RU2726026C1 - Method for formation of target position in express mode with limited time of flying up of anti-ship missiles with combined hh, including a set of known devices for its implementation and visualization - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: military equipment.SUBSTANCE: invention relates to military equipment and method of forming target position in express mode with limited time of flying up of anti-ship missiles with combined homing heads. Method includes evaluation of parameters of protected ship, target and background-target situation in optical and radar ranges. When the laser range finder or laser illuminator is turned on at the measuring complex, the radiation is detected by the protected ship detection station and a command is issued to transfer countermeasures to the operating mode with recording of all commands and responses of the actuating devices and mechanisms. On the measuring complex, the operating time of countermeasures are determined, visualize the preparation time of the shot, start time, formation time, time of effective action, measure physical fields of created false targets and determine their effect on change of physical fields of the protected ship.EFFECT: technical result consists in enabling determination of characteristics of analyzed protection means with accurate time parameters of their development and effective action time.1 cl, 2 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of formation of the information resource of the target and phono-target situation in express mode when practicing tasks to protect a surface ship from anti-ship missiles (ASM) and bombs with combined homing heads (GOS), assessing the effectiveness of electronic warfare equipment and determining the temporal characteristics of their action with limited time parameters for approaching anti-ship missiles, to the technique of measuring the physical fields of protected ships, reducing their visibility through the use of camouflage materials, developing methods of protecting a surface ship (NK) with standard electronic warfare equipment, taking into account their combined use, and making recommendations for the combat use of electronic warfare equipment in conditions of simultaneous application of other protection loops or selection of priority of one of them.

The invention relates to the category Reflecting targets, for example, targets reflecting radar rays; active targets emitting electromagnetic waves F41j 2/00; active targets emitting infrared radiation F41J 2/02. In the range of radar facilities to the section Power measurement by radio engineering methods G01S; Measurement with indication on the CRT screen G01S 3/84; Measurement on the principle of reflection of radio waves G01S 13/02. In the range of optical-electronic devices to the heading Photometry, exposure meters, operating on the principle of comparison with the reference light radiation or electric value G01j 1/00, the method of comparison with the surface of the reference brightness G01J 1/14 /.

The invention covers the field of technology for determining the characteristics in express mode of the target and phono-target environment in the spectral bands of electromagnetic waves of modern combined GOS RCCs and bombs and covers all actions for studying the brightness characteristics of protected objects, materials, coatings, optical masking devices, false targets in optical spectrum range. Determination of the brightness levels of targets and backgrounds is carried out by attenuating the signals at the input of the photodetector to the threshold sensitivity level of the device using attenuation filters and visual recording of reaching this level on the monitor of the measuring device by comparing the brightness fields of targets, backgrounds and reference reflectors. Moreover, as digital photodetectors for measurements, household digital cameras, video cameras, thermal imagers, laser rangefinders operating in the same spectral ranges as similar means of detecting the enemy can be used.

In the field of determining the characteristics of radar objects, targets, false targets, camouflage measures, in particular, measuring the effective scattering surface (EPR) in the interests of electronic warfare, carry out the express mode in the natural background environment, comparative values of the reflection characteristics of the standard, objects and artificially created of targets is determined by a standard ship radar station, alternately attenuating the signals from these targets by an attenuator built into cascades of intermediate frequency amplification circuits, not subjected to temporal gain adjustment and calibrated on a logarithmic scale, visually register the target detection threshold on the screen of the radar used and determine the level difference signals from this threshold and reference on the scale of the attenuator, corresponding to the effective scattering surface in m ² .

Due to the short duration of the process from detecting anti-ship missiles to approaching a target (protected ship), especially with the appearance of hypersonic missiles, which depend on the flight speed and ESR of the missile, weather conditions, the relative position of objects, the time parameters of timeliness and sequence of actions of ship operators, and the operation of programmable devices are relevant, automatic means, reaching the operating mode of the generated interference and false targets, the time of their effective operation, the influence of the parameters of the created targets on the physical field of the ship.

