RU2791528C1 - Method for the development of mineral deposits - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: mining.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the mining industry and can be used in the underground mining of ore deposits. Method for developing mineral deposits includes carrying out opening and preparatory workings, dividing a deposit into floors, cutting stope blocks, stope extraction of ore, downhole sorting of broken ore mass with the release of process flows, backfilling the mined-out area with substandard mining mass, represented by tailings of downhole sorting, leaching it with solutions leaching reagents and the issuance of conditioned ore and products to the surface. Downhole screening includes two sequential processes: crushing with screening and X-ray fluorescent separation. As a result of X-ray luminescent separation, two process streams are formed. The separated enriched product is sent to the first stream for flotation enrichment. Separated tailings of X-ray luminescent separation and non-separation size classes obtained in the process of crushing and screening, which have a rational size for leaching, are sent to the second technological stream for backfilling the worked-out space. From the X-ray luminescent separation tailings sent for leaching, a part of the host rocks is removed for useful use, namely marble, which hinders the leaching process.

EFFECT: increasing the efficiency of the process, as well as reducing the negative environmental impact of the technology on the environment.

1 cl, 2 dwg, 2 tbl

Description

The invention relates to the mining industry and can be used in the underground mining of ore deposits.

There is a known method of underground mining of mineral deposits using leaching, according to which the extraction of ore is carried out by chambers, the crushed ore is transported to the surface, where it is sorted and enriched, while the tailings are placed in dumps and leached, and waste chambers are laid with production waste (U.S. Patent No. 3260548, class 299-18, 1966).

However, the known method does not allow for a sufficiently complete extraction of minerals and is associated with high costs for the construction of tailings on the surface.

A known method for the development of mineral deposits, including carrying out opening and preparatory workings, dividing the deposit into floors, cutting stope blocks, stope excavation, downhole sorting of broken ore mass, filling the goaf with substandard ore mass, leaching it with solutions of reagents with complete moisture saturation and issuing to the surface of conditioned ore mass and leaching products, simultaneously with the development of mining blocks of conditioned ore without harmful impurities, the mining blocks of conditioned hard-dressing ores with harmful impurities are mined and sorted according to the quality of the ore mass, while backfilling the mined-out space is carried out with sorted fine fractions of the ore mass of conditioned hard-dressing with harmful impurities ores combined with sorting tailings according to the content of harmful impurities, and their leaching is carried out with reagents that minimize interaction with harmful impurities, while the concentration rat with a reduced content of harmful impurities after sorting is released to the surface after unloading with ore mass from mining blocks of ore conditioned without harmful impurities (RF Patent No. 2 685 009, 2018).

The scope of this method, as well as the methods discussed above, is limited to substandard ores. At the same time, the most valuable part of the balance reserves is extracted and processed by a proven method, and the rest of the ores are mined by underground leaching. At the same time, there is often no clear geometrization of technological grades for their staged development, when it is possible to mine the ore of one grade, then leaching the ores of another grade. Thus, the scope of this method cannot be extended to cases where there is no clear geometrization of technological grades for their stage development, i.e. there is no possibility of stage-by-stage clearing excavation of ore of one grade, then - leaching of ores of another grade.

