RU2763804C1 - Internal combustion engine - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: engine technology.SUBSTANCE: invention relates to engine building. The internal combustion engine includes a block (1) of cylinders with a head (2), pistons (5) and combustion chambers, an engine fuel supply system and an engine electric power supply system. The upper part of the combustion chamber in the head (2) of the block is made cone-shaped or concave, on which at least one nozzle (21) of fine fuel atomization is mounted, purified from solid impurities of water or its solutions and at least one pair of high-voltage discharge electrodes (9,11,14), each of which is mounted on one cross-section of the cone-shaped or concave parts of the combustion chamber and is connected to a converter (18) of electrical energy into high-voltage and a means (19) of discharge supply between the discharge electrodes (9,11,14).EFFECT: increase in the power of the engine.8 cl, 2 dwg

Description

The present invention relates to the field of engine building, in particular to internal combustion engines that can be used in various vehicles - cars of various capacities, tractors, tanks, shipbuilding, aircraft building, railway transport, using water purified from solid impurities as fuel .

It is known that the highest specific impulse obtained from the combustion of propellant in a rocket engine for a pair of oxygen + hydrogen is - 4.4 km / s. See “Military review. Armament. Energy of rocket fuels. October 4, 2019" However, the use of this fuel is limited by large overall dimensions and low specific gravity of the gaseous components of the fuel - oxygen and hydrogen. The specific impulse of the oxygen + kerosene pair is a quarter lower - 3.4 km / s. An even smaller specific impulse for a pair of nitrocellulose + nitroglycerin is 2.5 km / s.

From the above data, it can be seen that the most preferred combustion products for obtaining maximum momentum are water molecules, in particular its constituents oxygen and hydrogen.

The so-called "Yutkin effect" is also known (see the book L.A. Yutkin "Electrohydraulic effect and its application in industry" Leningrad, "Engineering" Leningrad branch of 1986) when using which, when a high-voltage electric discharge is applied to water an electro-hydraulic shock occurs. The Yutkin effect is used in many industries, when cleaning castings see pages 109-113 fig. 41, 43, 44, 45, when cleaning rolled products see page 114 fig. 46, when stamping in mechanical engineering see page 122 fig. 49, electro-hydraulic hammers see page 134 fig. 417, 418, electro-hydraulic propulsion units for floating vehicles, see page 157 fig. 440, for blasting see page 161 fig. 5 1., there are attempts to use in internal combustion engines, etc.

Known experiment conducted by lovers of physical phenomena, using electro-hydraulic shock "See. video youtube.com dated June 19, 2009 "Experiments with electric water hammer" part 4. Yutkin effect". In this experiment, high-voltage electrodes were repeatedly lowered into water poured into a tin and a high-voltage discharge was applied. As a result of the discharge in the water, an electro-hydraulic shock occurred, in which part of the water splashed out of the can. Continuing, without any system, to apply high-voltage power to the electrodes, the experimenters each time received a discharge in water. But at the end of the experiment, the high-voltage discharge was applied after multiple discharges at the moment when the electrodes were not immersed in water and were still in the air. There was a microexplosion in the air, frightening the researchers. This microexplosion is nothing more than an explosion of explosive gas (ignition of a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen) formed when a discharge is applied between the electrodes during the instantaneous decomposition of water into oxygen and hydrogen, followed by ignition from the same spark.

The explosion that occurred indicates that when a high-voltage electric discharge is applied to an aqueous or air environment saturated with vapor (dispersed particles) of water, the water instantly decomposes into a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen (explosive mixture), which instantly explodes from the same discharge.

Evidence that explosions can occur in vapors (fine water particles) is also evidenced by the fact that thunder occurs during a lightning discharge in a cloud saturated with moisture during a thunderstorm (the impact of a spark discharge when it passes through a finely dispersed aqueous medium with the decomposition of water into oxygen and hydrogen) . The particles of water in such clouds are predominantly in the liquid state. During a snowstorm (in winter conditions), which happens much less frequently, when an electric discharge occurs - lightning, crystallized water particles instantly melt, decompose into hydrogen and oxygen, ignite and an explosion also occurs. At the same time, in a cloud (thundercloud), both winter and summer conditions, an extensive electrical discharge is created, which creates such an amount of explosive mixture that the sound from the explosion propagates over distances of several tens of kilometers.

