RU2742103C1 - Fodder additive production method for cattle - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: fodder production.SUBSTANCE: invention relates to fodder production, in particular, to a method for production of fodder additive for cattle in the form of microcapsules. Method is characterized by that at room temperature in magnetic mixer for 10-20 minutes until homogeneous mass is mixed sodium and / or potassium salts of alginic acid with sunflower oil sludge in ratio of (2-4):(6-8) respectively. After that, the mixture is fed into 5-20 wt% solution of Ca2+ salts through draw plates, adjusting the volume of the falling drop in order to obtain microcapsules with diameter of not more than 5 mm. Obtained microcapsules are washed with distilled water, decanted and dried for 3-5 hours at temperature of 85-95°C, while stirring 3 times an hour.EFFECT: invention usage allows producing high-energy fodder product.1 cl

Description

The invention relates to the agricultural industry, in particular to feed high-energy fat additives for ruminants and a method of their production, and is intended to replenish the energy balance in the body of animals, as well as to increase the fat content and milk yield when used during calving and lactation of cows.

An increase in milk yield, an increase in the fat content in milk, and an improvement in the quality of other livestock products have been and remain urgent tasks of feeding cattle (hereinafter cattle). It is known that fats are a necessary component for the full maintenance of the cow's energy state; the energy value of fats is 2.25 times higher than carbohydrates and proteins. The recommended fat content in the diet of ruminants is 4% of the total mass of feed, and its increase leads to disruption of metabolic processes in the proventriculus of cattle.

Free higher fatty acids (hereinafter HFA) and fatty acids that are part of di- and triglycerides affect microbial metabolism: an increase in the concentration of HFA suppresses the growth of cicatricial microflora, and a decrease, on the contrary, promotes the development of microorganisms.

The rumen of animals contains Isotricha intestinalis, Isotricha prostoma, etc., which have special organelles - hydrogenosomes, in which ATP is synthesized with the release of molecular hydrogen (Agarwal N., Kamra DN, Chaudhary LC Rumen Microbial Ecosystem of Domesticated Ruminants // Rumen Microbiology: From Evolution to Revolution / 2015. P. 17–30 .; Tzirita M., Papanikolaou S., Chatzifragkou A., Quilty B. Waste fat biodegradation and biomodification by Yarrowia lipolytica and a bacterial consortium composed of Bacillus spp. And Pseudomonas putida / / Engineering in Life Sciences / 2018. P. 1-29.).

These bacteria contain hydrogenosomes (Choudhury PK, Salem AZM, Jena R., Kumar S., Singh R., Puniya AK Rumen Microbiology: An Overview // Rumen Microbiology: From Evolution to Revolution / 2015. P. 3-16. ). The released hydrogen reacts with unsaturated fatty acids in food - a biohydrogenation process takes place, as a result of which the formation of trans fatty acids is possible. The most common of them is the trans-isomer of oleic acid C18: 1 - vaccenic acid (Ferlay A., Bernard L., Meynadier A., Malpuech-Brugère C. Production of trans and conjugated fatty acids in dairy ruminants and their putative effects on human health: A review // Biochimie / 2017. V. 141. P. 107–120 .; Schmidely P., Ghazal S., Berthelot V. Effect of rumen-protected conjugated linoleic acid on ruminal biohydrogenation and transfer of fatty acids to milk in dairy goats // Livestock Science / 2017. V. 199. P. 7-13.). Some unsaturated fatty acids do not undergo biohydrogenation, but accumulate in the rumen, where they are intensively oxidized to form acetoacetic, β-hydroxybutyric acids and acetone (Amachawadi RG, Nagaraja TG Liver abscesses in cattle: A review of incidence in Holsteins and of bacteriology and vaccine approaches to control in feedlot cattle12 // Journal of Animal Science / 2016. V. 94 (4). P. 1620-1632.).

The term "protected fats" means a mixture of C12-C18 HFA. The peculiarity of "protected fats" is that they pass through the scar, mesh, book unchanged, and in the highly acidic environment of the abomasum, their decay begins. In the small intestine, when bile salts interact, micelles are formed, which are transported to the intestinal walls and absorbed into them diffusely; already in the intestinal wall, triglycerides are resynthesized from free fatty acids and glycerol-3-phosphate, which is formed in the liver from glucose. Then they are encapsulated in low-density lipoproteins, transported to the lymphatic system and through the blood vessels are delivered to organs and tissues (Toral PG, Monahan FJ, Hervás G., Frutos P., Moloney AP Review: Modulating ruminal lipid metabolism to improve the fatty acid composition of meat and milk // Challenges and opportunities. Animal / 2018. P. 1-10.).