The closest in technical essence to the invention is a method for the development of mineral deposits, including carrying out opening and development workings, dividing the deposit into floors, cutting treatment blocks, mining ore, downhole sorting of broken rock mass, backfilling the goaf with substandard rock mass, leaching it with solutions leaching reagents and the issuance of broken conditioned ore and leaching products to the surface, in which the technological differentiation of intra-block reserves in terms of quality is carried out using lump sorting. As a result of such sorting, a part of the ore mass is allocated to the first technological stream, which is maximally adapted for further flotation enrichment. Separation tailings and non-separation size classes are separated into the second technological stream for backfilling the worked-out space, which, according to the disclosure of useful minerals, represent a material adapted for leaching. This technical solution provides an increase in the through extraction of WO ₃ during processing by improving a number of parameters of the ore mass supplied for grinding and flotation. This is primarily an increase in the content of WO ₃ in the original ore mass. In addition, the original ore mass sent for grinding is stabilized in size and predominant texture of ore minerals. Size classes of -20 mm with a high content of slimes were removed from the ore mass by screening before separation, and pieces with a veinlet and slightly disseminated texture of a useful mineral were removed during the separation process. This solves the problem of rational disclosure of useful minerals to improve flotation efficiency. Small size classes that cause problems of heterogeneity of the sieve characteristics, and pieces of a different texture are sent to backfill the goaf with subsequent leaching (Khakulov V.A., Kononnov O.V., Shapovalov V.A., Karpova Zh.V. Improving the technology of mining and processing of ores of the Tyrnyauz deposit // Enrichment of ore, 2021, No. 3, pp. 3-5).

At the same time, this technical solution has disadvantages associated with the insufficient complexity of the use of mineral raw materials and, in particular, host rocks, which negatively affects the efficiency of the underground leaching technology and environmental ecology. So, due to the relatively small specific gravity of the useful component released from the ore during processing and loosening of the host rocks (some of which do not contain a useful component), the complete placement of processing tailings in the mined-out space of an underground mine is not ensured, which requires the creation of an additional tailing dump and complicates the leaching process. , reducing its effectiveness.

The technical result of the proposed method is to increase the efficiency of the process by solving the system problem of increasing the complexity of the use of mineral raw materials, as well as reducing the negative environmental impact of technology on the environment.

The technical result is achieved due to the fact that in the method of developing mineral deposits, including conducting opening and preparatory workings, dividing the deposit into floors, cutting the stope blocks, the stope extraction of ore, downhole sorting of the broken ore mass with the release of process streams, backfilling the mined-out space of substandard mining the mass of bottomhole sorting tailings and subsequent enrichment, its leaching with solutions of leaching reagents and the release of conditioned ore and leaching products to the surface, while from the bottomhole sorting tailings sent for leaching, a part of the host rocks that impede the leaching process is additionally removed for useful use.

In FIG. 1. the technological scheme for the implementation of the proposed method for the development of mineral deposits is presented.

An example of the implementation of the proposed technology with a comparative analysis

The Tyrnyauzskoye deposit is unique in terms of reserves, but it is distinguished by a complex geological structure, a variety of technological types (subtypes) of ores, and a relatively low metal content in the ore. At the same time, only the skarn ores of the deposit were efficiently processed in industrial volumes. From the point of view of proven technologies, the most promising of the remaining balance reserves are the Skarns of the Blind Deposit, but in terms of quality characteristics they are inferior to the almost exhausted ores of the Main Skarn. So, if during the development of the "Main skarn" there was a clear dependence of the increase in extraction from the increase in the content of WO ₃ in the ore, then for the skarns of the "Blind deposit" there are more complex dependencies. The variability of the structural, strength properties of the ore massifs of the Blind deposit worsens the sieve characteristics of the crushed product and, ultimately, reduces the recovery and quality of flotation enrichment. Another factor in a significant decrease in the efficiency of flotation enrichment is the presence in the ore of minerals and rocks with a highly developed specific surface (for example, clays) that absorb flotation reagents, as well as the presence of calcium-containing minerals with flotation properties close to scheelite and molybdoscheelite. In addition, the "Blind deposit" is characterized by variability in the degree of metasomatic replacement of skarns and pyroxene-plagioclase hornfelses by ore-bearing metasomatites, which determines the distribution of the level of tungsten content.

The second most valuable type of tungsten-molybdenum ores at the Tyrnyauz deposit are skarn marbles, whose share is about 48% of the balance reserves. The main disadvantage of this type of ores is the high content of calcite, which limits the possibility of their flotation processing. Therefore, a significant part of the remaining balance reserves of ores today with existing technologies for mining and processing do not provide the required level of profitability, completeness and quality of extraction of valuable components from mineral raw materials.

