as described elsewhere in this document, it should be borne in mind that raw materials of animal origin are a valuable source of water for the preparation of beverages or dermatological compositions, or even process water. A typical raw material is a dairy raw material obtained by milking animals (such as ungulates and in particular ungulates of the genus Bos (true bulls)).

While milk can be used directly as a source of raw water, it is preferable to use dairy products. Dairy products are predominantly by-products or products of low value, such as whey or whey permeate. The technologies used to produce, for example, cheeses, yoghurts, protein concentrates and protein powders on an industrial scale produce the aforementioned by-products in significant quantities.

Dairy raw materials (including milk derivatives such as whey) in some forms may already be fortified with heavy water or light water, and thus do not require additional processing to modify the isotopic composition. Where there is a need for isotopic enrichment, any of the means disclosed elsewhere in this document may be used, or, of course, any other method considered acceptable by those skilled in the art.

Application of vinasse as a source of isotopically enriched water

Stillage represents the failure of unwanted liquid waste generated during the production and distillation of alcohols. This by-product is generated in large volumes and is generally disposed of as waste at additional production costs due to the need for treatment to purify the by-product prior to disposal. Industrial stillage processing technologies require a significant waste of water in the alcohol industry, however, thanks to the present invention, the stillage can be treated and disposed of as a ready source of process water that can be used in other areas of the same production, as indicated below.

In some of its forms, the vinasse may be naturally enriched in heavy water or light water, and thus eliminates the need for any treatment to modify the isotopic composition. Where there is a need for isotopic enrichment, any of the means disclosed elsewhere in this document may be used, or, of course, any other method considered acceptable by those skilled in the art.

As discussed above in this document, the vinasse may be subjected to a separation process (such as separation on a molecular sieve).

Use of water taken from a natural water body as a source of isotopically enriched water

Water from a natural water source may be used because of its natural enrichment in heavy or light water molecules, or because of its potential processing to enrich in heavy or light water. For example, the ocean is an inexhaustible source of water, which may be suitable as a feedstock for any method or product of the present invention.

For many applications, a high concentration of salts (such as sodium chloride) is a contraindication for use. For example, where the end use involves the use of process water to flush industrial equipment, the presence of salts can lead to deposits during drying, which can lead to contamination of any material being processed. A high salt content may impart an unpleasant taste to the beverage or cause skin irritation with the dermatological composition.

Salts and other undesirable solutes can be directly removed using a molecular filter (as discussed in more detail below) having filter openings not larger than the diameter of hydrated sodium and chloride ions. Other salt removal technologies may also be used, including direct osmosis and reverse osmosis.

In the case of direct osmosis, a molecular filter can be used to regenerate the extract solution. For example, the solute in the extract solution may be chosen to be substantially prevented from passing through a filter with a pore size that allows water molecules to pass through.

Examples of the application of the present invention for the production of process water

The Applicant believes that water enriched in light water molecules or heavy water molecules is suitable for use as process water in a manufacturing process. In the context of the present invention, industrial water can be obtained from any feedstock, including raw materials expressly disclosed in this document. In addition, industrial water can be enriched with heavy or light water molecules in accordance with any method disclosed herein, or in fact in accordance with any other method. In some embodiments of the present invention, industrial water is not obtained using any special method, as it may be formed due to a natural process or during an industrial process carried out for purposes not related to the production of isotopically enriched water.

Process water according to the present invention, for example, can be used in cooling towers of an air conditioning system. These systems use water evaporation technology, where the heat of evaporation comes from the air circulating through the cooling tower, resulting in cooling of the air. Water containing more lighter water molecules easily passes from the liquid phase to the vapor phase, and thus removes the latent heat of evaporation from the air much more efficiently. This results in faster, more efficient or more complete cooling of the air.

In another example, industrial water enriched with light water molecules can be used in industrial boilers to produce steam. And in this case, due to the higher ability of light water molecules to leave the liquid phase, a more rapid formation of water vapor is ensured. The production of the same amount of water vapor is less energy intensive (costs, for example, electricity) compared to the energy costs for heating isotopically unenriched water.

Process water is widely used for washing and rinsing equipment such as storage tanks, fermenters, mixers, pipelines, etc. As a rule, the equipment must be dried before it is used, and the drying process requires time and, if necessary, energy (for example, to drive a blower). The use of technical water enriched with light water molecules simplifies the drying process due to the higher evaporation capacity of such water.

