RU2798555C1 - Productive feed for australian red claw crayfish - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: fodder.

SUBSTANCE: productive compound feed includes (wt.%): Black Lion fly protein 30, corn flour 10, soybean meal 15, sunflower meal 15, nettle and kelp meal of the White Sea 15, gammarus screening 5, meat and bone meal 5, fodder yeast 5.

EFFECT: invention provides a productive, nutritious feed for Australian red claw crayfish.

1 cl, 4 tbl

Description

The invention relates to the feed industry, in particular to compound feed for Australian red claw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) grown under industrial conditions and can be used in private aqua farms.

Known food for crayfish ("Instructions for breeding crayfish" E.V. Kolmykov. - Astrakhan: KaspNIRKH, 2004 - S. 21), including low-value fish, meat waste, shellfish and other products of animal origin. However, this feed contains rapidly decomposing products that worsen the epizootic state of the reservoir.

Also known analogue is Pat. 2437566. Compound feed for tropical crayfish and freshwater shrimp / Lagutkina L. Yu., Ponomarev S. V., Pakhomov M. M.; dec. 06/28/2010; publ. 27.12.2011. However, in this patent there is no information about the rate of gaining biomass of crayfish and shrimp using this feed.

A close analogue is also a production feed based on dried biomass of plant and animal plankton of pond ecosystems, including fish oil, algae meal, vitamin premix, mineral supplements (RF patent No. 2010126498, 2011). The disadvantage of the prototype is the difficulty of obtaining a feed additive from the dried biomass of plant and animal plankton of pond ecosystems due to the rare descent of water in pond areas.

The closest analogue (prototype) is US Pat. 2780538 High-protein compound feed for Australian red claw crayfish / Antonov A.M., Pastukhova N.O., Kiseleva N.A., 2022 ratio in the formulations of the developed feed.

The technical task is to create a formulation of a productive, nutritious compound feed that can be resistant to pathogens based on the Black Lion fly protein and to determine the effectiveness of the protein as an alternative replacement for fishmeal when feeding Australian red claw crayfish. The latter circumstance, by finding an alternative source of protein, will create competition for imported feed and ensure the process of import substitution of Russian feed products for aquaculture.

The task is solved by the production feed for Australian red claw crayfish, including the protein of the Black Lion fly larvae, corn flour, soybean meal, sunflower meal, grass meal, presented in the form of flour from the nettle and kelp of the White Sea, screening of gammarus, meat and bone meal, fodder yeast in the following ratio of components (wt.%): Black soldier fly protein - 30, corn flour - 10, soybean meal - 15, sunflower meal - 15, nettle and kelp meal of the White Sea - 15, gammarus screening - 5, meat and bone meal - 5, fodder yeast - 5.

The creation of feed based on a protein-lipid complex from insects has great potential for the development of the feed industry of Russian aquaculture farms. The Black Lion Fly (Hermetia illucens, or Black Soldier Fly) (Rozkošný, 1983) is currently a promising organism that can be used to obtain feed products for aquaculture, permitted in the EU. In 2017, Enterra Feed Corporation, a company specializing in the development and production of sustainable aquafeed products, received approval to sell insect-based feed ingredients to the United States of America, Canada and the European Union. The Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) in the United States has accepted Enterra's request to list black soldier fly larvae meal as an approved feed ingredient for salmonids such as Atlantic salmon, trout and arctic char .

The possibility of using Black soldier fly larvae as a component in forage production is due to the high nutritional value of the larvae, unique amino acid composition and high bioconversion of organic waste. As a result of vital activity, Black Lion fly larvae accumulate nutrients in their body: protein, fat, amino acids, a complex of macro- and microelements, the percentage of which depends on the type of waste (Ushakova and Nekrasov, 2015; Alvarez, 2012; Newton et al., 1977 ; Newton, L., Sheppard, C. et al., 2005.).

The object of the study was representatives of aquaculture - Australian red claw crayfish ( Cherax quadricarinatus ). Juvenile crayfish (at the age of 4 months) were kept in 2 aquariums with a capacity of 150 liters, each contained 10 specimens (individuals). Each aquarium is equipped with artificial aeration and filtration, thermostats for heating water, as well as ceramic and wooden shelters-houses in a ratio of 1:1.5.

Habitat conditions are an important factor influencing growth and development, the activity of food consumption, and the nature of the metabolism of Australian crayfish (Lagutkina and Martyanov, 2016). Therefore, during the experiment with the artificial content of crustaceans, optimal conditions for water exchange and aeration of water were created: pH - 7.2; hardness 7, oxygen content - 7.8; water temperature - 26°C.

The physiological principles of feeding any aquaculture require that the feed be complete, that is, contain all the nutritional components necessary for normal growth and vital activity of the organism. According to a literature review, it has been established that for Australian red claws, the most effective foods are those with a protein content of 20-30% and a low fat content (about 8%) (Lawrence, Jones, 2002, Cortes-Jacinto et al., 2004), as well as carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins and other biologically active components necessary for the growth and development of aquaculture. The analysis of literary sources and the market of existing mixed fodders served as the basis for the creation of experimental formulations of feed for Australian crayfish.