It should also be said about the size of the finely dispersed aquatic environment. In 1880, Dines, observing the water balls that make up the fogs in England, came to the conclusion that the fog particles he observed were real water droplets, the sizes of which ranged from 0.016 to 0.127 mm. Later, similar observations were made by Assmano at the top of Brocken, which - especially in the cold season - is in the region of the most energetic formation of clouds of various forms, which are formed either a little higher, then a little lower, then just at its height. Assman made sure that all the forms of clouds containing liquid water he observed consist of real droplets, the sizes of which vary between 0.006 mm (in the upper parts of the clouds) and 0.035 mm (in the lower parts of it). See Wikipedia. "Sizes of water droplets in a thundercloud".

There are a number of attempts by researchers to use water as a fuel to obtain higher engine performance.

In order to reduce fuel consumption, improve the quality of exhaust gases, improve the performance of highly accelerated knock reduction engines, etc. the designer of internal combustion engines, researchers and engine developers added fine water to the fuel, for example, aqueous solutions of alcohol, which are resistant to low temperatures, better dispersion .

The idea of injecting water into a running engine appeared more than a hundred years ago. At the beginning of the 20th century, the English professor Hopkinson successfully used an experimental water injection system to improve the performance of industrial internal combustion engines (ICE) including a cylinder block with a head, pistons and combustion chambers, an engine fuel supply system and an electric power supply system for the engine. See drive2.ru›l/4899916394579309692/ “Water injection into the engine. Quackery or ... "A decade later, in England, Professor Hopkinson made several tests on large industrial engines ..." - prototype .

General Motors used the work of injecting a mixture of water and methanol into the engine power system to increase the detonation resistance of an engine with an Oldsmobile F-85 Jetfire turbine. A little earlier, an automobile manufacturer from Sweden released the Saab 99 Turbo S, which was equipped with water injection. Since 1983, Formula 1 teams Renault, Ferrari have been using this technology to increase the power of their cars. However, engines that use only water as fuel have never been created.

The disadvantages of the prototype, which uses the injection of finely dispersed water into the combustion chamber and mixing it with fuel, include the complexity of the design, limited possibilities for increasing engine power, and detonation processes that occur.

The technical result of the proposed invention is to eliminate the disadvantages of the prototype, in particular, to simplify the design of the engine, increase engine power by using water or its solutions as fuel.

The set technical result is achieved by combining the use of known features common with the prototype, including a cylinder block with a head, pistons and combustion chambers, an engine fuel supply system and an electric power supply system for the engine, and new features, consisting in the fact that the upper part of the combustion chamber in the block head is made cone-shaped or concave, on which at least one nozzle for fine atomization of fuel is mounted - water or its solutions purified from solid impurities and at least one pair of high-voltage spark gap electrodes, each of which is mounted on one cross section of the cone-shaped or concave parts combustion chamber and is connected to a converter of electrical energy into high-voltage and a means of supplying a discharge between the spark gap electrodes.

As a fuel - water or its aqueous solutions for spraying in the combustion chamber, you can use antifreeze, alcohol, sugar, hydrocarbonate, sulfate, chloride, as well as solutions containing potassium, magnesium, sodium, in which water is a solvent.

The high-voltage negative electrode along the length of the surface of the initiating discharge is made 1.5-20 times larger than the length of the positive electrode.

The cross sections of the cone-shaped or concave parts of the combustion chamber, each of which is mounted on a pair of spark gap electrodes, are made at the same distance from each other and from the larger and smaller diameters of the cone-shaped part of the combustion chamber.

The fuel fine atomization nozzle is made with a support head that exceeds its main diameter by 15-25% and is flush mounted on the inner surface of the chamber.

The cone-shaped part of the combustion chamber is made at an angle "ƛ" equal to 50-120 degrees.

The means for supplying a discharge between the spark gap electrodes is made in the form of a non-contact electronic ignition, including a battery, an ignition coil, a switch and a distributor.

