RU2758264C2 - Influence of depth of embedding and timing of sowing of white mustard green manure on reproduction of soil fertility and on yield of grain crops - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture; land cultivation.

SUBSTANCE: in a method, green white mustard plants grown in a green manure steam are used as a green manure, which are sown in spring and embedded in sod-podzolic soil to the depth of 0-25 cm in three periods of embedding: spring, summer, autumn.

EFFECT: method provides an increase in the fertility of sod-podzolic soil with its enrichment with nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus, macro- and microelements, yield, quality of agricultural crops with the production of environmentally friendly, harmless to the human body crop production.

1 cl, 10 tbl

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture and agriculture. The method involves the use of green mustard plants, which are embedded in the soil at different depths and at different sowing times in the cultivation technology, as well as increasing the yield and quality of spring grain crops.

A known method of soil enrichment by introducing into it stubble, straw and mineral fertilizers for buckwheat. The disadvantage of these methods is the impossibility of maximizing the use of fertilizing properties applied to the soil and stubble, straw and mineral fertilizers and obtaining environmentally friendly products .. There is also a method of soil enrichment in the cultivation of crops, including the introduction of organic and mineral fertilizers into the soil. But the known methods do not solve at the same time the problem of soil enrichment, increasing the productivity of agricultural crops and obtaining ecologically safe crop production.

The invention proposed by the author solves all issues, namely, increases the fertility of sod-podzolic soil, enriches it with nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus, macro- and microelements, increases the yield, quality of agricultural crops and first solves the issue of obtaining environmentally friendly crop production, harmless to the human body. To date, the influence of growing conditions on the accumulation of protein in grain and its composition has been studied quite well. It has been established that the main external factor on which the protein content in the grain depends and which can be controlled by humans is the supply of nitrogen to the plant.

Green fertilizer has a great impact not only on the yield, but also on the quality of agricultural products, in particular on the protein content in the grain [4]. It has now been established that of all the elements of mineral nutrition, only nitrogen has a direct effect on the accumulation of protein in cereal grain. With improved conditions for nitrogen nutrition, the concentration of nitrogen in vegetative organs and the amount of nitrogen in the plant per unit of grain weight increase, and this leads to an increase in protein in the grain.

The studies were carried out in a field experiment, laid down in 2013, on a farm in the Volokolamsk district of the Moscow region.

The total area of the farm is 5.5 hectares. Volokolamsk municipal district is located in the north-west of the Moscow region in a zone with a temperate continental climate. The average long-term air temperature in July is + 19 °, in January is -6.7 ° C. Average annual precipitation is 450-650 mm. The average duration of the growing season is 130-140 days. The sum of positive temperatures above 10 ° C is 1900-2200 ° C.

The following variants of the experiment were considered:

1. Control (green manure) by embedding it to a depth of 20 cm.

_{2.N 60} P ₆₀ K ₆₀ (green manure) by embedding it to a depth of 20 cm.

3. Snederat filling to a depth of 10 cm. 3 times (spring, summer, autumn.) 4.3 Snederat filling by 0-20 cm (spring, summer, autumn) 3 times 5. Snederat filling - spring -25 cm., Summer-20 cm., autumn -10 cm.

The agricultural technology of cultivating agricultural crops was acceptable for the Moscow region.

White mustard varieties "Lunskaya" were cultivated. Seeding rate - 40 kg / ha. Ammonium nitrate at the rate of 40 kg / ha was added to the seedlings. The experiment was repeated 3 times, the placement of options was systematic, the size of the plots was 1 m × 12 m = 12 m ² .

The soil of the experimental plot is sod-podzolic floodplain. Before laying the experiment, it was characterized by the following agrochemical parameters of the arable and subsoil horizons (Table 1).

The yield of green mass of white mustard varied and depended mainly on meteorological conditions and sowing time. In 2013, the average yield of green mass of white mustard during the spring sowing period was 30.4 t / ha, or 3.04 t / ha of dry matter, with the summer sowing period -25.6 t / ha, or 2.56 t / ha of dry matter. In studies carried out on sod-podzolic soil, it was found that during the spring sowing period, the yield of the green mass of white mustard was 16.0% higher than during the summer period (Table 2).

The results of our research indicate that in the dry summer of 2014, the number of weeds during the heading phase of Zlata spring wheat varied from 6 to 23 pcs / m2. At the same time, the sowings for deep seeding (0-25 cm) of green manure fallow were the cleanest from weeds - 6 pcs / m2. Then, in the order of increasing infestation, green manure pairs were placed with plowing at 0-20 cm (18 pcs / m2) and 0-10 cm (19 pcs / m2). By the number of perennial weeds, the advantage was in deep plowing (2 pcs / m ² ) (Table 2). A similar picture was observed under other crops of field crop rotation (potatoes, barley, oats) (Table 2).