Feed additives containing "protected fats" differ in the type of processing: hydrogenated, fractionated, saponified (calcium salts of HFA). The type of processing depends on the fatty acid composition of feed additives. So, for example, in hydrogenated fats, stearic and palmitic fatty acids prevail in the composition, in fractionated fats, palmitic acids, and in calcium salts, a high percentage of oleic and linoleic fatty acids.

To date, the effectiveness of feed additives "protected fats" has been confirmed by various studies in which there was an increase in milk yield, on average by 3 l / day, as well as milk fat content by 0.5-1% (Morozova L.A., Subbotina N. A., Mikolaichik I. N. The use of the Megalak feed additive in the diets of highly productive cows // Zootechnics: theoretical and scientific-practical journal in all branches of animal husbandry / 2013. T. 10. P. 5-6; Esaulova L.A. , Elizarova T.I. Efficiency of the use of protected feed fats in the diets of dairy cows in the farms of the Voronezh region // materials of the international scientific and practical conference dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the faculty of veterinary medicine and animal husbandry technology, held on the basis of the Voronezh State Agrarian University named after Emperor Peter I "/ Voronezh. 2016. S. 103-106.).

Known methods of making a fatty supplement to reduce the depression of cicatricial digestion and increase the energy consumption of feed. "Protected" fat can be obtained by saponification of free fatty acids with alkali metals, mainly calcium and magnesium; mixing fats with sulfur-containing amino acids; treatment with aldehydes; protein enveloping of fats (Grant, R.J., V.F. Colenbrander, and D.R. Mertens. Milk fat depression in dairy cows: Role of silage particle size. J. Dairy Sci. 1990. 73: 1834-1842); lipid treatment with formaldehyde; mixing with B vitamins, with microelements (Clapperton J.L. Protected fats in ruminant feeding - an update // Feed Compounder. 1986. No. 8. P. 27-28).

However, lipids treated with formaldehyde are not used in animal feed, as there is a risk of carcinogen formation.

Known feed additive for cows (Patent No. 2496327 dated 10/27/2013), containing crushed corn grains - 35%, soybean meal (with a mass fraction of protein 46% and above) - 40% and dry vegetable fat - 25%. "Protected" dry fat "BergaLac" is used as dry vegetable fat. This feed additive is aimed at increasing the energy supply of high-yielding cows during the milking period. It is used as a source of energy and easily digestible carbohydrates in feeding farm animals.

The disadvantages of this technical solution is that the additive is a high-energy mixture, more applicable for the concentrate type of feeding of fattening cattle (Norms and rations for feeding farm animals. Reference manual. 3rd edition revised and enlarged. / Ed. By A. P. Kalashnikov, V.I. Fisinina, V.V.Scheglova, N.I. Kleimenova. - Moscow. 2003. S. 456.), but not suitable for giving dairy cows, moreover, after calving. The high energy saturation of the additive can cause intensification of lactic acid fermentation, acidification of the rumen chyme environment. This contributes to a change in the ratio of acetate, propionate, leads to the development of acidotic phenomena in the body and a decrease in the fat content in milk.

Known feed additive (Patent No. 2627575 of 08.16.2017), containing in%: crushed barley - 86, fusa-sludge - 8, stearic fatty acid - 2 and mineral additive - 4, by granulation in the operating mode at a pressure of 10 MPa and temperature 100-120 above the melting point of stearic acid - 70 and cavitation treatment of the fusa-sludge of sunflower oil with a frequency of 22 kHz ± 10% with an exposure of 10 minutes. The dosage for fattening young cattle was 3.5-3.7% of dry matter.

Known feed additive "Enerflo" for dairy farming, which is obtained from fractionated palm oil by hydrogenation (saturation with hydrogen). Its melting point is higher than the body temperature of ruminants, so it is insoluble in the rumen and does not have a negative effect on its functioning (Morozova. L. "Protected" fat "Enerflo" in the diets of highly productive cows. // Dairy and beef cattle breeding. - 2011. No. 2 . S. 14-17.).