The electrical energy converter is made in the form of an electrically connected transformer, multiplier, capacitors, transistors with the creation of a discharge voltage of 5000-1500000 volts.

The novelty of the proposed engine is the execution of the upper part of the combustion chamber in the head of the block is cone-shaped or concave, on which at least one nozzle of fine fuel atomization is mounted - water or its solutions purified from solid impurities and at least one pair of high-voltage electrodes-dischargers , each of which is mounted on one cross section of the cone-shaped or concave parts of the combustion chamber and is connected to a converter of electrical energy into high-voltage and a means of supplying a discharge between the spark gap electrodes.

Thus, the execution of the upper part of the combustion chamber in the head of the block is cone-shaped or concave, on which at least one nozzle of fine fuel atomization is mounted - water or its solutions purified from solid impurities and at least one pair of high-voltage electrodes-dischargers - allows using nozzles, to more completely fill the cavity of the cone-shaped part of the combustion chamber with dispersed water particles, using pairs of spark gap electrodes, to decompose and ignite water particles and, using the cone-shaped inner surface of the combustion chamber, direct the impact of the pulse of burnt water particles towards the pistons. The use of water or aqueous solutions purified from solid impurities as a fuel makes it possible to use practically the most common and inexpensive fuel in nature and at the same time obtain a powerful impulse-explosion of detonating gas (a mixture of oxygen with hydrogen) to convert it into useful engine work.

Mounting on the cross sections of the cone-shaped or concave parts of the combustion chamber electrodes-dischargers associated with a converter of electrical energy into high-voltage and a means of supplying a discharge between the electrodes-dischargers - allows you to most effectively fill the cavity of the combustion chamber with a spark discharge and carry out a more complete decomposition into oxygen and hydrogen of the incoming and finely dispersed water droplets located in the volume of the combustion chamber and ignite them, and by switching on one or more pairs of spark gap electrodes located at different cross sections of the cone-shaped part of the combustion chamber, regulate the amount of finely dispersed water decomposing into oxygen and hydrogen and, accordingly, increase and regulate the pulse power of the combustible mixture and the engine as a whole. So, when a pair of spark gap electrodes located closer to the top of the conical or concave parts of the combustion chamber with a smaller distance between the spark gap electrodes, you can get less engine power and vice versa, when you turn on a pair of spark gap electrodes located closer to the base of the cone or concave parts with a large distance between the spark gap electrodes, you can get more engine power.

Signs of the use of water and / or its aqueous solutions as fuel for spraying antifreeze and other solutions in the combustion chamber, for example, alcohol, sugar, hydrocarbonate, sulfate, chloride, as well as those containing potassium, magnesium, sodium, etc., in which water is a solvent, making a high-voltage negative electrode along the length of the surface initiating the discharge increased by 1.5-20 times compared to the length of the positive electrode, making several cross-sections of the cone-shaped part of the combustion chamber on each of which is mounted on a pair of electrode-dischargers at the same distance from each other other and from the larger and smaller diameters of the cone-shaped part of the combustion chamber, the execution of the nozzle for fine fuel atomization with a support head exceeding its main diameter by 15-25% and flush mounted on the inner surface of the chamber, the execution of the cone-shaped part of the combustion chamber at an angle "ƛ" equal to 50 -120 degrees, execution means discharge between electrodes-dischargers in the form of contactless electronic ignition, including a battery, an ignition coil, a switch and a distributor, as well as the implementation of an electrical energy converter in the form of an electrically connected transformer, multiplier, capacitors, transistors with the creation of a discharge voltage of 5000-1500000 volts - are additional features, revealing a more detailed implementation of the main features and contribute to the achievement of the technical result set by the proposed invention.

Thus, the implementation of a high-voltage negative electrode in length increased by 1.5-20 times compared with the large size (for example, length) of the positive electrode contributes to the regulation of the power and magnitude of the electric discharge spark.

The implementation of the electrical energy converter in the form of an electrically connected transformer, multiplier, capacitors, transistors with the creation of a discharge voltage of 5000-1500000 volts contributes to the controllability of the engine power by changing the voltage value.