In some industrial processes, it is preferable to prevent the evaporation of water, whereby process water enriched in heavy molecules can be used. In one such application, water can be used to wet the container according to the cleaning schedule, with the advantage of using water that is less susceptible to evaporation.

The source of industrial water in the manufacturing process may be any source deemed acceptable by those skilled in the art who are able to take advantage of the benefits set forth in the description of the present invention. Industrial water may be obtained from any source explicitly described elsewhere in this document, and in particular from the juice of fruits, vegetables, sugar cane, sugar beets, trees or other plants. Advantageously, industrial water can be obtained from juice with a low sugar content remaining as waste after the juice concentration process is completed.

When the water is removed from the juice during its concentration by any means, the heavy water will preferably remain in the juice concentrate, unless all the water has been removed from the dry waste. The water removed from the juice has a higher ratio of light water to heavy water compared to the ratio determined in the original juice before fractionation, which makes such water preferable for use in boilers and cooling towers.

In some cases, process water is obtained from a waste stream generated from the juice concentration process and the process water is returned for reuse in the original juice concentration process or any other processes.

Application of the present invention to obtain water for the purpose of its supply and use in technical production processes

In contrast to the production of technical water, the present invention can find additional application for the production of water used as a solvent in technical production processes. Water, as a rule, is used to dissolve soluble substances or as a diluent for existing solutions. In any case, the use of water enriched with either heavy or light water is expected to offer certain advantages. For example, the heat of dissolution of various solutes (such as salts) may vary depending on the proportion of heavy and light water in the aqueous dissolution medium. In addition, there is a solvent isotope effect that changes the stability of proteins (and in particular the stability of protein folding) in aqueous solution. In addition, the isotopes of water have a strong effect on the formation of ice crystals. Thus, heavy or light water can be used as a solvent in order to exploit one of the many isotopic effects of the solvent in industrial processes.

In one preferred embodiment of the present invention, vinasse which is naturally enriched in heavy or light water, or which will be enriched in heavy or light water, or which has been enriched in heavy or light water, can be used as a diluent to dilute the sugars during fermentation to the desired concentration. . Thus, the fermentation process used to produce alcohol results in the formation of a vinasse by-product, while the vinasse, which is a by-product of alcohol production, is returned to the system and used as a sugar diluent. As a result, water remains in the system and the need to clean the vinasse for its subsequent discharge is reduced.

In the case of using water as a solvent in technological production processes, in general, it is pretreated in one way or another. In the vinasse example, there may be a need for significant purification using a separation process such as a filtration process and/or at least a partially adsorption process such as contacting with granular activated carbon to remove impurities to an acceptable concentration level at this production process. In some embodiments of the present invention, the vinasse is filtered directly through a molecular sieve to remove most of the several types of impurities contained in the vinasse. Alternatively, a direct or reverse osmosis method can be used, and in the second case, a molecular filter can be used to regenerate the extract solution.

Application of molecular filters

As stated elsewhere in this document, various methods are provided for enriching heavy water molecules as compared to light water molecules and vice versa. An alternative or additional filtration technology using graphene filters can be proposed.

In addition, molecular sieve filtration technology can be used to pre-treat solutions to enrich them with heavy or light water, and also to treat solutions that are already enriched in heavy or light water, or naturally enriched in heavy or light water to give them acceptable properties. for the intended application. Such pre- and post-treatment may be carried out to remove salts, organic molecules, inorganic molecules, gases, particles or microbes.

Molecular filters can also find use in the context of the present invention as a means for regenerating the extract solution by any direct osmosis method used to treat heavy or light enriched water, or for pre-treatment of the solution in order to enrich it with heavy or light water, or a solution naturally enriched heavy or light water.

As far as is well known to those skilled in the art, direct osmosis is a membrane separation technique based on the use of a concentrated extract solution having a high osmotic potential to filter water through a semi-permeable membrane from a power source. The product of direct osmosis is not purified water, but a dilute extract solution that must be regenerated to "pull" more water through the membrane. When using direct osmosis technology, a second stage of purification is often required to obtain clean water. Direct osmosis technology preferably uses a low hydrodynamic pressure, resulting in less membrane fouling and higher flow recovery after cleaning. Direct osmosis can be viewed as a low energy process that produces clean water from any of the water sources disclosed herein.