An alternative to the selective mining of the most valuable ores with the conservation of the remaining part of the balance reserves, perhaps, is the option of developing a combined in-situ leaching technology. The combined technology makes it possible to extract and process the most valuable part of the balance reserves using the developed method, and to mine part of the ores inaccessible to traditional technologies by underground leaching. At the same time, the structure of the residual reserves of the Tyrnyauz deposit does not allow literally using the combined technology in terms of dividing the block into areas represented by ores of different technological grades, when the deposits within the block are developed in two stages: first, the ore mining of one grade of ore, then the leaching of ores of another grade. Therefore, a new approach is proposed for technological differentiation of intra-block reserves by quality using lump sorting. As a result of lump sorting, two technological streams are formed. Part of the ore mass that is maximally adapted for further flotation enrichment is allocated to the first technological stream. Separation tailings and non-separation size classes are separated into the second process flow for goaf backfilling, which have a size that is rational for leaching. In addition, for useful use, part of the host rocks that do not contain a useful component, but only hinder the leaching process, are additionally removed from the bottomhole screening tailings sent for leaching.

Thus, the proposed solution opens up the possibility of a significant expansion of the useful use of host rocks to ensure the placement of the remaining part of the production waste in the goaf of an underground mine and, ultimately, to create a large, long-term, highly profitable, environmentally friendly production.

The block diagram of the proposed technology is shown in Fig. 1. As can be seen from the structural technological scheme, skarn marbles and skarns of the "Blind deposit" (SSZ) are promising for the technological differentiation of intra-block reserves. The effectiveness of using these types of ores for technological differentiation into the technological streams indicated above has been confirmed by extensive research and industrial approbation. Lump separation as a technology for preliminary enrichment of substandard scheelite-containing ores [8] was successfully tested with the participation of the authors at the Tyrnyauz tungsten-molybdenum plant. Successful industrial testing of two X-ray luminescent separation modules for scheelite-containing ores with a capacity of 1 million tons of substandard ores processing per year was carried out. Based on the results of extensive technological studies of scheelite-containing ores of the Tyrnyauz deposit, a concept was developed that limited the practical use of lump sorting to substandard ores [8]. Balance ores, due to excess losses of useful components, were not recommended to be used for preliminary enrichment. At the same time, it should be noted that the separation of balance ores can be effectively used as part of the technology for differentiating intra-block reserves into streams for their separate processing, since the leaching of separation tailings and non-separation size classes solves the problem of loss of useful components during separation. Thus, the previously performed extensive technological studies on the efficiency of X-ray luminescent separation of scheelite-containing ores of the Tyrnyauz deposit [8] are relevant, but their results should be considered in a different light, with an emphasis not on the maximum extraction of useful components, but on obtaining a better product for the conditions of subsequent flotation. enrichment. Separation into a separate stream of high-quality mineral raw materials adapted for efficient flotation enrichment implies the production of a second stream - separation tailings with a contrasting content of a useful component from which, as confirmed by research, a significant part of the host rocks with a background content of a useful component can be separated. Thus, in the process of technological mapping of ores, the predominant texture of ore minerals and the heterogeneity of the distribution of WO ₃ in the main types of ores of the Tyrnyauz deposit were studied. For practical use, a classification has been developed that proposes to distinguish four groups of pieces according to the nature of the luminescence:

Weak luminescence of individual grains (weakly disseminated texture) - content class less than 0.050%.

Intense luminescence of useful component nests on one side of the piece (moderately interspersed texture) - content class 0.050 - 0.100%.

Uniform luminescence over the entire surface of the pieces (moderately disseminated texture) - content class 0.100 - 0.200%.

Uniform intense luminescence of the component over the entire surface of the pieces (densely interspersed textures) - content class 0.200 - 0.500%.