The patent information search carried out in the process of preparing the application materials did not reveal a combination of the proposed known and new features of the alleged invention in the patent and scientific and technical literature, which allows us to attribute the features to novelty.

Since the proposed combination of features is not known from the existing level of technology and allows to obtain a higher and even unexpected technical result, the proposed essential features can be recognized as meeting the criterion of inventive step.

The description of the implementation process of the proposed device and the given similar information materials make it possible to classify the proposed device as industrially feasible.

In FIG. 1 schematically shows a vertical section of the combustion chamber and cylinder of the proposed engine.

In FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the combustion chamber along arrow "A" in FIG. 1 showing the location of positive and negative spark gap electrodes on different cross sections of the combustion chamber.

The internal combustion engine consists of a cylinder block 1, a block head 2, a combustion chamber, the cavity 3 of which is made cone-shaped or concave 4. In each cylinder of block 1, a piston 5 with rings 6 is mounted. at least one pair of spark gap electrodes. So, on a smaller section 7, a pair of negative 8 and positive 9 electrodes-dischargers is mounted. On the middle section 10, negative 11 and positive 12 electrodes-dischargers are mounted. On a larger section 13 of the combustion chamber, electrodes-dischargers 14 and 15, respectively, are mounted. a generator 16, a battery 17, a converter 18 of electrical energy into high-voltage and with a means 19 for supplying a discharge to the discharge electrodes. On the lateral cone-shaped or concave (the sides can be made cone-shaped or concave) side of the combustion chamber, at least on one cross section (level) 20 flush with the cone-shaped or concave surface of the combustion chamber of the head 2 there are nozzles 21 with support, flush with the cone-shaped surface cameras mounted, heads 22 for supplying atomized fine water or its solutions. Water is supplied to the injectors 21 through channels 23 using a high-pressure pump 24. To obtain an extensive discharge with a given length and power of high-voltage (for example, 5000-1500000 volts) sparks, negative electrodes 8,11,14 are used along the larger dimensions of the spark-forming surface (for example , along the length) are made more positive electrodes 9,12,15 1.5-20 times. At least one channel 25 is provided on the side surface of each cylinder of the engine, connected to an adjustable pressure valve (not shown in the drawing) to create a given pressure and prevent excess pressure in the combustion chamber during the initial cycle of compression of dispersed water by piston 5. Between the block cylinders and the head is a sealing gasket 26.

The proposed engine works as follows:

With the help of nozzles 21, water or its solutions purified from solid impurities are injected into the combustion chamber 3 in the form of a finely dispersed component. When the piston 5 moves upwards, compression and additional compaction of finely dispersed water occur. When the piston passes the top dead center, a high-voltage voltage is applied to the spark gap electrode 9 located in the initial period of engine operation on a smaller cross section 7. A discharge occurs between electrodes 8 and 9, and the finely dispersed water between the electrodes instantly decomposes into hydrogen and oxygen, forms the so-called “explosive mixture”, which explosively ignites from the same discharge, creating pressure in the combustion chamber acting on piston 5. Piston 5, moving down, transmits the movement to the connecting rod, which converts it into rotation of the crankshaft. When the piston 5 moves up and down again, the operations of compressing the atomized water, the discharge on the spark gap electrodes and creating the effect of pressure in the combustion chamber on the piston 5 are repeated. In the future, to increase the engine power, the supply of electrical power is carried out on the electrodes-dischargers 11.12 and 14.15 located on large cross sections 10 and 13. The operation of the engine is carried out mainly according to a two-stroke cycle, with the removal of excess combustion products from the combustion chamber and cylinders through channel 25 with an adjustable pressure valve. Since water is formed during the combustion of a mixture of oxygen with hydrogen, it, partially remaining in the chamber in a finely dispersed atomized state after ignition and work, upon further compression by piston 5, ignites again from a spark applied to the discharge electrodes and does work. In this regard, the process of supplying the amount of finely dispersed water or its solutions to the combustion chamber of the engine, as well as the presence of secondary, formed after a high-voltage discharge of finely dispersed water (combustion products), a stable equilibrium or close to equilibrium state of the engine operation can be achieved. In this case, the amount of secondary fine water remaining in the combustion chamber after a high-voltage discharge will be regulated by means of a channel 25 for removing excess combustion products and an adjustable pressure valve in case of their excess. By reducing the supply of atomized water by the injectors and using the secondary, formed after a high-voltage discharge, finely dispersed water (combustion products), fuel consumption during engine operation will be reduced while maintaining high power characteristics.