The solute of the extract solution can be chosen such that it is practically prevented from diffusing through the molecular filter. Alternatively, the molecular filter can be configured to substantially prevent the selected solute from the extract solution from diffusing through it, while still allowing the filter to remain permeable to water molecules. Extract solutions that can be regenerated using a size-based separation process include organic compounds such as glucose, fructose, sucrose, ethanol, sodium format, sodium acetate, sodium propionate, magnesium acetate; inorganic salts such as sodium chloride, potassium bromide, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, magnesium chloride, sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate and magnesium sulfate.

Those skilled in the art are aware of the size range of draw solutes, and thus "fine-tuning" the structure of the molecular sieve to selectively pass water and retain solute.

Molecular filters can be used, for example, for direct or indirect treatment of the raw water source. An example of a direct application is the graphene filter, which can be used to process whey to remove various ions, proteins (such as casein), peptides, amino acids, and other organic molecules (such as sugar molecules) contained (even at low concentrations) in whey. . Despite the exceptionally high efficiency of these filters, trace amounts of permeate can penetrate the permeate and can be found in industrial water, beverage or dermatological composition obtained from the purified permeate. Such low concentration levels generally do not adversely affect the intended use and in some cases serve as a means to determine the source of whey of any industrial water, beverage or dermatological composition.

An example of an indirect application of a molecular filter is a filter that can be used to regenerate an extract solution by direct osmosis in order to enrich it with heavy or light water, and also to treat a solution that is already enriched in heavy or light water, or naturally enriched in heavy or light water. water. As noted above, molecular filters are capable of retaining salts and, therefore, can be used to regenerate the extract solution.

Other purification methods may be applicable to whey, or any processed whey, to ensure that it is acceptable for the intended use. An example would be an activated carbon step to remove solutes such as aromatics and other volatiles. Separation methods such as direct osmosis, reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, microfiltration, nanofiltration, preparative chromatography and similar methods can also be used in this context.

Molecular sieve filtration technology can be used to treat any botanical source water (such as disclosed elsewhere in this document) for beverage purposes. In this context, it is preferable that the water source is enriched with heavy water or light water, or that it is enriched with heavy water or light water, or that it is naturally enriched with heavy water or light water. A molecular filter can be used to produce substantially purified water from plant fluids, the resulting water potentially being further processed (if necessary) to be potable. Thus, sterilization techniques (including separation, chemical and physical methods) can be used, and if necessary with the addition of chemical preservatives to extend shelf life. Activated carbon treatment may be necessary to remove molecules that may have a negative effect on the taste and/or aroma of the beverage.

Filtration technology using molecular filters can be applied to the stillage treatment, either to the processed (cleaned) stillage, or to the stillage enriched with heavy water or light water, or for the stillage enriched with heavy water or light water, or for the stillage naturally enriched with heavy water or light water. The molecular sieve can be used to produce mostly purified water from stillage, with the water potentially being used in other areas of the alcohol production where it was produced, or sent to other processing lines. Alternatively, the resulting water can be used to make beverages or dermatological compositions, however, it may be necessary to use additional methods, such as activated carbon purification, in order to remove molecules that can adversely affect palatability and / or aroma of the final product.

In the context of this document, the term "molecular filter" is intended to cover any material capable of separating solutes from solvents (and in particular separating ionic solutes from water molecules) and/or solutes from solutes and/or solvents. from solvents based on differences in the sizes of the respective particles. In some forms, the molecular filter is capable of separating, at least to a certain extent, based on charge or hydrophobicity, or certain adsorptive properties. These filters include pores of essentially the same size, or the size of the pores is within a regulated range. As a rule, the pore diameter corresponds to the size of smaller particles, as a result of which larger particles are not able to penetrate the material or adsorb on the surface of the material, while smaller particles are able to. As the mixture of particles migrates through the filter (or matrix), particles with the largest molecular weight or diameter (which are not able to penetrate into the molecular pores) leave the filter layer first, followed by smaller and smaller particles sequentially leaving the layer.

