RU2729487C1 - Hydrodynamic treatment unit for liquids - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: food industry; oil, gas and coke-chemical industry.SUBSTANCE: invention relates to food, oil industry, ecology and water treatment and can be used for production of ecologically clean drinking water, disinfection of milk and fruit juices, simplification of pipeline transportation of oil and oil products. Hydrodynamic device comprises serially connected operating pump 5 arranged to provide a pressure at the outlet is equal to or greater than 5 kg/cm, dissolver 6 arranged in the form of pipeline with length of (0.5–3.0) m and diameter not less than output from working pump 5, confuser 11, disintegrator 12. Compressed gas injection system is equipped with cylinders 10: oxygen and/or atmospheric air for treatment of contaminated water; carbon dioxide and / or nitrogen for treating milk and fruit juices; hydrocarbon gas, and / or hydrogen, and / or methane, for oil treatment. Disintegrator 12 is made of two parallel horizontal pipelines 14 and 15 with length (1.5–15) m and diameter equal to diameter of output of confuser 11, connected by inputs to its output via tee-divider 13, and outputs - to inlet of diffuser 22 through tee-connector 16, between which is mounted a device of alternating throttling 18, equipped with movable vertical partition 19 and configured to alternately generate high static pressure until intermittent collapse of gas microbubbles with microhydrodounds, forming at the collapse point pressure and temperature jumps necessary for high-quality treatment of liquid: mechanical destruction of microorganisms in milk, fruit juices, water, during their disinfection; acceleration of oxidation of contaminants dissolved in water during its purification; separation of oil into fractions at its pipeline transportation and during processing in rectification columns. Solvent-6 is equipped with nozzles 29 of gas injection mounted at its inlet diametrically opposite to each other perpendicular to its axis, connected with balloon 10 through reduction gear 8, controlled valve 9, metering washers 7. Rotation of moving vertical baffle 19 provides electric motor 20 and reduction gear 21. Reservoir-heater 3 can be mounted ahead of working pump 5.EFFECT: invention reduces viscosity of said liquids, and as a result, facilitates their transfer, improves quality and accelerates purification of said liquids, as well as reduces the load on the environment.6 cl, 1 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the disinfection and purification of contaminated water, can be used for the disinfection of milk and fruit juices, to reduce the viscosity of oils during their pipeline transportation, to increase the yield of light fractions from oils during temperature distillation.

Disinfection of food liquids (milk, fruit juices, other liquids) is currently carried out by pasteurization (heating and holding for a certain time), which is laborious, expensive, does not provide 100% destruction of all microorganisms and viruses. Depending on the type and properties of food raw materials, different pasteurization modes are used: long-term (at a temperature of (63-65) ° С for 30-40 minutes), short (at a temperature of (85-90) ° С for 0.5-1 minutes), instantaneous (at a temperature of 98 ° C for a few seconds). Sometimes for disinfection, food liquids are heated for several seconds to a temperature above 100 ° C, which is called ultra-pasteurization.

In the proposed GDU, spot ultra-pasteurization can be achieved within a fraction of a second.

Known technologies for pasteurization of food liquids do not disinfect them well enough (to destroy viruses and some microorganisms, a higher temperature and longer duration of its exposure are required, which is not always impossible, since it can lead to the destruction of fat and vitamin molecules, deterioration of food quality).

The known methods of gas saturation and heating of oils reduce their viscosity coefficient, which facilitates their transportation by pumping through pipelines and increases the percentage of high-octane gasoline output from them during temperature distillation.

When transporting oils through pipelines, they are heated at preparation points by special main and additional heating furnaces in special containers with special heating devices, pumped into transportation pipelines under pressure with special preparatory (back-up) and main (working) pumps, the rheological properties of oils are changed - viscosity and limiting shear stress. These preparation points are installed on the pumping pipeline every (25-100) km (depending on the characteristics of the oils and the ambient temperature at the place of the pipeline).

Known technology of cavitation treatment of oil before transportation through pipelines (RF patent No. 2618221), according to which oil is treated with ultrasound and create in its flow an alternating pressure, consisting of alternating half-periods of compression and rarefaction, which reduce its viscosity.

The disadvantages of this technology are high material costs, the complexity of special pumping cavitation pumps and devices, and their low efficiency.

Known technology for preparing oil for pumping through pipes and for distillation (RF patent No. 2268284), by introducing water into it and pumping the mixture through the cavitation chamber.

The disadvantage of this technology is its low efficiency, complexity, and high cost.

Known technology for preparing oil for distillation by its cavitation treatment (RF patent No. 2455341), according to which it is processed with cavitating pumps and subsequent recirculation (part of the oil after cavitation treatment is sent for further processing or combustion, and part is mixed with untreated oil). The positive result consists in reducing the viscosity of oil and preliminary partial separation of it into fractions due to cavitation in the pumps.

The disadvantages of this technology are complexity, high costs, low efficiency.

Known technology for preparing oil for cracking by cavitation treatment (RF patent 2601747), according to which oil is processed in a magnetic field using neodymium magnets until the desired viscosity is obtained, and then mixed with light oil until the concentration of heavy oil in the mixture is from 7 to 9%, after which the resulting mixture is subjected to repeated cavitation treatment with pumps, followed by thermal distillation.

The disadvantages of this technology are high material costs and low efficiency.

Known cavitating rotary impulse apparatuses (RIA, RF patents No. 171366, No. 130827, No. 159457) for preparing oil for distillation, reducing its viscosity and partially separating it into fractions. When the C - H bond is broken, hydrogen is detached from the molecules of substances, and when the C - C bond is broken, part of the hydrocarbon molecules of the substances breaks into two parts (divided into fractions), which facilitates its pipeline transportation and temperature distillation.

Oil cavitation in RIA affects the change in its structural viscosity, i.e. breaking van der Waals bonds. Under the influence of cavitation in oil, C - C bonds in paraffin and sulfur molecules are disrupted, as a result of which changes in the physicochemical composition of oil (decrease in molecular weight, crystallization temperature, etc.) occur, providing the properties of its constituent fractions (viscosity, density, flash point, etc.) etc.). In the process of oil cavitation, which is released during the collapse (collapse) of cavitation vapor-gas microbubbles, part of the internal energy of atoms (nuclear-electronic bonds) is used to break the bonds between parts of large complex molecules of hydrocarbon compounds of oil fractions, i.e., allotropy and isomerism of a mixture of substances in oils are produced.

During cavitation of oil pumps (RIA), pumping oil, the destruction of molecules of its substances occurs, caused by their dynamic microcracking at the point of collapse of cavitation vapor-gas microbubbles and the processes of their ionization. As a result of these processes, “activated” particles are formed in cavitating oil: radicals, ions, ionic radical formations, i.e. allotropy and isomerism of a mixture of substances in oils is produced.

The disadvantages of RIA are their complexity and high cost, quick failure (cavitation microbubbles are created and collapse on the surface of RIA elements and destroy them).

Known hydrodynamic unit (GDU) treatment of contaminated water (patent No. 2695178, class C02F 0/08, 07.22.2019 - prototype), containing in series: a working pump; confuser, disintegrator; a system for blowing compressed oxygen and / or atmospheric air from a cylinder into a disintegrator through a controlled solenoid valve, a constant pressure reducer, a metering washer; a tank-degasser of treated water, in which the working pump does not cavitate, atmospheric air and / or gaseous oxygen is blown into the disintegrator in large vapor-gas bubbles, some of which with the oxygen contained in them collapse with hydraulic shocks under the action of an increase in static pressure, disinfects water by mechanical destruction of microorganisms, oxidizes pollutants dissolved in water by oxygen contained in bubbles (with a slight increase in static pressure in the flow due to its turbulence and pipeline resistance).