By changing the frequency of water injection into the combustion chamber (from periodic to constant) and the frequency of discharge of electrodes-dischargers located at different levels of the chamber using a means made in the form of contactless electronic ignition, as well as by changing the magnitude of the high-voltage discharge and the length of the spark discharge, it is possible to increase or decrease engine power .

The implementation of the electrical energy converter in the form of an electrically connected transformer, multiplier, capacitors, transistors with the creation of a discharge current, for example, 5000-1500000 volts, contributes to the selection of the necessary discharge current to create the required power of the specific impulse (shock wave) between the discharge electrodes, obtained from the combustion of the received gaseous fuel.

The presence of a means for supplying a discharge between pairs of spark gap electrodes in the form of contactless electronic ignition makes it possible to adjust, if necessary, the frequency and duration of the discharge (s), distribute the formation of discharges over the cross sections of the combustion chamber and contribute to an increase or decrease in engine power.

Using as an aqueous solution for spraying in the combustion chamber, for example, antifreeze and other solutions, alcohol, sugar, hydrocarbonate, sulfate, chloride, containing potassium, magnesium, sodium, in which water is a solvent, you can influence the quality of sparking, getting hard or more soft impact of the impulse on the pistons of the engine.

The use of the engine of the proposed design will eliminate the shortcomings of the known engines associated with the complexity of the design, increase the technological capabilities in increasing the engine power, and also allow switching to another widely available type of fuel - water, and reduce the associated material costs.

The use of the proposed engine will make it possible to produce environmentally friendly engines, significantly raise the technical level of engine building, create numerous engine options for use in everyday life and in the defense industry using the type of fuel available to each person - water.

Claims (8)

1. An internal combustion engine, including a cylinder block with a head, pistons and combustion chambers, an engine fuel supply system and an electric power supply system for the engine, characterized in that the upper part of the combustion chamber in the block head is conical or concave, on which at least , one nozzle for fine atomization of fuel - purified from solid impurities of water or its solutions and at least one pair of high-voltage electrodes-dischargers, each of which is mounted on one cross-section of the cone-shaped or concave parts of the combustion chamber and is connected to a converter of electrical energy into high-voltage and means for supplying a discharge between the spark gap electrodes. 2. The engine according to claim 1, characterized in that as a fuel - water or its aqueous solutions for spraying in the combustion chamber, you can use antifreeze, alcohol, sugar, hydrocarbonate, sulfate, chloride, as well as solutions containing potassium, magnesium, sodium in which water is the solvent. 3. The engine according to claim 1, characterized in that the high-voltage negative electrode along the length of the surface initiating the discharge is made 1.5-20 times larger than the length of the positive electrode. 4. The engine according to claim .1, characterized in that the cross sections of the cone-shaped or concave parts of the combustion chamber, each of which is mounted on a pair of spark gap electrodes, are made at the same distance from each other and from the larger and smaller diameters of the cone-shaped part of the combustion chamber. 5. The engine according to claim. 1, characterized in that the fine fuel atomization nozzle is made with a support head that exceeds its main diameter by 15-25%, and is flush mounted on the inner surface of the chamber. 6. The engine according to claim 1, characterized in that the cone-shaped part of the combustion chamber is made at an angle "λ" equal to 50-120 degrees. 7. The engine according to claim 1, characterized in that the means for supplying a discharge between the electrodes-dischargers is made in the form of a contactless electronic ignition, including a battery, an ignition coil, a switch and a distributor. 8. The engine according to claim 1, characterized in that the electrical energy converter is made in the form of an electrically connected transformer, multiplier, capacitors, transistors with the creation of a discharge voltage of 5000-1500000 volts.

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