The solution to the issue of protecting the ship in modern conditions can be carried out by practicing the task of forming a target position for rocket and artillery firing. Attracting modern GLONASS, GPS, SEV positioning tools and instruments for visualizing the measurement results will allow us to respond in a timely manner to the development of recommendations for the refinement and use of electronic warfare equipment and measuring equipment.

With the advent of hypersonic weapons, the role of robotization of the timing of actions and events in protecting a ship increases. Monitoring the functioning of electronic warfare devices and tools and other protection loops can be carried out by introducing telemetry devices and channels. In addition, timely information will provide the condition "not to worsen" the functioning of other means and significantly increase the efficiency of the formation of the target position.

Measurement of the physical field of the NK, objects, goals, arrangement of the target position in order to work out the task of protecting the ship from existing and prospective RCCs is carried out by specially created laboratories, departmental training grounds. The main task of all measuring services is to achieve the uniformity of measurements, to certify (certify) objects, targets, products under conditions close to the application conditions of combined GOS, to justify measures to reduce and change the physical fields of protected objects and ships. Thus, the Navy Marine Research and Testing Ground was created for the study and control of the physical fields of ships and vessels [1]. The work was carried out by FSUE TsNII named after Acad. A.N. Krylova ". The range includes radar measuring complexes, stands of thermal fields, stands of hydrodynamic and magnetic fields, auxiliary measuring instruments, reference emitters, standards. There are requirements for fixing hydrometeorological conditions during measurements. To develop recommendations for reducing the physical fields of ships and study absorbing and masking materials, an electrodynamic modeling range was created [2].

Radioprotective building materials, innovative nanomaterials are being developed to effectively mask and reduce the radar visibility of military equipment. To develop new means of reducing the physical fields of objects, their visibility, improving methods of their use, camouflage materials are evaluated using comparative methods using mobile and stationary means [3-5], and their practical use is studied at target positions.

Actually, to fulfill the tasks of protecting ships from anti-ship missiles in marine conditions, they create the appearance of a complex target situation by arranging target ships, ship shields, corner reflectors, sea smoke bombs (MSS) and other false targets on a limited area of the sea surface. Target positions can be both active - with fire weapons and electronic warfare equipment, and passive. The purpose of such tests is to carry out rapid measurements of the physical fields of objects and false targets against a natural background, conduct trainings and exercises, both in the parking lot and at sea, evaluate the effectiveness of the developed electronic warfare equipment, and ensure the preparation and placement of the target environment when assessing the priority of choice goals of the GOS RCC. [6].

In modern conditions, the conduct of hostilities does not seem to be without electronic warfare. Therefore, states are actively creating electronic warfare training grounds, where they evaluate in detail the functioning of electronic weapons in the face of counteraction when simulating a single, group or massive raid. It is noted that there is a lack of a procedure for registering the true coordinates of targets covered by EW tools in the common time service (CEB) system. Thus, the test site (PIK) presented [7] for conducting full-scale and experimental work with the radar station (radar) of a fighter aircraft includes: a specialized mobile container equipped with autonomous life support systems, a MiG-29 radar sighting system, visualization equipment in real time and recording the parameters of this complex with reference to GPS time for determining the coordinates of the targets, command radio communications equipment and telecode data transmission. The registration and visualization equipment includes a pairing device and a personal computer. Tasks of the equipment: receiving digital information, converting it to a USB interface, displaying one-time commands in real time, obtaining initial data for evaluating the effectiveness of aircraft protection from aircraft guided missiles with active and semi-active homing radar heads. The characteristics and motion parameters of the simulated targets are as close as possible to the real ones: the EPR range is from 0.5 m ² (cruise missile) to 50 m ² (transport aircraft); range of ranges - from 1 to 100 km; the range of approach speeds with the target is from 50 to 1000 m / s. Changing the range of the simulated target is synchronized with the current value of the approach speed. Digital processing of information is provided and its transmission for further processing.

Known RF patent for the invention "Shaper of the reference signals of frequency and time" [8]. The shaper has blocks for receiving reference signals of time.

A known patent of the Russian Federation for the invention "Mobile multi-channel radio receiving equipment" [9]. The hardware consists of receiving equipment, a communication server, a computer, navigation equipment, and SEV signal generation units, and outputting information to consumers.