The disadvantage of the known GDU water treatment is its low efficiency (especially when purifying highly contaminated water) due to the uncontrollability of the formation in the disintegrator of the required amount of small vapor-gas bubbles of the required size with the required content of gaseous oxygen, which are not uniformly formed in the gas-liquid flow flowing through the disintegrator. Large bubbles formed by blowing gas into the disintegrator (the flow rate of the gas-liquid mixture of water and the static pressure in which decrease insignificantly, only due to the resistance of the direct-flow tube of the disintegrator), do not have time to break up into small ones and collapse, that is, they do not effectively destroy the cells of microorganisms in the water, and the oxygen contained in them is not completely used for the oxidation of harmful substances dissolved in water, therefore the efficiency of the known water hydroelectric power plant is low. Self-collapse of bubbles occurs only due to uncontrollable fluctuations of static pressure in layers of low-turbulent flow of treated water in a disintegrator.

Known water treatment plants using air and / or oxygen are not applicable:

- for processing fatty and fortified food liquids (milk and fruit juices), because oxygen spoils their quality (oxidizes their hydrocarbons, ie slowly "burns");

- for processing oil during its pipeline transportation and in preparation for distillation and / or cracking, because oxygen can create an explosive mixture in it.

The principle of operation of the proposed hydrodynamic unit (GDU) for liquid processing consists in the sequential execution of the following operations:

- the processed liquid is heated to the required temperature (if it is necessary to achieve the required viscosity in front of the working pump), in the solvent unit, it is saturated to an equilibrium concentration at a given pressure with special gases (polluted water - with oxygen and / or air; milk and fruit juices - with carbon dioxide and / or nitrogen; oil - hydrocarbon gas, nitrogen, hydrogen, methane). Depending on the type and composition of the processed liquid, the required degree (depth) of its processing, a metered amount of the corresponding gas is blown into the solvent unit;

- the gas dissolved in it is isolated from the gas-saturated liquid with microbubbles of small diameter by reducing the static pressure in its flow (it is saturated). This is done in a confuser made of the required length and with the desired angle of constriction, by increasing the fluid flow rate in it with a decrease in static pressure to the required saturation;

- create a monodisperse gas-liquid flow of the processed liquid with microbubbles of small diameter. This is done alternately (in turn) in each of the two parallel pipelines of the disintegrator, the diameter of each of which is not more than the diameter of the outlet part of the confuser, due to the creation of an alternating (alternate) flow through them of portions of the monodisperse gas-liquid flow from the confuser to the diffuser. The size of a portion of the flow in them is determined by the length and diameter of each pipeline of the disintegrator, the required number of times of processing it by creating in it periods of release of dissolved gas by microbubbles, and their collapse with microhydroblows when opening-closing the outlet from them to the diffuser;

- several times create (during the flow of a portion of the gas-liquid mixture through each pipeline of the disintegrator) conditions for the alternate formation and collapse of gas microbubbles with micro-hydraulic shocks having the required pressure and temperature at the collapse points. This is done alternately (alternately) in each of the two parallel pipelines of the disintegrator by periodic, with the required frequency, partial alternating overlap of the area of the outlet from them to the diffuser with a special device (alternately create a decrease and increase in static pressure in the portion of the processed liquid flowing through the pipelines);

- several times affect the portion of the processed liquid flowing through each pipeline with micro-hydraulic impacts at the points of sharply collapsing microbubbles (by a short-term increase in pressure and temperature to the required value). This is done alternately in the cavity of each of the two parallel pipelines of the disintegrator by periodically, with the required frequency, partial overlap of the area of the outlet from it to the diffuser with a special device (alternately throttling the fluid flow from the confuser to the diffuser).

By these operations:

- disinfect the processed liquids - water, milk, fruit juices (they mechanically destroy the biological cells of the living microorganisms in them);

- accelerate chemical reactions of oxidation by oxygen of harmful substances dissolved in water;

- frees some of the microelements (electrons and atoms) from fragile internal bonds in the existing macroelements (in the molecules of hydrocarbon substances that form a complex mixture of petroleum products), and, depending on the required processing of this mixture, force them (microelements) to enter into new internal bonds (turn into allotropes and / or isomers, i.e. into independent substances with different physicochemical properties - different viscosity and evaporation temperature). These processes of converting some hydrocarbon substances into others are known as allotropy and isomerism.

Manufacturers and users of the proposed GDU need to know what allotropy and isomerism are (Appendix to the description) for its correct development and operation in various local conditions, correct application to different fluids.

The proposed GDU creates the necessary effect of external energy (pressure and temperature at the points of collapse of microbubbles) on the compounds and properties of micro- and macroelements of the processed liquids, converting them into other substances with the desired properties due to the rapid allotropy of the composition and isomerism of hydrogen and oxygen, other micro and macroelements ...

At the points of collapse of microbubbles in the GDU disintegrator, i.e. at the points of application of large external energy (pressure and temperature), a transient point interaction of substances can occur, which can cause their allotropy and isomerism through the redistribution of trace elements and their compounds.

The proposed GDU without destructive pumping cavitation significantly accelerates the final technical result, incl. due to the vibration of the walls of gas microbubbles, eliminates all of the above disadvantages of analogues and prototype, improves the quality and reduces the cost of processing liquids:

- reduces the viscosity of the processed liquids and the limiting shear stress due to the dissolution of more gases in them to an equilibrium concentration at a pressure greater than atmospheric;

- improves the quality and accelerates the purification of highly contaminated water with oxygen by saturating it with the amount of oxygen necessary for oxidizing the pollutants dissolved in it and choosing a working pump with an appropriate outlet pressure that ensures the required gas saturation of water with oxygen;

- improves the quality and accelerates the processing of liquids due to the multiple controlled simultaneous creation in them of the required amount of vapor-gas microbubbles of gas of the required size and multiple simultaneous "collapse" of all of them in the entire volume of processed portions of liquids in the disintegrator pipelines;

- facilitates the pumping of oils through pipelines by reducing its viscosity by dynamic microcracking of its part;

- increases the yield of light fractions during the distillation of oil due to the allotropy and isomerism of its micro- and macro-substances (atoms and molecules) by external energy - by increased pressure and temperature at the points of micro-hydraulic shocks when microbubbles collapse due to their multiple controlled formation in the required quantity and size uniformly in the entire volume of the processed portions of liquids and the collapse of all of them (microbubbles) with water hammer of the required energy capacity;

- improves the ecology of the surrounding space, allows natural, industrial, waste water of housing and communal services and agricultural farms polluted with harmful substances and organic compounds, to bring it up to the standards of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision and use it as irrigation and drinking;

- improves the health and prolongs the life of biological creatures by improving the surrounding atmosphere, the quality of nutritious products (water, milk, fruit juices).

The magnitude of pressure and temperature at the points of collapse of microbubbles (microhydroblows) for each processed liquid is calculated and provided by the design and characteristics of the GDU units manufactured for their treatment (for each fluid there is a separate GDU design).