Table 1 The results of the study of the distribution of WO ₃ in pieces with different degrees of luminescence Ore type Repartitions of the content of WO ₃ The content of WO ₃ in groups of pieces differing in luminescence, % Groups 1 2 3 4 CVD 0.93-0.135 0.012-0.027 0.053-0.076 0.119-0.147 0.278-0.456 SMC 0.034-0.113 0.008-0.012 0.049-0.057 0.108-0.129 0.291-0.473

The pieces of the fourth group correspond to the maximum content of WO ₃ , the pieces of the first group are of no practical interest in terms of the content of the useful component. Working with pieces of the second group made sense when sorting substandard ores. Very indicative are the results of experiments on real samples of skarn marbles and skarns from the Blind Deposit (see Table 2). From the point of view of the existing concept of using lump separation for pre-enrichment of substandard ores, a small rational range of quality characteristics of the initial ore for separation is indicative. At the same time, an ore with the same content of WO ₃ could differ in a different ratio of pieces of 1-4 groups, which determined the indicators of lump sorting and the complexity of choosing a rational mode of operation [1]. The essence of the technology control was reduced to adjusting the amount of ingress (selection) of pieces of the second group similar in luminescent properties into the enriched product (see Fig. 2). At the same time, a piece of the second group, from the point of view of constant conditions, can be equivalent to rock or ore.

table 2 The results of the study of types of ores on the efficiency of X-ray luminescence separation of scheelite-containing ores of the Tyrnyauz deposit Sample number Ore type Separation product Output,% Content, % Recovery,% Coef. enrichment _WO3 MO CaCo3 _WO3 MO _WO3 MO TPK-193-a Skarns "Blind Deposit" Initial 100 0.127 0.035 12.62 ore product 27.3 0.356 0.063 5.47 76.5 49.1 2.8 1.8 Tails 72.7 0.041 0.0245 15.3 TPK-195-a Skarns "Blind Deposit" Initial 100 0.172 0.043 9.39 ore product 24.1 0.499 0.073 4.13 69.9 40.9 2.9 1.7 Tails 78.6 0.068 0.0335 11.06 TPK-50 Skarn marbles of the Center Initial 100 0.029 0.059 77.1 ore product 41.8 0.065 0.109 62.0 93.6 77.2 2.2 1.8 Tails 58.2 0.004 0.023 88.0 TPK-97 Skarn marbles of the Center Initial 100 0.159 0.067 71.2 ore product 21.7 0.493 0.161 14.7 67.3 52.1 3.1 2.4 Tails 78.3 0.066 0.041 86.9

As applied to the type of ores represented by skarn marbles (of which there are about 48% in the structure of the balance reserves of the deposit), from 90 to 98% of the pieces of the first group have a background content of the useful component, and the yield of pieces with a WO ₃ content of about 0.035 - 0.050% is less than 1%. In this case, the useful component is associated with skarn veins with a thickness of 0.01 to 1.8 m, and the host rocks are marble. As a result of lump sorting of this type of ores, 50-70% of pieces with a background content of a useful component can be isolated. Those. host rocks represented by marble and not containing a useful component, but only hindering the leaching process, can be removed from the flow directed to backfilling the goaf and leaching. In this case, marble is a valuable raw material for the production of building materials, such as marble chips, lime, artificial wollastonite.

On FIG. 1. the technological scheme for the implementation of the proposed method for the development of mineral deposits is presented. It can be seen from the diagram that the withdrawal from the flow directed to backfilling the goaf and leaching of 13.7% of the host rocks allows increasing the WO ₃ content in the tail product from 0.105 to 0.129%.