Thus, deep seeding of green manure (0-25 cm) turned out to be the most effective means of combating weed infestation in the crops of Zlata spring wheat.

In dry 2014, the lack of rainfall in the period July-August accelerated the ripening of spring wheat. The effectiveness of green manure fallow was largely determined by the planting depth of the green fertilizer. In this respect, the advantage is on the side of the early May period with deep embedding of white mustard (0-25 cm). In this variant, the highest increase in grain yield was obtained by 0.81 t / ha or by 19.4% in relation to the pure unfertilized fallow (control). The lowest yield of spring wheat (3.48 t / ha) was obtained against the background without the use of fertilizers (control)

The yield of spring barley of the “Vladimir” variety in 2016 differed according to the variants of the experiment and depended on the amount of green manure plowed in and the depth of green manure embedding in the soil. The lowest grain yield was in the control - 3.41 t / ha. The use of mineral fertilizers alone increased the yield to 4.41 t / ha, or by 29%. In terms of planting depths of white mustard, there is a clear advantage for deep planting (0-25 cm) - the yield here turned out to be the highest and amounted to 5.70 t / ha, or 67% higher compared to the control (Table 3).

The yield of oats "Yakov" in 2017 also differed according to the variants of the experiment. However, the same pattern can be traced as on barley "Vladimir" and amounted to options from 3.3 to 5.3 t / ha (Table 3).

Thus, the study of the depth of planting the green mass of white mustard into the soil allows us to conclude that the predominant effect of deep plowing (0-25 cm) on reducing the weediness of crops and increasing the yield from. -NS. cultures.

The mass of 1000 seeds - characterizes the amount of substances contained in the grain, this indicator is closely related to the grain size (table 4).

The weight of 1000 seeds is not standardized in GOSTs, however, it can be noted that with the option of embedding to a depth of 0-10 cm in wheat, there is an increase in the weight of 1000 seeds by 0.3 g in comparison with the control. And with the option of embedding green manure to a depth of 0-20 cm in barley and oats, an increase in weight is observed in comparison with the control by 4.7 g and 3.7 g, respectively.

The nature of the grain (Table 5) is the mass of a certain volume of grain, expressed in grams.

The value of the mass of 1000 grains affects the nature only in the case of the analysis of a puny and small made grain, while with an increase in the mass of 1000 grains, the nature of the grain also becomes larger.

Nature is regulated in GOSTs for technical conditions of culture.

The highest rate of nature in soft spring wheat variety "Zlata" can be noted in option 5 with a green manure planting depth of 0-25 cm, and it is 745 g / l, which is more than the control by 3 g / l.

Soft spring wheat is regulated by GOST R 52554-2006. "Wheat. Specifications ", where the nature for the 1st class is at least 770 g / l, for the 2nd and 3rd classes - at least 745 g / l, for the 4th - at least 710 g / l, and for 5th grade is not regulated. Therefore, wheat samples numbered 1, 2, 3 and 4 can be attributed to wheat of the 4th class, and sample five to wheat of the 2nd class.

The average indicator of nature in spring barley was 668.7 g / l, the greatest result was observed in variant 5 (green manure 25-27 cm) and amounted to 673 g / l, in oats the highest indicator, as in barley and wheat, was observed during plowing green manure to a depth of 0-25 cm, and amounted to 576 g / l.

The nature of barley is regulated by GOST 28672 - 90 “Barley. Requirements for procurement and delivery ". According to GOST, the nature for barley intended for food purposes must be at least 630 g / l, for malt production - at least 570 g / l, and barley used for fodder purposes and for the production of compound feed is not limited. Thus, it can be noted that the nature in all variants corresponds to the standard for barley intended for food purposes. But it should be said that the greatest result was observed with the option of plowing green manure to a depth of 0-25 cm and amounted to 673 g / l, which is 2 g / l more than the control and 9 g / l more than the very minimum value of nature.

In oats, the highest natural result was noted in sample 4, and amounted to 576 g / l. Also, good indicators are noted in samples 2 and 5, where the nature was 575 g / l, which is only 1 g / l inferior to the fourth sample. The norms for oats are regulated in GOST 28673-90 “Oats. Requirements for procurement and delivery ”and nature for the first class, according to the standard, is not less than 520 g / l, therefore, all samples meet this requirement.

Protein content (Table 6). Wheat contains approximately 6 to 20% protein, depending on the type and variety of wheat, but mainly depending on the environmental conditions during the ripening period of the wheat.The protein content in barley grain ranges from 7 to 25%

Among the studied planting depths of green fertilizer in the dry growing season of 2014, the advantage in protein content has a deep planting of 0-25 cm (Table 5), this is explained by the fact that the bulk of the root system of white mustard lies at a depth of more than 30 cm and pumps out the necessary mineral elements available for cultivated plants. Thus, the protein content in the grain of spring wheat increased from 11.4% in the control without the use of fertilizers to 13.5%, or by 2.1% with deep seeding. In variants of green manure fallow with deep (0-25 cm) white mustard grain of spring wheat was obtained that meets the requirements of the 1st commodity class according to GOST R 52554-2006 “Wheat. Technical conditions ". Also, winter wheat of the "Nemchinovskaya-17" variety can be attributed to the first class, namely images numbered 4 and 5, in which the amount of protein was 14.2%.