According to experts' forecasts, on planet Earth:

- the reserves of pure natural water suitable for drinking and food production, watering plants are decreasing. For disinfection and purification of contaminated water, UV radiation, chemicals, elevated temperature, ultrafiltration, cavitation devices are used, which are difficult to use, do not provide the required quality of disinfection and cleaning, require large material costs, are used only at special stations, therefore, during transportation to the place use (in housing and communal services) water is polluted and contaminated in the pipelines of its transportation;

- the ecology of the environment is deteriorating by the discharge of poorly treated waste water from housing and communal services, industrial and agricultural enterprises into natural reservoirs. Water storage facilities and the atmosphere of settlements near these enterprises are polluted in excess of the standards of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision and are not very suitable for life;

- the use of antibiotics for the disinfection of food liquids (water, milk, fruit juices) and food products made from them is increasing, which reduces the quality of food products and leads to a deterioration in the health of the population, shortens their life;

- the reserves of "light" oil are decreasing. For pipeline transportation of "heavy" oil, complex heaters are used (recently, block-type tubular heating furnaces PTB-10), which reduce its viscosity, which is costly. When distilling "heavy" oil at refineries, to increase the yield of high-octane gasolines, the oil is exposed to chemicals and high temperatures, water is added to it, acoustical and ultrasonic vibrations that cause cavitation are applied, and it is passed through cavitating devices and pumps, which is difficult to implement and requires large material costs.

In the proposed GDU, the above positive effects are achieved by a repeated sharp increase to the required value of the static pressure in the gas-liquid mixture (due to a multiple decrease in its velocity in two parallel pipelines of the disintegrator by alternately throttling by a controlled device at the outlet), at which there is a sharp dissolution of gas microbubbles in a liquid with their collapse-collapse at a point with the required high pressure and temperature, which mechanically destroy the vacuoles of microbial cells in all processed liquids, accelerate the physicochemical reactions of oxidation of pollutants in water by oxygen, destroy the bonds of molecules of substances in oil (dynamic microcracking of molecules).

Processing of milk, fruit juices, water is carried out without microcracking of their substances, which is ensured by the characteristics and adjustment of the GDU and disintegrator units for smaller micro-hydraulic shocks (the size of the overlap of the flow section of the disintegrator pipes).

Milk and fruit juices (if required) are heated to a temperature not exceeding 60 ° C, because at a higher temperature, their molecules can transform (decay). The proposed GDU can produce short-term heating and ultra-pasteurization without affecting their quality at the points of collapse of microbubbles with a high temperature.

The formation of microbubbles of a steam-gas of the required diameter during artificial saturation of the treated liquids in the confuser is ensured by the equality of the negative pressure of the sound wave and the tensile strength of the liquid, which is determined by the presence of the smallest particles of dissolved gases and radicals in it. The formed vapor-gas microbubbles expand under the action of negative pressure and are filled with vapors of the surrounding liquid and gases dissolved in it. During the subsequent compression, the microbubbles of the steam gas come under the action of positive pressure and are compressed - the opposite sections of the inner surface of each microbubble move towards each other, vibrate, at the end of compression they collide at a point with a certain speed (collapse), and part of the internal energy of microelements (atoms) is released from them proportional to the product of the masses of liquid parts moving towards each other by the square of their speed.

As a result of the collapse of a vapor-gas microbubble, the released internal energy of microelements (electrons and atoms) exceeds the energy of their fragile bonds in macroelements (in molecules of substances and their clusters), this bond breaks, oil is separated into fractions, and molecules of hydrocarbon gases and oil fractions are formed from it.

The release (redistribution) of internal energy from microelements (from their nuclear-electronic couplings-interactions) during the collapse of vapor-gas microbubbles is achieved by increasing the static pressure in the gas-liquid monodispersed flow alternately in parallel pipelines of the disintegrator due to a controlled change in the area of their outlet section (throttling). The alternating overlap of a part of their outlet section by a special device (rotating partition) simultaneously limits the size of microbubbles, increases the vibration speed of their walls before collapsing (the walls of microbubbles vibrate as they move through the disintegrator pipelines, a destructive resonance of vibrations of the cell walls of microorganisms and viruses occurs), controls the amount of ejected internal energy of microelements (electrons and atoms) and its transition (already as external energy) into the internal energy of macroelements (complex molecules) when vapor-gas microbubbles collapse.

The process of ultra-transformation of complex oil clusters into simpler ones - in fractions (their point dynamic microcracking with allotropy and isomerism of micro- and macroparticles of its constituent substances) partly occurs in vibrating microbubbles before their collapse. This partial ultra-transformation occurs most efficiently at a temperature of T = (100-250) ° C, which can be effectively used for pipeline transportation.

Isolation of the specified end products of oil is carried out by separating them by boiling point (by heating during distillation and / or rectification). Additional heating of oil in the GDU is obtained along the way in the process of decomposition of molecules of substances in a disintegrator during dynamic microcracking (a by-product).

The number and size of vapor-gas microbubbles is determined by the characteristics of the GDU units, processed liquids, injected gas, static pressure in the gas-liquid mixture flow, which are calculated and confirmed experimentally for each GDU of the processed liquid.

The value of the static pressure in the gas-liquid flow of the processed liquids inside the disintegrator should be proportional to the boiling point of the specified end product, because this temperature determines the pressure of its saturated vapors. At static pressure, lower than the pressure of saturated vapors (up to partial blocking-throttling of the outlet from the parallel pipelines of the disintegrator by a rotating partition), the process of mass collapse of microbubbles and point ultracracking is absent. When the static pressure rises above the sum of the saturated vapor pressure and the pressure of the sound wave (after closing the outlet from the parallel pipelines of the disintegrator to the required value), vapor-gas microbubbles are not formed, the formed almost simultaneously collapse, and at the collapse points, or only disinfection of food liquids (milk and fruit juices) occurs ), or disinfection and purification of contaminated water by large-scale micro-hydraulic shocks, or point ultra-cracking (through allotropy and composition isomerism) of oil molecules with even larger micro-hydraulic shocks.

The magnitude of micro-hydraulic shocks during the collapse of microbubbles is regulated by adjusting the velocity of the gas-liquid flow in the disintegrator pipelines, the amount of overlap (throttling) by the rotating partition of the flow area of the outlet from them.

Ultrasonic cavitation has not found application at enterprises with a large volume of oil processing due to high energy consumption for the generation of cavitation bubbles, sharp attenuation of ultrasonic waves in technological suspensions, limiting its local effect by the zone of oscillations of radiating surfaces (elements of cavitating pumps and / or RIA), destruction of these surfaces by cavitation.

The proposed dynamic supercavitation technology does not have these drawbacks, the essence and novelty of which are implemented in the declared GDU (injection of the required amount of a certain gas corresponding to it under the required pressure into the liquid being processed, its complete dissolution in the liquid, control of the pressure and temperature value in point water hammer collapse of microbubbles in pipes disintegrator, which are easier and cheaper to replace than a broken pump).

The simplicity, high reliability and efficiency of the proposed GDU with point ultracracking (for oil) and / or without it (for water and food liquids), its versatility, open up wide opportunities for its use in various fields of industry.

According to information from the Internet: “Laboratory studies have shown that hydrodynamic superkanitization can reduce the viscosity of oils by 40% or more.

F. Hammitt and J. Daly from ASME consider the most promising method of hydrodynamic supercavitation treatment of oil by point ultracracking of complex molecules, which is characterized by efficiency and economy, which changes their geological properties (structural viscosity, pour point, etc.).