Typically, the pore diameter of a molecular filter is measured in angstroms ( ) or nanometers (nm). Some filters may be considered microporous with pore diameters less than 2 nm (20 ), or as macroporous with a pore diameter of more than 50 nm (500 ), or mesoporous with a pore diameter ranging from 2 to 50 nm (20-500 ).

The molecular filter can be of natural origin (eg mineral) or industrial production (eg graphene).

Molecular filters useful in at least some embodiments of the present invention may include graphene (hexagonal lattice) or graphene oxide or boron nitride. Each material may exist as monomolecular layers or as multimolecular layers and contain physical pores or channels of varying sizes, and may even have an electrical gradient to allow passage through the barrier.

In order to ensure the permeability of these filters and effective demineralization, it is necessary that small and absolutely identical pores be made in the membrane. If the pore size is greater than about 1 nanometer, the salts will begin to pass through the filter and will not be separated from the water molecules. Size exclusion is the goal of developing filter pore sizes necessary to separate salts from water of various isotopic compositions.

The graphene oxide may be multilayer, wherein the layers may be spaced at appropriate interlayer spacing for a particular application, such as less than about 10 Angstroms. The interlayer spacing can be adjusted to create pores or channels that are smaller than the full size of sodium chloride particles surrounded by water molecules. Salt particles are surrounded by an outer "shell" of water molecules, and the size of the shell is a decisive factor in determining whether salt particles can be excluded from the molecular filter.

The size of the interlayer interval can be adjusted to create channels that allow certain particles of isotopic water to diffuse through them, while preventing the passage of a significant amount of salts and minerals along with water. For example, graphene oxide sheets of desired dimensions and narrow size distribution can be synthesized by the modified Hummers method using screened flake graphite as a starting material. This method is the preferred alternative to post-synthetic fractionation methods in terms of efficiency and scalability, and thus is preferred for large-scale applications.

The pore size, and hence the permeability cut-off, can be fine-tuned down to a size of approximately 9 . The specified size ensures the passage of hydrated sodium chloride ions. Clipping may be due to an interlayer spacing (d) of approximately 13.5 , while this interval is usually indicated for layered graphene when swelling in an aqueous medium.

Smaller interlayer spacing (and therefore lower cutoff values) can be achieved by adjusting the interlayer spacing by physically limiting the layers. The physical limitation can be adjusted to achieve accurate and correctable ion sieving. Membranes can be produced with interlayer interval d in the range of approximately 9.8 A-6.4 , while providing a filter aperture diameter not exceeding the diameter of typical hydrated ions. It was found that the ion permeability is thermally activated at energy barriers of approximately 10-100 kJ/mol, depending on the value of the interlayer interval d. It has been found that permeation rates decrease exponentially as the diameter of the filter holes decreases, however this does not have a significant effect on water transfer (by an order of <2). The latter is due to the low barrier to the penetration of water molecules and the long sliding length inside the graphene capillaries. Such graphene membranes showed limited swelling and ensured the retention of 97% NaCl.

Thus, a tunable filter with an interlayer spacing of up to 6.4 can be produced. , resulting in the creation of a filter with a hole diameter not exceeding the diameter of hydrated ions. Such a filter is able to almost completely retain NaCl, while passing water molecules.

In a preferred form of the present invention, thick layers (-100 pm) of graphene oxide were made by vacuum filtration of an aqueous solution of graphene, as reported by Kumar and Colleagues (J. Comput. Chem. 13, 1011-1021 (1992)). The layers were cut into strips and stored at various relative humidity values achieved by using a saturated saline solution. The interlayer spacing was measured by X-ray diffraction, which provided a variation in the interlayer spacing in the range from approximately 6.4 to 9.8 when relative humidity changes from zero to 100%. The interlayer interval d of graphene oxide layers soaked in water could be approximately 13.7 ± 0.3 . Changes in the value of d can be due to the successive inclusion of water molecules in different sites between graphene oxide sheets.

Graphene oxide ribbons with the desired d value were encapsulated and packaged using Stycast™ epoxy to increase the usable filtration cross section. The stacked layers encapsulated in epoxy are referred to as physically constrained graphene oxide (PCGO) membranes because the epoxy mechanically limits the swelling of the layers when exposed to relative humidity or liquid water. Packages, for example, are glued into slots made in metal or plastic plates. Both sides of these stacked PCGO membranes are cut and all nanochannels are exposed.