As can be seen from the dependence (Fig. 2.), in the interval of the threshold value of the luminescence signal from 1.5 to 3.5v, the content of WO ₃ in the tail product remains unchanged, at the same time, the content of WO ₃ in the enriched product, due to a decrease in its yield, increases by almost two times. Thus, this interval was important in the existing concept of using lump sorting to “pull up” the qualitative characteristics of poor and hard-dressing ores to rich, easy-dressing ores, and the range of values above 3.5 volts was not considered from a practical point of view. To select the threshold, we used the range of the luminescence signal up to 3.5 V bordering on the noise level. This required fine tuning of feeders, X-ray equipment, and luminescence registration devices.

In the proposed technical solution, when the loss of a useful component has no practical significance, the dependence (Fig. 2) in the range of threshold values of the luminescence signal of more than 3.5V acquires a fundamentally different practical meaning. Based on samples of balance ores for this range, an additional sample of values was studied. It is important to note that in the balance ore, which is not even rich in skarn, there is a sharp decrease in the yield of pieces of the second group, which is compensated by an increased yield of pieces of the third group. In the proposed technical solution, the change in the concept of using lump sorting significantly increases the efficiency of this technology. For lump sorting as part of intra-block differentiation technology, only the selection of pieces of the third and fourth groups will be of practical importance. Those. weak luminescence signals can be ignored. Thus, the mineral raw materials that are fed to the separation in this case will have a significantly higher luminescent contrast. At the same time, there is no need for fine-tuning of systems and the control of the separation process becomes simpler and more reliable.

Registration of rock pieces of the flow output from the bottomhole sorting tailings is not difficult.

EFFECT: proposed technology is effective in underground mining of complex-structured, hard-dressing, vein types of ores, with uneven distribution of the useful component, requiring preliminary lump sorting. The technology makes it possible to effectively use the possibilities of lump sorting, backfilling of mined-out space with substandard rock mass, leaching and averaging. As a result, costs are reduced, the extraction of a useful component into the final product is increased, the complexity of the use of mineral raw materials is increased, and the negative environmental impact of the technology on the environment is also reduced.

Information sources

Pokrovsky S.S., Kultyshev V.I., Anastasov V.V. Method for the development of mineral deposits A.S. USSR No. 1236818, 1999

Shestakov V.A., Dolgashov G.E., Mosinets V.N. Mining method using leaching A.S. No. 607020, 1978

Mosinets V.N., Lobanov D.P., Tedeev M.N. and others. Construction and operation of underground leaching mines, M .: Nedra, 1987.

Khakulov V.A., Sekisov A.G., Krapivsky E.I., Karamurzov B.S., Blaev B.Kh., Shapovalov V.A., Zalikhanov B.Kh., Khrunina N.P. Method for the development of mineral deposits patent of the Russian Federation No. 2 685 009, 2018.

Voloshchuk S.N. etc. Heap leaching. - M.: Nedra, 1982.

US patent No. 3586379, class. 299-8, 1971

US patent No. 3260548, class. 299-18, 1966

Khakulov V.A., Kononnov O.V., Shapovalov V.A., Karpova Zh.V. Improving the technology of extraction and processing of ores of the Tyrnyauz deposit // Obogashchenie rud. 2021. №3. pp. 3-5.

Claims (1)

A method for the development of mineral deposits, including carrying out opening and development workings, dividing the deposit into floors, cutting the stope blocks, the stope extraction of ore, downhole sorting of broken rock mass with the release of process flows, backfilling the goaf with substandard mining mass, represented by tailings of bottomhole sorting, its leaching solutions of leaching reagents and the release of conditioned ore and products to the surface, characterized in that bottomhole screening includes two successive processes: crushing with screening and X-ray luminescent separation, as a result of X-ray luminescent separation, two technological streams are formed, the separated enriched product is sent to the first stream for flotation enrichment, the separated tailings of X-ray luminescent separation and non-separation size classes obtained in the process are sent to the second process flow for filling the goaf e crushing and screening, which have a rational size for leaching, while from the X-ray luminescent separation tailings sent for leaching, a part of the host rocks, namely marble, is removed for useful use, which complicates the leaching process.

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