Experimental feeds were made in laboratory conditions using feed components of domestic production. Feed was made by modern industrial method by extrusion. In terms of quality indicators, extruded feeds fully comply with the requirements of GOST 10385-2014 “Mixed feed for fish”, they have increased particle strength and less crumbling when in water.

In the course of the research, two recipes were developed and two types of feed were created on their basis. All components in the feed are identical, the difference was in the source of the main active ingredient of protein of animal origin. In the first case, fish meal was used in the recipe, in the second case, flour from the dried larvae of the Black Lion fly was used. Proteins (proteins) are important in aquaculture nutrition and are a supplier of amino acids used by the body to build proteins in tissues and organs of the body, so their share in the feed composition was a large part and was within 30%. Since the main diet of crayfish is food of plant origin, the experimental feed formulations also used:

Cornmeal, rich in vitamins and minerals;

Soybean meal is a valuable by-product obtained during the production of oil from soybean seeds;

Sunflower meal, as a product of plant origin, which contains minerals important for the body, vitamins B and E, the amino acid methionine, which promotes the synthesis of many essential protein compounds;

Herbal flour, consisting of nettle flour, rich in vegetable protein and vitamins A, B6, B9, B12, C, K, as well as trace elements: calcium, sulfur, iron and copper, and White Sea kelp, which includes about 85% amino acids, vitamins, minerals, micro and macro elements;

Gammarus screenings are paws, antennae, legs, small particles that are screened out in a special way through special sieves. Gammarus sifting is used as a highly nutritious protein supplement in the production of animal feed or as an independent feed (feed additive). It is a natural product, without any additives and preservatives, ready to use;

Meat and bone meal, which is used as a vitamin and mineral supplement necessary for the harmonious development and growth of juvenile crustaceans;

Feed yeast, which contributes to the rapid weight gain of the aquaculture object, normalizes digestive processes, and has a beneficial effect on the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract.

The percentage ratio of components in the compound feed formula is determined by the proportion of proteins of animal and vegetable origin in a ratio of 1:2.

The composition of the developed feed (all mass percentages) (Table 1)

Table 1. The composition of the formula of the developed feed Feed components Feed formula #1 Feed formula #2 Fish flour, % thirty 0 Fly protein Black Lion, % 0 thirty Corn flour, % 10 10 Soybean meal, % 15 15 Sunflower meal, % 15 15 Nettle flour, kelp of the White Sea % 15 15 Elimination of gammarus, % 5 5 Meat and bone meal, % 5 5 Feed yeast, % 5 5 Total, % 100 100

The rate of feeding of crayfish in the experiment was 2% of body weight, the feeding regimen was once a day in the evening. The duration of the experiment was 2 months. The feeding efficiency of Australian crayfish was determined by the fish-breeding biological indicators of survival, the increase in length and weight of crayfish, and the significance of differences in the studied parameters of experimental feeds. Oak leaves were used as an additive to experimental feeds in the diet of crayfish.

On the basis of an accredited laboratory, the analysis of the main active components of the developed feed - fish meal and meal from the larvae of the Black Lion fly, was carried out, for the presence of a mass fraction of crude protein in each ingredient. The values were determined according to GOST 32044.1-2012 (Table 2).

Table 2. Definition of indicator values Name of the determined indicator Measurement result, % Accuracy characteristic Mass fraction of crude protein in fishmeal 56.7 ±1.1 Mass fraction of crude protein in the flour from the larvae of the Black soldier fly 50.8 ±1.0

Also, on the basis of the laboratory, a biochemical analysis of experimental feeds was carried out to establish nutritional value and nutritional value (table 3). The values were determined according to GOST.

Table 3. Biochemical analysis of experimental feeds Name of the determined indicator Designation of a normative document for a test method Feed formula #1
(based on fishmeal) Feed formula #2 (based on Black Lion fly protein) Measurement result ± error Mass fraction of dry matter, % GOST 31640-2012 91.0±1.1 92.4±1.0 Moisture content, % calculation 9.0±1.1 7.6±1.0 Mass fraction of crude protein (in dry matter),% GOST 32044.1-2012 38.2±0.9 37.6±0.9 Mass fraction of crude fiber (in dry matter),% GOST 31675-2012 p.6 6.5±1.2 11.1±1.5 Mass fraction of crude fat (in dry matter),% GOST 13496.15-2016 p. 9.1 6.61±0.70 8.57±0.8 Mass fraction of raw ash (in dry matter),% GOST 26226-95 p.1 9.4±0.4 10.1±0.4 Mass fraction of calcium, % GOST 26570-95 p. 2.2 1.51±0.16 1.92±0.19 Mass fraction of phosphorus, % GOST 26657-97 clause 4.1 0.66±0.12 0.89±0.15 Mass fraction of sodium, % GOST 30503-97 0.35±0.07 0.26±0.05 Mass fraction of potassium, % GOST 30504-97 clause 4.5 0.20±0.03 0.23±0.03 Mass fraction of arsenic, mg/kg GOST 26930-86 0.07±0.03 0.09±0.03

The effectiveness of the experimental recipes and the production feeds created on their basis was determined by the difference in the values of the growth rates by weight and length of the crayfish by weighing the crayfish on an electronic scale with an accuracy of 0.1 mg and measuring with a ruler with an accuracy of 0.1 mm at the initial stage of the experiment and then at the end of the experiment (after 2 months). Table 4 shows data on the dynamics of changes in the average length and weight, weight gain and body length of crustaceans.