Known RF patent for the invention "Method of integrated monitoring and control of the state of a multi-parameter object" [10]. The equipment made measurements of parameters at a given time, the formation of state matrices, the formation of control decisions and their transfer to the means of influence performed during monitoring. This patent can be considered as a prototype.

Known RF patent for the invention "A method for measuring the brightness characteristics of objects in the optical range of the spectrum and a device for its implementation" [11]. The invention is intended to study the brightness characteristics of objects, false targets, optical masking in the visible and infrared ranges of the spectrum in order to assess the visibility of objects on the surrounding background. The invention can be used to form the information resource of the target and phono-target environment in the optical range of the spectrum.

A known patent of the Russian Federation for the invention “Method for measuring the effective scattering surface of objects in express mode in a natural background with radar and a device for its implementation” [12]. The invention is intended for carrying out rapid measurements of the EPR of objects and false targets against a natural background, conducting trainings and exercises, both in the parking lot and at sea, as well as ensuring the preparation and placement of a target position when assessing the priority of choosing the target of a radar seeker of RCC.

The considered materials show that the measurement of the characteristics of objects, targets, camouflage materials is carried out in narrow spectral ranges for the optical or radar ranges, being tied to any GOS. To do this, use specialized equipment, create stationary and mobile laboratories, and deal with the reduction of the physical fields of targets. The issue of “Formation of a radar target for simulating a surface ship” [13] was considered. It is shown that the construction of a radar target based on only one reflector will be unreliable in any sector of foreshortenings.

The formation of the information resource of the target and phono-target environment for practical work in everyday activities, training purposes, training is proposed as an option to carry out comprehensively in express mode, in the spectral ranges of the GOS of the enemy’s anti-ship missiles, standard equipment and forces of regular operators in two stages. At the first stage, the characteristics of objects included in the target position are measured in statics, i.e. without involving discharged, fired and other means directly affecting the physical field of the protected ship in the optical range (visual, television, infrared, laser) and radar range. At the second stage, the dynamics of the development of events is taken into account - the time of detection and the short-term approach of the anti-ship missile to the target, the timeliness of the response, the dynamics of reaching the mode, the effective time of all the involved means of the protected ship, the change in the field of the protected ship from false targets of the optical and radar ranges is studied. The process of measuring the characteristics of targets and objects is based on the testimony and reference reflectors and complies with the rules of instrumental testing.

At the same time, it is advisable to use another option for obtaining valuable information in express mode that characterizes the target position. Using well-known devices with visualization elements — night vision devices of high sensitivity, low-level television cameras, radars with a measuring channel, you can clearly show which target reflects “more or less”. For example, a board irradiated by a laser illuminator or a false laser target irradiated by a complex of laser optical interference, in relative units, the ship’s EPR or EPR of the target, the ship’s EPR or EPR of several jamming shells, in square meters.

Measurements of the time parameters of preparation for work and the time of the effective action of the studied objects of the target and phono-target environment are carried out by existing measuring instruments, which have inherent disadvantages - specialized equipment, specially trained people are required for maintenance, poor visualization of the measurement results. The methods discussed above can increase the efficiency of preparing a target position.

If stationary targets can be measured “without limit” in time, then the measurement of the time parameters for actuating the fired noise and reset devices is limited by time frames and resource (operational) indicators.

It is planned to carry out the preparation of the target position under the auspices of the test director. After the functions of the operators of the protected ship and the measuring ship are distributed, the option of automating the process of determining the time counts and intervals of operation of the means and circuits of protecting the ship can be considered and proposed: when the laser range finder or laser illuminator is turned on by the laser detection station on the measuring complex (SALTS) of the protected ship, radiation is recorded and classified as a “signal” in the first case or “target in the threatened sector” in the second; if a “threat” is detected, a command is issued (issued) to transfer the planned means of the protected ship from standby to working with fixation GLONASS and SEV data, all commands and responses of actuators and mechanisms included in the work plan, by transmitting the location data of objects relative to the field of view of the measuring complex to the control point, the working hours of the means are determined on the measuring complex (time of preparation of the shot, turn-on time, formation time, time of effective action) and the physical fields of the created short-term false targets and their impact on the change in the physical fields of the protected ship in the range of combined GOS, develop proposals on the frequency of setting renewable false targets when reflecting the expected group or massive missile raid , to ensure that the level of signals from false targets exceeds the signals from the protected object, and to adjust the target position, phono-target situation, the development of requirements for electronic warfare and other ship protection loops.