Cavitation occurs when the static pressure of the liquid approaches the pressure of its saturated vapor. At close values of these pressures, the release of vapor-gas microbubbles (caverns) begins in the liquid. The cumulative collapse of these cavities (microbubbles) is characterized by sharp jumps in temperature and pressure at the point of collapse (water hammer up to P ~ 700 atm., Temperature jump up to T ~ 1000 ° C), and the propagation of the released energy wave contributes to the destruction of nearby carbon chains and molecular compounds ”( journal "Fundamental Research", 2016, No. 5 (part 3), pp. 531-536, UDC 66-963: 66-5).

The known installations and methods use the actual cavitation of the processed liquids gas-saturated at atmospheric pressure, obtained in pumps or in the RIA, the disadvantages of which are indicated above.

The proposed GDU uses not direct cavitation on the surface of pump elements, but imitation of its actions in the entire volume of the processed liquids, for which it saturates the liquid with gas at a higher pressure, then saturates it with a decrease in pressure and creates microbubbles in the entire volume of the processed liquid, after which it collapses ( simulates a cavitating pump), which facilitates, reduces the cost, accelerates the technology of processing liquids, expands the range of its application.

In the proposed GDU, the above, still poorly studied, allotropic and isomeric transformations of micro- and macroelements (mainly hydrogen, oxygen, carbon) are used, which by directed short-term repeated exposure to key parameters of external energy (pressure and temperature) contribute to the release and transformation of latent they have a large internal energy (nuclear-electronic bonds), and carry out the necessary physicochemical transformations of substances at the macro level (separation of a mixture of oil substances into constituent fractions, oxidation of harmful pollutants in water, mechanical destruction of vacuoles of cells of harmful microorganisms in water, milk, fruit juices).

To accelerate the effect of external energy on the atomic and electronic bonds of the molecules of the processed liquids and the solids dissolved in them, the applicants in the proposed GDU use the required pressure and temperature obtained in point micro-hydraulic shocks during the "collapse" of numerous vapor-gas microbubbles in the gas-liquid monodisperse mixture of the processed liquids in the pipelines of the disintegrator , specially created using a technology similar to the process of liquid cavitation in pumps.

The work of the proposed GDU is based on the interaction of the energies of micro-level bonds (electronic, atomic) and macro-level bonds (molecular) of the processed liquids and certain gases dissolved in them.

For all processed liquids, the design of the proposed GDU and the technology of interaction of energies of the micro and macro levels are the same. The only difference is that different amounts of different gases are blown into oil, water, milk and fruit juices, which are dissolved in their flow in front of the disintegrator (gas saturate the flow at different static pressures). By increasing the speed of the liquid flow in the confuser, the static pressure is reduced and its saturation is carried out - the dissolved gas is released with small-sized steam-gas microbubbles, followed by their collapse in parallel pipelines of the disintegrator, the flow of liquids is heated (especially in the case of point ultracracking of oils, therefore, during distillation and rectification, less oil in their columns can be heat, which reduces energy costs).

As a result of the impact on complex macro-substances (complex in composition liquid oil clusters) with the energy of micro-level elements (micro-hydraulic impacts with relatively high pressure and temperature of the medium at the points of collapse of vapor-gas microbubbles, resonating vibration of the walls of microbubbles), microelements (atoms and electrons) change their periods of rotation ( modified at the micro level), and combine into other macronutrients (into molecules of lighter fractions of oil and high-octane gasolines).

In the proposed GDU for water treatment, less pressure and temperature are required at the points of micro-hydraulic impacts of collapsing microbubbles, since the oxidation of pollutants dissolved in water can be accelerated to the desired value (up to tenths of a second) without ultracracking of water molecules, which is purified (pollutants are converted into gases and / or solids). Partial insignificant modification of molecules and atoms of hydrogen and oxygen of water during its "ultracracking" leads to insignificant reconstruction of the water molecule and to its acquisition of healing properties, similar to the properties of melt water obtained by it when ice melts.

In the proposed GDU, for the disinfection of milk and fruit juices, too, high pressure and temperature are not required at the points of microhydro-shock of collapsing microbubbles, which cause microcracking of their molecules and atoms (otherwise milk will turn into baked milk, and fruit juices into baked fruit juice), because only mechanical rupture and crushing of cells of living harmful microorganisms and viruses contained in them is necessary.

In the proposed GDU, the magnitude of micro-hydraulic shocks of different liquids (pressure and temperature at the points of hydraulic shocks) is regulated by the amount of blocking by a special device (rotating partition) of the passage section of the parallel pipelines of the disintegrator at the outlet.

In the proposed GDU, this is achieved by:

- the working pump has a pressure P≥5 kg / cm ² at the outlet, a solvent unit is mounted between the working pump and the confuser in the processed liquid of compressed gas supplied to it through the injection system in an amount not less than dissolving in it until its equilibrium gas saturation at the selected pressure behind the working pump, made in the form of a pipeline with a length of L = (0.5-3.0) m and a diameter of at least the outlet from the working pump, the compressed gas injection system is equipped with cylinders: oxygen and / or atmospheric air for processing contaminated water; carbon dioxide and / or nitrogen for processing milk and fruit juices; hydrocarbon gas and / or hydrogen and / or methane for oil treatment; the disintegrator is made of two parallel horizontal pipelines of length L = (1.5-15) mi with a diameter equal to the diameter of the confuser outlet, connected by inputs to the outlet of the confuser through a tee-splitter of the flow of the finely dispersed gas-liquid mixture obtained in the confuser, and by the outputs to the inlet to the diffuser through the tee-connector of the liquid processed in the disintegrator, while between the tee-connector and the diffuser, a device for alternating throttling of the outlet of the gas-liquid finely dispersed mixture from parallel pipelines of the disintegrator before it is introduced into the diffuser is mounted, alternately creating in them an increased static pressure until abrupt dissolution (collapse) of the gas of microbubbles with micro-hydraulic shocks, forming at the point of collapse pressure and temperature surges necessary for high-quality liquid processing: mechanical destruction of microorganisms in milk, fruit juices, water, during their disinfection; accelerating the oxidation of pollutants dissolved in water during its purification; separation of oils into fractions during pipeline transportation and processing in rectification columns;

- the unit-solvent in the processed liquid of compressed gas is equipped with gas injection fittings, mounted at its inlet diametrically opposite to each other and with an axis perpendicular to its axis, which are connected to the cylinder of the gas injection system through a reducer, a controlled valve, metering washers ensuring uniform gas dissolution in the flow the processed liquid flowing through it;

- the device for alternating throttling of the outlet of the gas-liquid finely dispersed mixture from the parallel pipelines of the disintegrator into the diffuser is made in the form of a branch pipe that combines the outlet from these pipelines and the entrance to the device of alternating throttling, divided by a fixed horizontal partition into two equal parts, and an alternating connector-separator of the outputs from these pipelines with entrance to the diffuser in the form of a movable vertical baffle rotated by an electric motor through a gearbox, the area of which is equal to (10-90)% of the area of a part of the common pipe, providing alternate overlap of these outlets with an increase in the static pressure disintegrator pipelines, "collapsing" gas microbubbles with microhydro-shocks collapse points a short-term increase in pressure and temperature to values that ensure the required quality: disinfection of milk, fruit juices, water during their processing; purification of contaminated water during its processing; separation of oil into fractions during its processing before pipeline transportation and / or before distillation in a rectification column;