FIG. 2 illustrates stacked layers (multiple graphene oxide membranes) (denoted 110) physically bounded by layers (100) of epoxy compound.

It should be understood that alternative methods of physical restraint are available to those skilled in the art, and all such methods are within the scope of the present invention.

The pore size in the molecular filter may be less than about 1 nanometer, which is approximately the size of water molecules containing various isotopes of hydrogen or oxygen. For example, the diameter of an H ₂ ¹⁶ O molecule is 0.29 nm. The value of the indicated diameter excludes H ₂ ¹⁷ O and H ₂ ¹⁸ O. The pore size for all other varieties of water isotopes can be specially set for their selective filtration either from the extract solution, or from any water, or from a liquid from another source. The diameter of these water molecules is mainly due to the length of the hydrogen bond.

In the case of a draw regeneration process, the draw solution may be selected on the basis that the components of the solution other than water will not pass through the molecular filter.

Two or more molecular filters in series may be required to select a particular water isotope species, with the largest pore size filter corresponding to the largest water isotopes being placed first, followed by progressively decreasing pore size filters for the next larger isotopic variants. etc. Alternatively, other combinations may be used to select varieties of water isotopes based on differences in oxygen isotopes or hydrogen isotopes.

The selection of water isotope species may also include selection using other differences in physical or magnetic or electrical properties that could be determined. Such a difference can be used to increase the size bias, or can be used independently to achieve the desired choice of water isotope species or species.

In one embodiment of the present invention, water isotopes are separated by a graphene-based electrochemical pumping method with low energy consumption. This separation can be achieved by fabricating roll-to-roll membranes using standard graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on a polymer film substrate, such as the commercially available Nafion polymer film. A Nafion polymer film is bonded to a carbon cloth. Next, copper foil with graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition is pressed in a hot state, connecting it with a Nafion film; then the copper foil is etched to a graphene layer grown by chemical vapor deposition on the Nafion film. Next, Pd nanoparticles, which act as a catalyst, are applied to graphene by electron-beam evaporation in order to increase the transparency of graphene for hydrogen isotopes. Finally, the graphene is covered with another layer of carbon fabric, designed both to prevent accidental damage and to ensure that the graphene is electrically contacted throughout. This fabrication method (as shown in FIG. 3A) can be used to produce graphene-on-film Nafion membranes of virtually any size.

FIG. 3B illustrates the operation of the composite shown in FIG. 3A when separating isotopic particles using an electrochemical pumping system. Two layers of carbon fabric are electrically connected. The loaded material (retentate (ultraconcentrate)) contains the volume of a gas-vapor mixture consisting of H ₂ OH ₂ and D ₂ OD ₂ with the selected protium atomic fraction. The opposite side of the composite is placed in a vacuum chamber. This arrangement is an electrochemical pump in which graphene (a conductor with mixed proton-electron conductivity) acts as both a cathode and a semi-permeable membrane for protons and deuterons. One of the layers of carbon fabric is used as the anode, while the other layer serves to provide electrical contact with the graphene sheet (the system is able to function without a second layer of fabric). When a bias voltage is applied, protons and deuterons are pumped through the Nafion film and through graphene. These isotopes recombine on the permeate side, forming , D ₂ and protium deuteride (HD). This principle of electrochemical pumping can be adapted, if necessary, to any given in this document, the field of application or a similar field for the separation of isotopic particles.

It should be understood that in the description of illustrative embodiments of the present invention, various features of the present invention are grouped together in their single embodiment, drawing, or description in some cases for the purpose of simplifying the disclosure and facilitating understanding of one or more of the various aspects of the invention. However, this manner of disclosure should not be construed as reflecting the intent that the claimed invention should contain more features than are listed in each claim. Rather, as reflected in the following claims, aspects of the invention are contained in less than all of the features of one of the aforementioned disclosed embodiments. Thus, the following claims are hereby expressly included in the "Summary of the Invention" section, with each claim being independent as a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In addition, while some embodiments described herein include some but not all of the features included in other embodiments, combinations of features of different embodiments should be within the scope of the present invention and create different embodiments as it should. be obvious to those skilled in the art. For example, in the claims below, any of the claimed embodiments may be used in any combination.