Known feed additive "Megalak", containing fatty acids and calcium, in the following quantities: fat - 84%, calcium - 9%. Calcium protects fatty acids from degradation in the rumen, so they pass intact into the abomasum with an acidic medium (pH 2.5), and then, after hydrolysis, into the small intestine for assimilation. The combination of rumen protection, high digestibility in the small intestine and high energy efficiency explains the excellent indicator of net energy of lactation in Megalak (Satkeeva A.B., Shastunov S.V. Influence of Megalak on dairy productivity of cows // Livestock and Dairy case ". 2018. S. 156-159.).

Known feed additive "Profat". It is a combination of fatty acids of palm oil and calcium in the amount of 84.0% and 9.0%, respectively. (Krupin E.O. Influence of correctors of energy metabolism in combination with vitamin and mineral premixes on reproduction rates and the state of the mammary gland in highly productive cows // Animal husbandry and dairy business. 2010. S. 140-143.).

There are a number of disadvantages to the above analogs related to the bioavailability and technology of the protected fats production process:

1) hydrogenated fats reduce digestibility, form trans-isomers of free fatty acids, their production is associated with high temperatures (180-220 ° C) and rather toxic catalysts (Voigt J., Kuhla S., Gaafar K., Derno M., Hagemeister H. Digestibility of rumen protected fat in cattle // Slovak J. Anim. Sci. / 2006. V.39. 16-19 .; Gamayurova V.S. Myths and reality of the food industry // Bulletin of Kazan Technological University / 2010. T. 8 . Pp. 116-120.).

1) when obtaining fractionated fats, a multistage technology is used, as well as imported raw materials, mainly palm oil (Kuznetsova L.N., Papchenko V.Yu., Demidov I.N. Obtaining a low-melting fraction of palm oil // Bulletin of the National Technical University. ta "KhPI": collection of scientific works. Thematic issue: New solutions in modern technologies / Kharkov: NTU "KhPI". 2013. T. 11 (985). S. 121-124; Kellenc M., Gibon V., Hendrix M., Greyt WD Palm oil fractionation // Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol / 2007. V. 109. P. 336–349.).

2) in the saponified fats there is a sharp alkaline odor, in addition, the calcium salts of the HFA are insoluble, which significantly reduces their absorption into the intestinal cells of ruminants (Levakhin G.I., Miroshnikov I.S., Ryazanov V.A. feeding ruminants (review) // Bulletin of meat cattle breeding / All-Russian scientific research institute of meat cattle breeding. Orenburg. 2012. T. 4 (78). P. 94-97.).

To date, "protected" fats are produced from palm oil fractions and hydrogenated fatty acids by import companies from Malaysia, Germany, China, etc. The production of "protected" fat in Russia is possible only by hydrogenation of unsaturated HFA, but the formation of a large amount of trans-isomers of HFA is a significant disadvantage of this technology. Imported “protected” fats also have several disadvantages, such as low digestibility and bioavailability. In connection with the above factors, it can be concluded that it is necessary to develop new "protected" fats based on unsaturated fatty acids, which will have high digestibility and bioavailability, as well as have a reduced negative effect on cattle digestion with the additional inclusion of fats in the diet and, accordingly, the development of their technology. production in the territory of the Russian Federation.

From the prior art, it is known to use as an energy additive in the diet of animals and poultry and in the production of mixed feeds, sunflower fusa, which is a secondary raw material - waste obtained after the production of unrefined sunflower oil. It is a phospholipid, greasy and thick sediment in the form of a thick waxy greasy greyish-brown mass. Fuzz remains on the bottom and sides of the containers in which the oil is stored. When cold pressed, all vitamins are retained in it, which makes fooz a valuable vitamin supplement for animal feed. This sediment retains almost all the healthy fats of the sunflower. It also contains up to 30% protein, phosphatides, iron, sulfur, calcium and magnesium. Despite the value of fuse as a food additive in feed, there are some difficulties with its use. This is due to the special consistency of the raw material: it is greasy and waxy and does not mix well. As a result, it is very difficult to get a homogeneous mass at the output, because it often knocks down in lumps. In addition, such food cannot be stored for a long time, because fatty acids quickly become bitter. (Internet link https://glav-dacha.ru/primenenie-fuza-podsolnechnogo/).

A known method of preparing feed for farm animals and poultry using sunflower fuse according to RF patent No. 2244440 (published 2005.01.20), including mixing sunflower fuse with a crushed grain component in a high-speed mixer of the mixing type with a shaft rotation frequency of 1000-1500 rpm, when In this case, the optimal dose of the introduction of fuse when mixing with crushed grain is set to 30%, in addition, 0.1% of an antioxidant is added to the mixture.