Table 4. Dynamics of changes in indicators The name of indicators Feed formula #1
(based on fishmeal) Feed formula #2 (based on Black Lion fly protein) At the beginning of the experiment At the end of the experiment At the beginning of the experiment At the end of the experiment Average weight of crayfish ± error 11.0±1.57 14.4±2.15 11.7±1.76 16.2±1.84 Average crayfish length ± error 7.45±0.41 8.0±0.52 7.55±0.46 8.67±0.40 Weight gain, % 100 130 100 138 Increase in length, % 100 107 100 115 Survival, % 90 100 feed ratio 3 1.3

For data processing, the calculation of the Student's t-test was carried out when comparing the average values of the studied indicators. Standard methods of descriptive statistics were used using Microsoft Excel 2007 and STATISTICA, version 10, StatSoft, Inc., 2011 software, with the calculation of arithmetic mean values and standard errors.

According to the results of the analysis of the determination of the mass fraction of crude protein, it was found that the proportion of protein in fishmeal slightly exceeds the percentage of this indicator in flour from fly larvae (56.7±1.1 and 50.8±1.0, respectively). The significance of differences has been proven (t _st 0.95<2.1), which confirms the possibility of using insect protein in the production of feed for crayfish, even with a lower protein content.

Biochemical analysis of experimental feeds confirms the content of a complex of nutrients and minerals necessary for health, vital activity, productivity and weight gain of aquaculture objects, which allows us to consider the developed composition as a complete, balanced and high-protein feed and apply this recipe in the industrial production of aquafeeds.

Feed analysis did not reveal significant differences between the established indicators of the developed recipes. In terms of the amount of crude protein in the feed based on fishmeal and on the basis of the Black Lion fly larvae, the difference in values is minimal and amounts to 1.4%. This fact determines the possibility of using fly larvae in the formulation of compound feed for aquaculture as an alternative replacement for fishmeal.

According to the results of the research, the dynamics of changes in the growth rates in terms of mass and length of crayfish at the beginning and at the end of the experiment is noted. Australian crayfish grown on food No. 2 with insect protein have higher growth rates in terms of weight - 38% and body length of crayfish - 15%, relative to crustaceans fed on fishmeal based food, where weight gain at the beginning and end of the experiment - 30%, increase in body length of crayfish - 7%. An analysis of the significance of differences in the studied parameters for experimental feed proves the reliability of differences in the average weight and length of crustaceans grown on feed from the Black Lion fly larvae (t _st 0.95>2.1).

According to the results of the experiment, 100% survival of crustaceans grown on food No. 2 and 90% survival of crustaceans fed on food No. 1 are noted. This can be explained by the high content of chitin and chitosan in the flour from the larvae of the Black Lion fly.

It is also noted that the feed coefficient for feed created according to recipe No. 2 is k = 1.3, i.e. to obtain an increase in crayfish by weight per 1 kg, 1.3 kg of feed is required.

It should be noted that the developed experimental feed based on insect ecoprotein has a positive effect on the resistance of Australian red claw crayfish to fungal and bacterial diseases - burn disease (opaline). The disease is typical for recirculating water supply installations (including aquariums) and is caused by a pathogenic fungus, often accompanied by a bacterial infection. In the course of the research, there were individuals with the presence of opalines on the outer covers of crayfish. The studied crayfish fed the developed diet based on the Black Lion fly ecoprotein were not affected by this disease, in contrast to the individuals fed the diet based on fishmeal. The fly larva had a positive effect on aquaculture resistance to this pathogen.

In the course of the research, the analysis of the developed feed formulations did not reveal significant differences between the use of fishmeal and Black Lion fly protein in the feed formulation. Therefore, fly protein can serve as an alternative source of replacement for fishmeal and be used to create aquafeeds when growing red claw crayfish in industrial conditions or in private aquafarms. However, a positive effect of the developed insect-based food for Australian crustaceans was noted. The feed coefficient of such feed is k = 1.3, in contrast to feed based on fishmeal. Compound feed can provide an increase in the weight gain of crustaceans by 38%, increase the survival of juveniles (100%), even with a lower proportion of protein in the feed, and also improve the physiological state and resistance to pathogens of aquaculture objects.

Claims (9)

Productive feed for Australian red claw crayfish, including Black Lion fly larvae protein, corn flour, soybean meal, sunflower meal, grass meal presented in the form of White Sea nettle and kelp meal, gammarus sifting, meat and bone meal, fodder yeast, in the following ratio of components (wt%): Black Lion Fly Protein - 30, Cornmeal - 10, Soybean meal - 15, Sunflower meal - 15, Flour from nettle and kelp of the White Sea - 15, Gammarus elimination - 5, Meat and bone meal - 5, Feed yeast - 5.