For spring barley, the highest protein content can be noted in the variant of green manure embedding using N ₆₀ P ₆₀ K ₆₀ . The protein in this sample was 14.6%, which is 0.7% more than the control. Thus, all barley samples cannot be used for brewing, because according to standards, protein should not exceed 12%, but can be used for food and feed purposes.

Gluten (Table 7) is a nitrogenous or proteinaceous substance of bread grains, insoluble in water, it also gives flour the ability to turn into a viscous dough, its quality determines the dignity of flour.

The largest mass fraction of wet gluten was sample 5 (30.4 with a manual method of washing and 28.1 with an IR analyzer). The quality of raw gluten was also noted when planting green manure to a depth of 0-25 cm and amounted to 71 units. Idk. So sample number five, both in terms of quality and quantity of gluten, can be attributed to the second class of wheat.

An increase in biological activity in the upper layers of sod-podzolic soil makes green manure, both in pure form and in stubble form, an important factor affecting productivity in grain-tilled agriculture specialization. Giving an energy assessment when using green fertilizer under the conditions of the experiment at the Irek farm, it should be noted that all agricultural products consist of organic substances, the synthesis of which occurs with the absorption of solar radiation, the kinetic energy of the sun converts it into potential energy of organic matter. Due to biological characteristics, different plants have a different ability to assimilate the kinetic energy of the sun and have different energy value. The influence of the planting depth and sowing time of green fertilizer in the form of white mustard on the energy assessment is characterized by Table 1.

The analysis of the energy estimate allows us to conclude that the lowest estimate is characteristic of control (siderate) and is 165.3 MJ. The use of mineral fertilizers against the background of green manure increases the energy estimate to 190.1 MJ. Among the studied depths, the embedding of white mustard has a noticeable advantage of deep (25-27 cm) embedding, the energy rating is the highest and amounts to 218.5 MJ / ha. The influence of green fertilizer in the form of white mustard on the productivity of crop rotation is described in Table 9.

From the table, it can be seen that the yield of agricultural crops in grain units in comparison with the control in all other options increases markedly, especially in option 5, where the green mass was embedded in all three layers (0-10 cm), (0-20 cm), (0- 25 cm), and its productivity in comparison with the control (11.86 t / ha s.u.) was 15.65 t / ha, i.e. the increase was 32.7%. The economic efficiency of the cultivation of cereals and potatoes in the conditions of the Moscow region is characterized by table 10.

The table shows that the payback for all cultivated crops per 1 ruble. costs are more than 4 rubles. Therefore, the use of green fertilizer in the form of white mustard is economically beneficial and the technology itself justifies itself.

Bibliographic list

1. Begeulov, M.Sh. Technological properties of winter wheat grain in specialized grain crop rotations with green fertilization / M.Sh. Begeulov, N.N. Permyakova, V.G. Loshakov // Agro 21. - 2013. - No. 4-6. - S. 39-41.

2. Berzin, A.M. Green fertilizers in Central Siberia / Krasnoyar. state agrarian. un-t. - Krasnoyarsk: - 2002 .-- 395 p.

3. Dovban K.I. Green fertilizer in modern agriculture. Questions of theory and practice. - Minsk: Belarusian Science, 2009 .-- 404 p.

4. Loshakov, V.G. Green fertilizers in agriculture in Russia / V.G. Loshakov. - M.: VNIIA, 2015 .-- 300 p.

5. Khairullin, H.H. An innovative approach to the use of green manure culture of white mustard as an important element of the preservation and reproduction of the fertility of sod-podzolic soil. / Enthusiasts of agricultural science .: Sat. Art. based on the materials of the All-Russian scientific-practical conference dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the Department of Soil Science of the Kuban State Agrarian University named after I.T. Trubilin and the 80th anniversary of RAS Corresponding Member Valery Nikolaevich Kudeyarov / otv. for issue. OH. Sheujen. 2019. - Krasnodar: KubSAU, 2019. - 202-207 p.

Claims (1)

A method of increasing the yield of spring wheat varieties "Zlata" and winter wheat varieties "Nemchinovskaya-17" and reducing weediness of their crops and reproduction of fertility on sod-podzolic soil, in which green mustard plants are used as green manure, grown in green manure fallow, which are sown in spring, they are embedded in sod-podzolic soil to a depth of 0-25 cm in three terms of embedding: spring, summer, autumn.