- the electric motor and the gearbox rotating the movable vertical partition of the device for alternating throttling of the gas-liquid mixture flows from the horizontal pipelines of the disintegrator to the diffuser are made with characteristics that provide alternate throttling of these flows with a frequency of (0.5-5.0) times per second, which alternately creates pulsation of static pressure (alternating half-periods of compression and rarefaction), providing alternating multiple release of microbubbles of gases dissolved in it from the processed liquid, and their subsequent collapse with micro-hydraulic shocks, ensuring the required quality: disinfection of milk, fruit juices, water during their processing; purification of contaminated water during its processing; separation of oil into fractions during its pipeline transportation and / or processing in rectification columns;

- in front of the working pump, a heating tank is mounted, which provides (if necessary) heating the processed liquids to a temperature that reduces their viscosity to the required value, and improves the quality of their processing: oil to T = (100-250) ° С; water up to Т≥60 ° С; milk and / or fruit juices - up to Т≤60 ° С;

- the gas cushion of the degasser tank is connected through a check valve to the atmosphere, or through a check valve and a compressor with a gas source supplied to the solvent unit.

FIG. 1 shows a diagram of the proposed GDU, where:

1. Capacity for storing raw liquid.

2. The solenoid valve behind the raw liquid storage tank.

3. Tank-heater of untreated liquid.

4. Electrovalve behind the heater tank.

5. Working pump.

6. Aggregate to dissolve the desired gas in the untreated liquid.

7. Washer-metering device for gas blown from the source into the untreated liquid.

8. Constant pressure reducer of injected gas into untreated liquid.

9. Controlled solenoid valve for supplying gas from the storage cylinder to the solvent unit.

10. Source (storage cylinder) of the required compressed gas injected into the untreated liquid.

11. Confuser.

12. Disintegrator.

13. Tee-separator of the untreated liquid leaving the confuser alternately into the disintegrator pipelines.

14. 1st horizontal disintegrator pipeline.

15. 2nd horizontal pipeline of the disintegrator.

16. Tee-connector of the treated liquid alternately leaving the disintegrator pipelines into the diffuser.

17. Fixed horizontal baffle at the outlet of the device for alternating connection of the liquid processed in it with the diffuser leaving the disintegrator pipelines.

18. Device for alternating throttling of the liquid processed in the disintegrator (alternately connecting the disintegrator with the diffuser).

19. A movable vertical partition, alternately blocking the outlets of the disintegrator pipelines of the liquid processed in them into the diffuser.

20. An electric motor with a gear that rotates a movable vertical partition.

21. Gearbox for transmission of rotation from the electric motor to the movable vertical partition.

22. Diffuser.

23. Tank-degasser.

24. Electrovalve in front of the treated liquid storage tank.

25. Capacity for storing the treated liquid.

26 Non-return valve.

27. Compressor.

28. Heater of the processed liquid.

29. Gas injection fittings into the solvent unit.

The outlet from the storage tank 1 of the untreated liquid is connected by a pipeline through a controlled solenoid valve 2 with the inlet to the tank 3 with a heater 28 of this liquid to the required temperature, the outlet from which is connected by a pipeline through the electrovalve 4 to the inlet to the working pump 5 having an outlet pressure P≥5 kg / cm ² , and then with the entrance to the solvent unit 6 of the required gas in the processed liquid (oil, water, milk, fruit juice), which is connected by a pipeline through series-mounted metering washers 7, a constant pressure reducer 8, a controlled solenoid valve 9 with a source 10 of the corresponding compressed gas blown into the liquid to be treated (for water - air and / or gaseous oxygen, for milk and fruit juices - carbon dioxide or nitrogen, for oil - hydrocarbon gas, hydrogen, methane, nitrogen). The outlet from the solvent unit 6 is connected by a pipeline to the inlet to the confuser 11, the outlet from which is connected to the disintegrator 12, consisting of a tee-separator 13, two parallel horizontal pipelines 14 and 15, the outlet of which is connected through a tee-connector 16, which has an outlet the branch pipe is a fixed horizontal partition 17 separating the outlets from the pipelines 14 and 15). The outlet from the disintegrator 12 is connected to the inlet to the device 18 (a variable connector-separator of the outputs from the pipes 14 and 15 of the disintegrator 12 with a diffuser 22). The outlet from the tee-connector 16 is combined with the inlet to the device 18, which have the same diameters. The solvent unit 6 is made with a length of (0.5-3.0) m and a diameter not less than the diameter of the outlet of the working pump 5, pipelines 14 and 15 of the disintegrator are made with a length of (1.5-15) m and a diameter equal to the diameter of the outlet of the confuser 11.

The outlets from the pipelines 14 and 15, and the inlet to the device 18 (the outlets from the tee 16, i.e. from the disintegrator 12) are alternately blocked by a movable vertical partition 19, which rotates at the required speed by the electric motor 20 through the gearbox 21, and alternately overlaps with the required frequency outlets from pipelines 14 and 15, due to which the flow of the liquid processed in the disintegrator 12 is inhibited in them. The outlet from the device 18 is connected by a pipeline to the inlet to the diffuser 22, and then to the inlet to the degasser 23, which in turn is connected by a pipeline through the electrovalve 24 to the treated liquid storage tank 25. The gas cushion of the degasser tank 23 is connected through a check valve 26 with a pipeline to the atmosphere (for the case if there is gas undissolved in it in the treated liquid, which can interfere with further transportation and / or processing of the treated liquid), or through the compressor 27 with a source of compressed gas 10 (if the unused gas can be reused for dissolution in a new portion of the treated liquid). The liquid in the tank 3 can be heated to the required temperature by a heater 28 of any type, incl. in the form of a burner of natural hydrocarbon gas released from oil during its production. The pressure and flow rate of the desired gas blown into the solvent unit 6 from the source 10 is regulated (adjusted) and automatically maintained (controlled) by the metering washer 7, the constant pressure reducer 8, the solenoid valve 9. The required gas is injected into the solvent unit 6 through the mounted at its inlet perpendicular to its axis and diametrically opposite fittings 29.

Hydrodynamic treatment of liquids in the proposed GDU is performed as follows.

The constant pressure reducer 8 is adjusted to the required pressure of the required injected gas, the solenoid valve 2 is opened and the heating tank 3 is filled with the liquid to be treated, and it is heated with the heater 28 to the required temperature. After that, the solenoid valve 4 is opened, the working pump 5 and the entire liquid path of the GDU up to the degasser tank 23 are filled with heated untreated liquid from the heater tank 3, the working pump 5 is turned on, the solenoid valve 9 is opened and the corresponding gas is supplied from the source 10 at the appropriate flow rate through the washers - dispensers 7, pressure reducer 8, nozzles 29 into the solvent unit 6, in which it dissolves in the processed liquid under the action of a higher pressure created by the working pump 5 (the processed liquid is quickly saturated with the required gas, i.e. the gas dissolves in it to equilibrium concentration).