The essence of the claimed invention is as follows. The technical task of the present invention is to expand the capabilities of a comprehensive, multi-range solution to the process of forming the information resource of the target and phono-target environment when practicing ways to protect NK from RCC with combined GOS and evaluating the effectiveness of the developed electronic warfare systems, making recommendations for the combat use of electronic warfare systems on different ships, in different conditions in a changing phono-target environment. Moreover, the synchronization of measurements in the optical and radar ranges is achieved by the use of modern positioning tools, both standard equipment and the widely used equipment operating in the same spectral range as the GOS. It should be noted that the possibility of using optical equipment of widespread use is shown in the patent [11].

The general picture of the target and phono-target environment is presented in FIG. 1, which shows the protected ship (1) with standard means installed on it - a station for detecting laser radiation (SALT) (2), a complex of laser optical interference (CLOF) (3), a complex of fired optical and radar interference (AEC) (4) . The target complex includes a standard ship water extinguishing system (SVP), inflatable corner reflectors (NUO) and sea smoke bombs (MDTTT) (5). The target complex also includes an artillery shield (6) and reference reflectors (7).

An integral part of the overall picture is the measuring complex of FIG. 1. It includes: a measuring radar based on a standard ship station (9), the possibility of using such stations is shown in the patent [12], and optical instruments that provide measurements in the entire optical spectrum - a laser rangefinder (10), a laser illuminator (I ), night vision device (NVD) of high sensitivity (12), low-level NTVK television camera (13), thermal imager (14), video recorder (15), photo recorder (15).

Both component information parts of the target position are combined with SEV, GLONASS, GPS information equipment (8).

The technical result is achieved by the fact that in order to visualize the measurement process, the standard (received for supply) laser rangefinder and laser illuminator are introduced into the optical component of the measuring complex, as well as highly sensitive night vision devices (NVD) [14] are introduced based on electron-optical converters (EOP) and low-level television systems (NTVS) [15] and more advanced - CPVI - digital image visualization devices based on a CCD - a charge-coupled device (no image intensifier tube) [16] for the visual detection of laser signals with a wavelength of up to 1-2 microns and computer signal processing for their replication. The devices of the target position and the measuring complex are connected by satellite navigation systems [17] and a single time service [18].

On the protected ship, the presence of a laser radiation detection station (SALT) pos. 2, FIG. 1, a complex of laser optical interference pos. 3 of FIG. 1, (KLOP) -MDM-2E “for setting up a false laser target remote from the protected object” [19], a complex of fired interference (CWP) [20] pos. 4, a water fire extinguishing system (SVP) [21], which affects the reflective characteristics of ship surfaces in the optical range, discharged false radar and optical ranges - inflatable corner reflectors (NUO), sea smoke bombs (MDS) pos. 5, FIG. 1. The sequential operation of these devices is recorded by means of visualization with the use of satellite navigation systems (CCH) [17] and the common time service (CEB) [18].

The technical result consists in the fact that the inclusion of interference, the exit to the operating mode, the time of effective action they are linked with the distance of detection of anti-ship missiles and the flight time of the missile to the target.

The technical solution for measuring the physical fields of objects, false targets, backgrounds in the visual-optical, television, laser, infrared ranges is shown in the patent [11]. The possibility of using optoelectronic devices similar to detection devices with respect to which the optical visibility of the studied objects operating in the same spectral ranges and having a fixed threshold sensitivity level is considered is considered.

In the radar range, the possibility of involving objects, targets, false targets, camouflage devices of standard shipborne radar stations with a staff of radiometers [12] with the introduction of an attenuator intermediate frequency in the path with fixing the threshold levels of detection of standards and studied objects was shown in the radar range. Moreover, shipborne radars are involved in the same spectral ranges as the radiation ranges of GOS RCC.