The disadvantage of this method is also the impossibility of long-term storage of the resulting feed.

This disadvantage is deprived of the method of obtaining a fat-containing additive by extruding the fuse (Internet source: https://agrovesti.net/lib/tech/cattle-tech/otkorm-bychkov-vliyanie-fuza-podsolnechnogo-na-perevarimost-pitatelnykh-veshchestv-ratsionov -i-azotistyj-obmen.html.). The disadvantage is that extrusion is a rather energy-intensive process.

The known method is described in the source WO9924159 (A1) from 1999-05-20, which includes the formation of an emulsion or dispersion of alginate and an active substance, encapsulation by contacting drops of the emulsion or dispersion with an aqueous solution of ions of bivalent or trivalent metals.

The disadvantage is that the method cannot be used to obtain feed additives for use in agriculture, namely for cattle, since the invention finds particular application in dental fragrance capsules for use in toothpastes.

The objective of the invention is to develop and expand the range of protected fats as feed additives for cattle, as well as a method for their production.

The technical result of the task is:

- the proposed feed additive in the form of encapsulated fats for cattle, which is a microcapsule with a diameter of not more than 5 mm, in which the kernel is sunflower fuse and the shell is alginate in a ratio of 6-8: 4-2, respectively;

- a method of obtaining a feed additive in the form of encapsulated fats, in which alginate acts as a shell and a sunflower seed as a core;

- in the production of an encapsulated feed additive, friability, low caking is achieved up to 6 months, subject to storage conditions. In this regard, it is possible to combine the additive with any type of feed.

- replenishment of the energy balance in the body of animals, as well as an increase in fat content and milk yield when used during calving and lactation of cows due to the release of about 97% of the phospholipids of the encapsulated mixture only in the small intestine, which provides a reduced negative effect on cattle digestion, as well as a high digestibility and bioavailability.

The task of developing a feed additive for cattle in the form of encapsulated fats and a method for its production to increase the energy balance of the body of cattle during calving and lactation based on a complex of polyunsaturated fatty acids and an encapsulating mixture is solved by the proposed method, including the formation of an emulsion or dispersion of alginate and active substances, encapsulation by contacting drops of an emulsion or dispersion with an aqueous solution of bivalent or trivalent metal ions., in which the following new features have been introduced:

- sunflower fuse is used as an active substance;

- sodium and / or potassium salts of alginic acid in any ratio are used as an encapsulating mixture;

- sunflower fuse is mixed at room temperature with the encapsulating mixture in a ratio of 6-8: 4-2, respectively, mixed until homogeneous using a magnetic stirrer for 10-20 minutes;

- a mixture of sunflower fusa with alginic acid salts is transferred into a container with dies;

- for spherification and encapsulation, the mixture is fed through spinnerets in a 5-20 wt% solution of Ca2 + salts. The volume of the falling drop of the encapsulated mixture is regulated to obtain microcapsules with a diameter of no more than 5 mm, which is important to keep them intact on the way through the gastrointestinal tract to the intestine;

- the obtained microcapsules are washed with distilled water, decanted and sent for drying;

- drying is carried out for 3-5 hours at a temperature of 85-95 ° C, with periodic stirring 3 times per hour.

To study the behavior of the proposed feed additive in the digestive tract of cattle, the following tests were carried out:

1. The study of stability was carried out on model media of standard titers with the specified pH values: 1.65; 3.56; 4.01; 6.86; 9.18; 12.43. Thermolability was jointly assessed, according to the physiological parameters of the body temperature of cattle, in the range of 36 - 42 ° C. The time range of studies was 0 - 72 hours, which corresponds to the maximum time of food digestion in cattle.

Sample preparation: 0.5 g of the encapsulated feed additive was placed into a laboratory test tube, 10 ml of the required solution of the standard titer of the pH medium was added, closed and thermostated. At certain time intervals, the appearance of the capsules was assessed.

Upon observation of visible changes in the samples, the release of phospholipids was studied.

During the experiment, it was found that a change in temperature within the physiological parameters of cattle insignificantly affects the visible changes in the encapsulated feed additive. The key indicator of influence is the pH of the medium. Visible changes in the samples are observed in an alkaline environment (pH> 7).