The processed liquid heated to the required temperature with the gas dissolved in it in the required amount from the solvent unit 6 enters the confuser 11, in which its flow rate increases and the static pressure decreases, due to which the dissolved gas is uniformly released from it in the entire volume as microbubbles. The resulting monodisperse gas-liquid mixture from the confuser 11 through the tee-separator 13 alternately enters the flow pipelines 14 and 15 of the disintegrator 12 (for example, into the pipeline 14, when the movable partition 19 of the device 18 (alternating throttling, the connector-separator) blocks the outlet from the pipeline 15 into the diffuser 22 - as indicated in Fig. 1). From the entire volume of liquid in the confuser 11 and in the pipeline 14, the dissolved gas is uniformly released and distributed along their cross section by microbubbles of the required diameter, determined by the characteristics of the confuser 11. The partition 19 rotates by the electric motor 20 through the gearbox 21 at the required speed, and closes the outputs several times from pipelines 14 and 15, until from them flows into the diffuser 22 portions of the processed liquid that are in their volumes, i.e. each portion of the liquid in these pipelines is treated several times by water hammering from the collapse of microbubbles at each successive overlap of the exits from them by the rotating partition 19 (microbubbles are again formed at each next opening of these exits by the rotating partition 19).

The alternating overlap of the outlets from the pipelines 14 and 15 with a partition 19 does not affect the operation of the pump 5, the solvent unit 6, the confuser 11, the diffuser 22, because through them, a constant flow rate of the processed liquid is flowed - the alternating shut-off of the outlet from one pipeline of the disintegrator 12 is parried by a similar opening of the outlet from the other pipeline of the disintegrator 12 (pipelines 14 and 15).

The required number of hydraulic shocks in portions is provided by the length of pipelines 14 and 15, the frequency of rotation of the baffle 19, the speed of the gas-liquid flow through these pipelines 14 and 15. This is determined by calculation for each GDU and adjusted by experimental hydraulic injections.

When processing oil by alternately blocking the outlets from pipelines 14 and 15 with a partition 19, the static pressure in them is increased by an amount that ensures the collapse of all microbubbles formed in them with an increase in pressure at the points of collapse, for example, up to P≤700 ata and temperature up to T≤1000 ° C to divide a part of the liquid mixture (oil-cluster) into fractions (allotropy of composition and isomerism of oil with dynamic microcracking).

When processing contaminated water, milk, fruit juices, blocking the outlets from pipelines 14 and 15 with a partition 19, the static pressure in them is increased by an amount that ensures the collapse of all microbubbles formed in them with an increase in pressure and temperature at the points of collapse by a smaller amount in order to only disinfect and purify contaminated water, or just disinfect milk and fruit juices.

With the required frequency, for example, (0.5-5.0) times per second, depending on the length of pipelines 14 and 15 and the speed of the gas-liquid flow of the processed liquid in them, the rotating vertical baffle 19 alternately completely opens or closes the outlets from the pipelines 14 and 15 (alternately, in antiphase). The portion of the gas-liquid mixture processed in the pipelines 14 and 15 enters the diffuser 22, and in its place there is supplied through the tee-separator 13 from the confuser 11 prepared for processing the next portion of the untreated monodisperse gas-liquid mixture.

To reduce water hammer in pipelines 14 and 15 (when processing milk, fruit juices), the movable vertical baffle 19 overlaps their flow area by a smaller amount (for example, by ≥10%), but increases the static pressure in them by the required amount, which ensures the collapse of microbubbles with the necessary size of water hammer. When processing oil, the flow area of pipelines 14 and 15 is blocked by the baffle 19 by a larger amount (for example, by ≤90%) in order to ensure the collapse of microbubbles with large water hammer (with higher pressure and temperature at the collapse point). The rotating vertical baffle 19 alternately redirects most of the flow of the gas-liquid mixture from the confuser 11 into the pipelines 14 or 15, and excludes the influence of water hammer in them on each other and on the fluid flow through the confuser 11 and the working pump 5. The optimal rotation speed of the baffle 19, the amount of overlap cross-sections of pipelines 14 and 15, are assigned depending on the type of the processed liquid, the selected length and diameter of the converging tube 11 and pipelines 14 and 15, the speed of the gas-liquid flow in them, the pressure behind the working pump 5, and are specified by adjustment hydrotesting (GDUs are made individually for the properties of the processed liquid , injected gas, the dimension of the GDU by the flow rate of the treated liquid).

After processing in pipelines 14 and 15 of disintegrator 12, the gas-liquid mixture enters through the tee-connector 16 into the diffuser 22, in which the flow rate decreases, the static pressure rises to the desired value, some of the non-collapsed gas microbubbles dissolves again in the liquid to its equilibrium concentration, and a part, together with the processed liquid, enters the degasser tank 23. Further, the processed liquid through the electrovalve 24 enters its storage tank 25 (oil - for further processing, milk and fruit juices - for bottling into a commercial container, or for the production of the required food products, water - for the intended use).

The gas not dissolved in the treated liquid is collected in the gas cushion of the degasser 23, from where it is discharged into the atmosphere through the check valve 26, or through the check valve 26 and the compressor 27 is returned to the compressed gas source 10 for reuse.

The volume of the tank-heater 3 (or their number) and the power of the heater 28 provide continuous supply of the working pump 5 with the required amount of heated water.

The increased efficiency of the proposed GDU is ensured by the fact that it provides: the required amount of gas in the treated liquid in the solvent unit 6; the required number of steam-gas microbubbles of the required size, released in the confuser 11 from specially processed gas-saturated liquids; periodically several times "slams" in the pipelines 14 and 15 of the disintegrator 12 practically all the formed steam-gas microbubbles with the required magnitude of micro-hydraulic shocks, i.e. performs multiple controlled processing of each portion of the processed liquid in these pipelines with controlled micro-hydraulic shocks and provides the desired quality of the liquid at the outlet without cavitation of the working pump 5.

The proposed GDU can be used to transport oil through pipelines (to reduce its viscosity), and to prepare oil for processing in rectification columns.

When processing oil for its transportation through pipelines, it is advisable to use a heater 28 with oil heating to a temperature of (100-250) ° C in the GDU.

The proposed GDU can be used for the disinfection of food liquids (milk and fruit juices) with neutral gases without microcracking of their molecules at the points of collapse of vapor-gas microbubbles (with or without preheating).

The proposed GDU can be used for disinfection and purification of heavily polluted water, and for imparting the healing properties of melt water to treated water. In point "microcracking", the water molecule is reconstructed for some time; is reconstructed (allotropized) under the influence of external energy, milk can partially turn into baked milk, and fruit juices - into juices, as it were, from baked fruits (this is done if necessary).

When processing milk, fruit juices, contaminated water, there may be no heater 28 in the GDU, because the use of the proposed disintegrator 12 will ensure the collapse of all formed vapor-gas microbubbles with the release of a certain amount of energy at the collapse points, which ensures high-quality disinfection and purification of these liquids using the corresponding different injected gases (without dynamic microcracking of their molecules).

When using GDU before oil cracking, there may be no heater 28, because the oil is heated to the required high temperature in the distillation column systems.

It should be noted that:

- when using a GDU with a heater 28 for processing oil before its cracking, less heating of oil is required, because the proposed GDU provides additional heating of oil, and also increases the release of light fractions and high-octane gasolines due to microcracking at the points of collapse of all vapor-gas microbubbles in the disintegrator 12, at temperatures that are not dangerous for the working pump 5, which in total will simplify and reduce the cost of the final cracking;

- the use of a two-pipe disintegrator 12 with a rotating baffle 19 can allow the use of a working pump 5 with a lower outlet pressure, because the required static pressure drop in pipelines 14 and 15, the amount of water hammer at the points of collapse of microbubbles for disinfection of milk and fruit juices, disinfection and purification of water, microcracking of oil molecules, can be achieved by adjusting the area of the rotating vertical partition 19 at a lower pumping pressure. New molecules of light fractions and high-octane gasolines formed from oil in disintegrator 12 of the proposed GDU by chiseled dynamic microcracking can be separated from each other by cracking without much delay so that they do not combine and return to their original state (into natural oil).