The description provided herein sets forth numerous specific features. However, it is understood that embodiments of the present invention may be practiced without these specific features. In other cases, well-known methods, structures, and techniques have not been illustrated in detail so as not to obscure this description.

Thus, while a description has been given of what are considered to be the preferred embodiments of the present invention, those skilled in the art will recognize the fact that other and additional changes may be made to them without departing from the spirit of the present invention, and in doing so, it is claimed that all such changes and modifications are within the scope of the present invention. Steps may be added to the methods described, or steps may be removed within the scope of the present invention.

Although the description of the present invention is given with reference to specific examples, it should be obvious to those skilled in the art that the present invention can be embodied in many other forms.

The following is a more complete description of the present invention with reference to the following non-limiting preferred embodiments.

EXAMPLES

Industrial evaporators, such as Alfa Laval's, consist of a series of small casings, or an evaporator battery. Typically, the flow of juice moves through one casing and then enters the next casing and so on until the juice reaches a concentration with the desired final content of soluble solids on the Brix scale. During the dehydration process, water is removed from each of these housings. Said evaporator consists of four buildings. Vessel 1 first evaporates the juice supplied and concentrates it before the juice enters vessel 2, vessel 3, and finally vessel 4. Any given evaporator may consist of fewer or more vessels. Juices are often concentrated until the Brix soluble solids content reaches 40-70 degrees, depending on the juice being processed.

When using industrial evaporators, fractionation involves the removal of water from various vessels during the juice concentration process, i.e. a process that produces water in which the quantitative ratio of heavy water to light water or its composition is different (Table 3).

The Brix content of soluble solids in concentrates varies (one degree Brix equals 1 gram of sucrose in 100 grams of solution and represents the concentration of the solution as a percentage by mass) ranging from 40 (carrot juice) to 65 and 70 (apple juice, Orange juice).

Water removed by concentrating carrot juice from Brix 10 to 40 deg. using an Alfa Laval in-line evaporator, produced an aqueous fraction with delta-O-18 ratios ranging from -4.21 to -4.88. The indicated ratio is an average of the condensate from all 4 consecutive casings (sample 1, Table 1). This approach differs from prior art methods which indicate the production of water from such an average condensate produced in all vessels.

Fresh carrot juice was used as an example to demonstrate the condensate fractionation process and its effect on the Delta-O-18 ratio. This juice was used for the following purposes:

1. Concentration of carrot juice on an industrial scale from Brix 10 deg. to a liquid concentrate with a Brix soluble solids content of 42 deg. using an Alfa Laval evaporator with 4 casings in series (Table 1, sample 1).

2. Additional concentration of already commercially concentrated carrot juice concentrate from Brix 40 deg. up to Brix 65 deg. and collection of condensate (Table 1, sample 2).

3. Removal of condensate from building 1 and from the Alfa Laval concentrator during the production of carrot juice concentrate (Table 1, sample 4).

4. Removal of condensate from building 2 and from the Alfa Laval concentrator during the production of carrot juice concentrate (Table 1, sample 5).

5. Removal of condensate from building 3 and from the Alfa Laval concentrator during the production of carrot juice concentrate (Table 1, sample 6).

6. Removal of condensate from building 4 and from the Alfa Laval concentrator during the production of carrot juice concentrate (Table 1, sample 7).

This study demonstrated the following:

1. When comparing the Delta-O-18 ratio values of samples 1 and 2, Table 1, it was found that the condensate removed from the carrot juice during the concentration process from Brix 10 to 40 degrees, made it possible to obtain water in which the heavy water content was lower in relation to the content of light water. With further dehydration of the concentrate with a content of soluble solids on the Brix scale of 40 deg. up to Brix 65 deg. using a Buchi Rotavapor R-200 rotary evaporator, the condensate is enriched with heavy water, indicating that light water was predominantly removed in the previous dehydration steps.

2. Carrot juice, concentrated using the Alfa Laval concentrator, flows sequentially from building 1 to building 4, and its concentration increases from Brix 10 to Brix 40 deg. It was demonstrated (Table 3, Samples 4, 5, 6 and 7) that the heavy water content of the condensate began to increase in each evaporator vessel sequentially from 1 to 4.