2. Determination of the initial time of release of the encapsulated mixture: the preparation of samples of encapsulated fats was carried out similarly to point 1. They were thermostatted at 39 ° C, the pH range of the medium was 7.0-9.0 with an interval of 0.2.

We used a reaction for the qualitative determination of phospholipids - the formation of a white flocculent precipitate with a saturated solution of cadmium chloride. In the course of this study, it was found that the release of the encapsulated mixture occurs at an alkaline pH value, starting from 7.2 units. An increase in the pH of the medium accelerates the release of "protected fats" and the time of initial release is the time of the initial contact of the sample of the feed additive of protected fats with the solution of the model medium.

3. Determination of the time of complete release of the encapsulated mixture: used the gravimetric method for the determination of phosphorus-containing substances.

Sample preparation: 0.5 g of the encapsulated feed additive was placed in a laboratory tube, 10 ml of the required solution of the standard titer of the pH medium was added, closed and thermostated at 39 ºС for 0 - 72 hours. The pH of the medium is 7.4; 7.6; 7.8.

At different time intervals of incubation, the contents of the tubes were transferred into a flask for nitrogen determination, 15 ml of concentrated sulfuric and 5 ml of concentrated nitric acids were added. The mixture was heated until discoloration. The flask was cooled to room temperature, the contents were transferred to a beaker and neutralized with concentrated ammonia solution. Added 0.5 ml of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid and 7 ml of a saturated solution of ammonium chloride. Then the solution was heated to 60-65 ºС. A mixture of solutions of magnesium sulfate, ammonium hydroxide, and ammonium chloride was added to the heated solution. The solution was stirred and 50 ml of 3% ammonia solution was added. After 60 minutes, 20 ml of concentrated ammonia solution was added. The contents of the glass were left for 10 hours, after which the precipitate was filtered off. The resulting precipitate was burned and weighed. The experiment was carried out in triplicate for each sample. The equivalent phosphorus content X (%) was calculated by the formula:

X = m × 0.2783 × 100,%

where m is the mass of the resulting ash, g;

0.2783 - conversion factor.

It has been established that in a slightly alkaline medium in the pH range of 7.4-7.8, the time for the complete release of phospholipids is 12 hours.

4. We simulated the environment of the cattle gastrointestinal tract:

- mesh stomach (scar and mesh): pH = 5.5-7.0; T = 39-40 ° C;

- book: pH = 6.0-7.0; T = 39-40 ° C;

- rennet: pH = 1.0-3.0; T = 39-40 ° C;

- small intestine: pH = 7.2-7.6; T = 39-40 ° C.

A weighed portion of the encapsulated fat feed additive, 0.5 g, was placed in a beaker, 15 ml of a model solution of a pH medium was added, and thermostated in the specified temperature range. Initially, the presence of visible changes with the sample and the presence of the fact of release of phospholipids were determined according to points 1 and 2.

When confirming the release of phospholipids, the time and quantitative release of phospholipids were determined according to item 3.

The release of phospholipids of the encapsulated mixture occurred only in the model medium of the small intestine after 1 hour of incubation. The proportion of released phospholipids was 97.3 + 0.8%.

Thus, the claimed technical result was achieved:

- a method of obtaining a feed additive for cattle in the form of microcapsules with a diameter of not more than 5 mm, in which alginate acts as a shell and as a kernel - sunflower fats expands the range of protected fats used as feed additives for cattle, allowing to replenish the energy balance in the body animals, as well as to increase the fat content and milk yield when used during calving and lactation of cows due to the release of about 97% of the phospholipids of the encapsulated mixture only in the small intestine, and also ensures high digestibility and bioavailability, as well as a reduced negative effect on cattle digestion. In addition, in the production of an encapsulated feed additive, friability and low caking are achieved up to 6 months if the storage conditions are observed. In this regard, it is possible to combine the additive with any type of feed.

Claims (1)

A method of obtaining a feed additive for cattle in the form of microcapsules, characterized by the fact that at room temperature in a magnetic stirrer for 10-20 minutes until a homogeneous mass is obtained, sodium and / or potassium salts of alginic acid are mixed with sunflower fusa in the ratio (2-4 ) :( 6-8), respectively, after which the mixture is fed into a 5-20 mass% solution of Ca2 + salts through spinnerets, adjusting the volume of the falling drop in order to obtain microcapsules with a diameter of not more than 5 mm, the obtained microcapsules are washed with distilled water, decanted and dried in for 3-5 hours at a temperature of 85-95 ºС, while stirring 3 times per hour.