The proposed GDU can:

- to be used instead of expensive intermediate pumping stations (PTS) of light oils on pipelines for their transportation;

- to reduce the number of PPPs of heavy oils (to increase the distance between them);

- to simplify the distillation columns for cracking light oils, and even replace them;

- use the pump UODN 360-250-250 manufactured by "GKNPTs named after M.B. Khrunichev" as a working pump 5;

- to reduce the cost of transporting oil through pipelines and on its cracking, to increase the yield of light fractions and high-octane gasolines during its cracking (especially superheavy, such as Cuban oils), to improve the quality and speed of processing fruit juices, milk, contaminated water of various origins, to add water healing properties of "melt" water and use it in medicine and for cooking food, which will prolong the healthy life of the population.

The proposed GDU and liquid processing technology can be used for disinfection and purification of water contaminated with salts dissolved in it (up to desalination of sea water), on which the authors continue to work.

The composition and cost of each GDU is determined individually, since depend on the required performance of the GDU and the duration of its operation during the day, the type and contamination of the processed liquid, operating conditions (in a capital heated building or in the open air, the presence or absence of the location of the maintenance staff, control devices and repair and maintenance tools), the existing infrastructure at the place of operation (availability of electricity and gas supply), the conditions for connecting the GDU to the source of the processed liquid and the removal of the processed liquid from the GDU to the place of its storage and / or use, etc., which is determined by the Customer's TOR and agreed with the manufacturer of the GDU in each specific case.

Explanation of what allotropy and isomerism are

ALLOTROPY is the formation of several simpler substances from one complex chemical substance with different properties (with different molecules of these simple substances) - allotropy of composition, or with a different arrangement of atoms (molecules) in the crystal lattice (shape allotropy): https: // ru. wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F.

Water is also a complex substance, because its molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The term "allotropic modifications" is not applied to it (applied only to simple substances): https://www.kakprosto.ru/kak-82409-pochemu-voda-zamerzaet#ixzz60Jd81HwY.

At the same time, water has not only numerous different properties in each type of state of aggregation (liquid, gaseous, solid, which other substances do not have), but also differs from all other substances in the properties acquired by it in various states of aggregation - water in solid aggregate state (ice) is lighter than in a liquid state, melt water (immediately after its transition from a solid to a liquid state) has disinfecting, accelerating chemical reactions, healing medical properties, etc.

The simple substances that form water (hydrogen and oxygen) have multivariate types of allotropy, therefore the physicochemical properties of their compound (water) in any of its state of aggregation are also multivariate. Changes in the properties of water at different temperatures and pressures are known - there are many (hundreds) types of water, ice, snow, water vapor, and they have not yet been fully studied, but the compounds of hydrogen and oxygen allotropes with each other and with other simple substances and their allotropes form even more complex substances with different properties. These new complex substances-allotropes combine with other substances and form other new complex substances (for example, oil, coal, etc.)

Hydrogen has a special case of allotropy caused by different nuclear spins - under normal conditions, hydrogen consists of an equilibrium mixture of one part of parahydrogen and three parts of orthohydrogen, in which both atomic nuclei rotate in the same or opposite directions.

The transition from one allotropic modification of hydrogen to another occurs with a change in temperature or pressure, or with their simultaneous action. This process can be reversible (enantiotropic) or irreversible (monotropic). Each allotropic modification of any substance is stable only in its temperature and pressure range, but in metastable, unstable states, it can exist for a long time.

All substances on planet Earth are in the ortho- or para-state of their nuclear-electronic and atomic-molecular structure (compound). For example, orthohydrogen and parahydrogen in both cases is a substance consisting of diatomic molecules, i.e. molecular hydrogen. It can be dissociated into atoms using any high energy source such as a gas discharge tube containing hydrogen at low pressure. Hydrogen can also be atomized in an electric arc formed between tungsten electrodes. Hydrogen atoms can recombine on the metal surface with the release of high energy and with an increase in temperature to ~ 3500 ° C. This effect is used for hydrogen-arc welding of metals. Atomic hydrogen (all the more excited) is a strong oxidizing and reducing agent. It converts metal oxides and chlorides into free metals.

Oxygen also has its own characteristics of allotropy - its two allotropic modifications (allotropy of the composition O ₂ - oxygen, O ₃ - ozone) have different physicochemical properties: oxygen is colorless, odorless, less chemically active; ozone has a smell, pale violet color, chemically very active. Oxygen O ₂ can be converted to ozone by exposure to relatively little external energy (for example, a glow discharge of electric current in atmospheric air at atmospheric pressure). Atomic excited oxygen is a very strong oxidizing agent.

To change the allotropy of liquid and gaseous substances, less external energy is required, therefore, to obtain ozone from oxygen, glow electric discharge ozonizers are used, and to obtain gasolines and light fractions from oil at refineries, temperature distillation or cracking is used - they affect oil by temperature.

The allotropy of micro- and macro-substances (atoms and molecules) caused by the action of internal and external energies is based not only on the formation and transformation of natural resources, but also on the emergence, development, and existence of organic life (plants, insects, animals, humans - whose organisms process and assimilate food, produce metabolism in cells).

It takes thousands and millions of years for the formation of coal and / or oil in the upper shell of the planets with small external energies. For the formation of diamonds from graphite, some metals from other metals and substances, the action of large external energies is required, and they are formed inside planets and stars in a short time.

The allotropy of substances of different levels is based on weak and strong atomic and nuclear reactions, which are unconsciously used by "inanimate" and "living" Nature, and consciously used by humans - reproduction and nutrition, the release of internal strongly bound energy of the micro level (atoms) and its transformation into a weaker bound the energy of the macrolevel (molecules), the interaction and transition of internal and external energies of substances into each other at the junction (border) of their interaction in atomic and nuclear power plants (NPP), in atomic and nuclear bombs. Uranium enrichment is the summation (addition) of the number of atoms and / or nuclei of uranium with increased internal unbalanced energy, after reaching a certain amount of which a chain reaction of an abrupt transition of the unbalanced internal energy bound in them into unbound external even more unbalanced energy (into pressure, temperature, radiation from a nuclear explosion).

Diamond and graphite, i.e. Substances of various types and physicochemical properties are allotropic forms of carbon, differing in the structure of the crystal lattice, altered by the impact of enormous external energy inside the Earth (pressure and temperature in kimberlite pipes). To convert some solids into others by allotropy, a large amount of external energy is required, therefore, to obtain artificial diamonds from graphite, devices are used that provide an effect on carbon with external energy of several thousand atmospheres and several thousand degrees of the external environment, since only after the absorption of this external energy and its transformation into the internal energy of micro-substances, carbon turns into a diamond (in its allotrope of the form).

The change in the phase state of substances under the influence of temperature (solid, liquid, gaseous) is not allotropy or isomerism, if their properties do not change. An exception is the mysterious substance water - solid ice has a density less than that of liquid water, melt water after slow melting of ice acquires temporary disinfecting and various healing properties https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0 % BB% D0% BE% D1% 82% D1% 80% D0% BE% D0% BF% D0% B8% D1% 8F.