Another study found that removing most of the water from sugarcane juice to produce molasses resulted in a condensate with a Delta 018°/ ₀₀ VSMOW ratio of -2.1. This value suggests that in this fraction the content of heavy water is exceptionally high (Table 1, sample 3). Such a study was carried out to demonstrate that by removing most of the water fraction, and not only a small part in the process of evaporation or concentration, the relative content of heavy water in the condensate will be high, similar to the content found in the original sugar cane juice.

For laboratory experiments, a Buchi Rotavapor R-200 heated vacuum rotary evaporator was used (Fig. 1). In general terms, the volume of juice is aspirated into flask F through tube A due to the lower pressure in the container. The temperature of the hot water bath G was set at 80 degrees Celsius, and the flask F was immersed in the hot water bath so that the juice level was below the water level in the hot water bath G. The flask F was constantly rotated by the motor C during the entire distillation process. The distillate entered the cooling coil B, then it was condensed with a circulating refrigerant, and the distillate was collected in flask E.

Table 1: Delta 018°/ ₀₀ VSMOW fractionated and unfractionated carrot juice. Sample No. Water source Delta 018°/ ₀₀ VSMOW Comments 1 The final condensate removed during the industrial concentration of carrot juice from Brix 10 to Brix 40 deg. -4.47/-4.42/-4.88 During the production process, carrot juice (Brix 10 deg.) was concentrated on an industrial scale to Brix 40 deg. using the Alfa Laval concentrator. 2 Condensate from carrot juice concentrate with a Brix soluble solids content of 40 deg., further evaporated to Brix 65 deg. -1.21 Initially concentrated to Brix 40 deg. using the Alfa Laval concentrator. Then said concentrated juice was further concentrated from Brix 40 deg. up to Brix 65 deg. in a laboratory vacuum rotary evaporator Buchi Rotavapor R-200. 3 Unfractionated condensate removed from sugarcane juice during the production of molasses. -2.11 Removed 90% of the water, the remaining product is molasses. Conducted by ISIS Sugar Refinery, Queensland, Australia. 4 Condensate removed from building 1 and from the Alfa Laval concentrator during the production of carrot juice concentrate. -6.4 1st of 4 buildings. In casing 1, the first condensate is formed, removed from the natural carrot juice, during the concentration process from Brix 10 to Brix 40 deg. 5 Condensate removed from building 2 and from the Alfa Laval concentrator during the production of carrot juice concentrate. -6.21 2nd of 4 buildings. In casing 2, a second condensate is formed, removed from the carrot juice, during the concentration process from Brix 10 to Brix 40 deg. 6 Condensate removed from building 3 and from the Alfa Laval concentrator during the production of carrot juice concentrate. -4.96 3rd of 4 buildings. In case 3, a third condensate is formed, removed from the carrot juice, during the concentration process from Brix 10 to Brix 40 deg. 7 Condensate removed from building 4 and Alfa Laval's concentrator during the production of carrot juice concentrate. -4.12 4th of 4 buildings. In case 4, a fourth condensate is formed, removed from the carrot juice, during the concentration process from Brix 10 to Brix 40 deg.

Claims (12)

1. A method of using a source of source water to obtain a drink, or process water, or a process solvent, or a topical dermatological composition, including the following steps: use of a source of source water, including oxygen or hydrogen atoms of various isotopes, pre-filtration of contaminants such as salts, organic compounds, gas, particles, fractionating source water to obtain a fraction of enriched water with a relative content of at least one of the isotopes of oxygen or hydrogen exceeding the relative content of isotopes determined in the source water, where the fractionation step includes an evaporation step for concentrating the feed water source to obtain an enriched water fraction; And subsequent processing of the enriched water fraction through a molecular filter to remove contaminants and obtain pure water. 2. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the fractionation step includes the step of evaporating the source water under vacuum. 3. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the plant tissue is processed to obtain an extract of plant tissue, then the plant tissue extract is used as a source of initial water and subjected to fractionation. 4. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the fractionation step includes a freezing step. 5. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the molecular filter includes graphene. 6. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the molecular filter is designed to separate water molecules containing different isotopic compositions of oxygen and hydrogen. 7. The method of claim 1 further comprising a purification step selected from activated charcoal treatment and preparative chromatography.