- равный +

- доля, часть) это образование химических соединений (изомеров), одинаковых по атомному составу и молекулярной массе, но различающихся по строению и/или расположению атомов в пространстве и, вследствие этого, по свойствам: http://ru-wiki.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F (например, изомерия углеродного скелета, обусловленная различным порядком связи атомов углерода - бутан СН₃-СН₂-СН₂-СН₃ и изобутан (СН₃)₃СН).ISOMERIA (from ancient Greek

- equal +

- share, part) is the formation of chemical compounds (isomers), identical in atomic composition and molecular weight, but differing in structure and / or arrangement of atoms in space and, as a result, in properties: http://ru-wiki.org/ wiki /% D0% 98% D0% B7% D0% BE% D0% BC% D0% B5% D1% 80% D0% B8% D1% 8F (for example, isomerism of the carbon skeleton, due to the different order of bonds of carbon atoms - butane CH ₃ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₃ and isobutane (CH ₃ ) ₃ CH).

Spatial isomerism (stereoisomerism) occurs as a result of differences in the spatial configuration of molecules that have the same chemical structure. To designate spatial isomers of different types, a stereochemical nomenclature has been developed, collected in section "E" of the IUPAC nomenclature rules for chemistry. This type of isomerism is subdivided into enantiomerism (optical isomerism) and diastereomerism.

Chemical transformations as a result of which structural isomers are converted into each other are called isomerization. They are essential for industry. So, for example, isomerization of normal alkanes into isoalkanes is performed to increase the octane number of motor fuels; pentane is isomerized to isopentane for subsequent dehydrogenation to isoprene. Intramolecular rearrangements are also isomerization, of which, for example, the Beckmann rearrangement is of great importance - the conversion of cyclohexanone oxime to caprolactam (raw material for the production of nylon).

The phenomenon of isomerism contributes to an enormous extent to an increase in the number of known (and even more so - in the number of potentially possible) compounds. So, the possible number of structurally isomeric decyl alcohols is more than 500 (of which about 70 are known), and there are more than 1500 spatial isomers: http://ru-wiki.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE % D0% BC% D0% B5% D1% 80% D0% B8% D1% 8F.

The works of A. Butlerov and J. Van't Hoff explain the phenomena of spatial and structural isomerism. Isomerization is a specific reaction during which the transformation of structural isomers into each other is observed. As an example, we can take substances from the series of alkanes. The structural types of isomerism of alkanes make it possible to convert some substances into isoalkanes. These methods in the industry increase the octane number of gasolines. These properties are of great importance for the development of industry: FB.ru: https://fb.ru/article/44578/vidyi-izomerii-organicheskih-veschestv.

A complex cluster of a mixture of liquid substances (oil) consists of a large number of simple substances capable of allotropy and isomerism (hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, carbon, chlorine, and a large number of others, both individually and in combination with each other), therefore There are also many types of oil and its allotropic and isomeric changes, they are complex and diverse. These types strongly affect the ability to separate its complex cluster (mixture) by microcracking in the proposed GDU, on simpler mixtures during distillation and rectification.

Claims (6)

1. A hydrodynamic installation for processing liquids (water, milk, fruit juices, oil), containing a series-connected working pump, confuser, disintegrator, a system for blowing compressed gas into the liquid being processed, a degasser tank, characterized in that the working pump has a pressure P ≥5 kg / cm ² , between the working pump and the confuser, a solvent unit is mounted in the processed liquid of compressed gas supplied to it through the injection system in an amount not less than dissolving in it until its equilibrium gas saturation at the selected pressure behind the working pump, made in the form of a pipeline length L = (0.5-3.0) m and a diameter not less than the outlet of the working pump, the compressed gas injection system is equipped with cylinders: oxygen and / or atmospheric air for processing contaminated water; carbon dioxide and / or nitrogen for processing milk and fruit juices; hydrocarbon gas and / or hydrogen and / or methane for oil treatment; the disintegrator is made of two parallel horizontal pipelines with a length of L = (1.5-15) m and a diameter equal to the diameter of the outlet of the confuser, connected by inputs to the outlet from the confuser through a tee-splitter of the flow of the finely dispersed gas-liquid mixture obtained in the confuser, and by the outputs to the inlet to diffuser through the tee-connector of the liquid processed in the disintegrator, while between the tee-connector and the diffuser, a device for alternating throttling of the outlet of the gas-liquid finely dispersed mixture from the parallel pipelines of the disintegrator before it is introduced into the diffuser is mounted, alternately creating in them an increased static pressure until the abrupt dissolution (collapse) of microbubbles gas with micro-hydraulic shocks, forming pressure and temperature surges at the point of collapse, necessary for high-quality liquid processing: mechanical destruction of microorganisms in milk, fruit juices, water, during their disinfection; accelerating the oxidation of pollutants dissolved in water during its purification; separation of oils into fractions during its pipeline transportation and during processing in distillation columns. 2. A hydrodynamic installation according to claim 1, characterized in that the solvent unit in the compressed gas liquid to be treated is equipped with gas injection fittings mounted at its inlet diametrically opposite to each other perpendicular to its axis, which are connected to the gas injection system cylinder through a reducer, controlled valve , metering washers, ensuring uniform gas dissolution in the flow of the processed liquid flowing through it. 3. Hydrodynamic installation according to claim 1, characterized in that the device for alternating throttling of the outlet of the gas-liquid finely dispersed mixture from the parallel pipelines of the disintegrator into the diffuser is made in the form of a branch pipe that combines the outlet from these pipelines and the entrance to the device for alternating throttling, divided by a fixed horizontal partition into two equal part, and an alternating connector-separator of outputs from these pipelines with an entrance to the diffuser in the form of a movable vertical partition rotated by an electric motor through a gearbox, the area of which is equal to (10-90)% of the area of a part of the common pipe, providing alternate overlap of these outputs with an increase in the pipelines of the static pressure, "collapsing" gas microbubbles with micro-hydraulic shocks, forming at the points of collapse a short-term increase in pressure and temperature to values that provide the required quality: disinfection of milk, fruit juices, water during their processing ; purification of contaminated water during its processing; separation of oil into fractions during its processing before pipeline transportation and / or before distillation in a rectification column. 4. Hydrodynamic installation according to claim 3, characterized in that the electric motor and the gearbox rotating the movable vertical partition of the device for alternating throttling of the gas-liquid mixture flows from the horizontal pipelines of the disintegrator to the diffuser are made with characteristics that provide alternate throttling of these flows with a frequency (0.5- 5.0) times per second, which alternately creates in them a pulsation of static pressure (alternating half-periods of compression and depression), providing alternating multiple release of microbubbles of gases dissolved in it from the processed liquid, and their subsequent collapse with micro-hydraulic shocks, ensuring the required quality: milk disinfection , fruit juices, water during their processing; purification of contaminated water during its processing; separation of oil into fractions during its pipeline transportation and during processing in rectification columns. 5. A hydrodynamic installation according to claim 1, characterized in that a heater is mounted in front of the working pump, which provides heating of the processed liquids to a temperature that reduces their viscosity to the required value, and improves the quality of their processing: oil to T = (100-250) ° C; water up to Т≥60 ° С; milk and / or fruit juices - up to Т≤60 ° С. 6. Hydrodynamic unit according to claim 1, characterized in that the gas cushion of the degasser tank is connected through a check valve to the atmosphere or through a check valve and a compressor with a gas source supplied to the solvent unit.

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