An important parameter of the measurement process is speed. To reduce the ESR measurement time, it is possible to switch to manually controlled attenuators, to fixed attenuators, or to electronically controlled attenuators [22]. The error in attenuator attenuation setting with electronic control is 3-5% of the largest attenuation. The switching time of these attenuators is calculated in tens of microseconds.

The essence of the invention as a technical solution lies in the use of existing measurement and control tools, as well as the developed measurement visualization tools for determining time parameters, analysis and development of commands for including electronic warfare equipment. Attract to the collection of information on the inclusion, the transition of funds from mode to mode, temporary parameters of effective action except telemetry operators and sensors.

An essential sign of novelty is the possibility of applying the method when testing the readiness of electronic warfare and other ship protection loops for practical use in a limited time frame. In the technical literature in full, the method was not reflected.

In the prior art there is no known influence on the achievement of the specified technical result of the transformations provided for by the combination of features included in the claims. Therefore, the invention meets the condition

patentability "inventive step".

The technical result achieved during the implementation of the invention is expressed in obtaining the tactical and technical characteristics of the studied electronic warfare equipment with the exact time parameters of their development and the time of effective action and targets of the target position on a real background, issuing recommendations for their use, conducting training and exercises, as well as replicating electronic results for educational purposes, indicating industrial applicability.

The invention is illustrated in the drawing.

In FIG. Figure 1 shows the composition of tools and equipment for studying the physical fields of objects, target and phono - target conditions, checking the effectiveness of new electronic warfare equipment, and NK security from RCC with a combined GOS.

The composition of the landfill - target position includes: 1 - Protected NK. 2 - Laser Detection Station (SALT). 3 - Laser Optical Interference Complex (KLOP). 4 - Complex fired interference (KVP). 5 - Water fire extinguishing system (SVP), resettable false targets - inflatable corner reflectors (NUO), sea smoke bombs (MDS). 6 - Artillery shield. 7 - Reference reflectors and reference emitters. 8 - Equipment SEV, GLONASS, GPS.

The measuring complex includes: 9 - NK with a measuring radar. 10 - Laser range finder. 11 - Laser light. 12 - The device of night vision (NVD) of high sensitivity. 13 - Low-level television camera (NTVK). 14 - Thermal imager. 15 - DVR. 16 - Photorecorder. Also the equipment includes 8 - SEV, GLONASS, GPS.

The process of measuring physical fields and time parameters of target objects can be represented in two stages:

1. Conditionally preliminary, with a check of the readiness of operators and equipment. Measurement of the physical fields of stationary and inactive objects of the target position and standards (in the static mode) in the optical and radar ranges.

2. Measurement of the physical fields of the target position and false targets with limited time parameters in terms of bringing them into standby and operating modes, effective time, timely classification of GOS in the optical and radar ranges, compliance of the parameters of standards and false targets with the parameters of the protected ship, the effect of physical fields of false targets on the field of the protected ship. Moreover, the time parameters are linked with the time of approach to the target of the RCC, bombs. They analyze the effects of the created false goals and interference, new materials and methods of their application on the target and phono-target environment, develop recommendations on the formation of an information resource for various tasks, exercises, and trainings.

In the static mode of those shown in FIG. 1 means of the protected ship are involved all except the Laser Optical Interference Complex (KLOP) pos. 3 and the Shot Interference Complex (SIC) pos. 4.

Resettable false targets pos. 5 - inflatable corner reflectors (NUO), sea smoke bombs (MDS) and water fire extinguishing system (SVP) are checked in statics before dynamic and during dynamic tests. Evaluate the effect of funds on each other on the go and at the foot of the ship.

Measurement of static physical fields of objects in the optical range in express mode.

In the description of the invention, “A method for measuring the brightness characteristics of objects in the optical range of the spectrum and a device for its implementation” [11] shows the possibility of estimating the physical fields of objects in the target environment by the staff of shipborne operators.

As indicators characterizing the visibility of objects in the visible and infrared ranges of the spectrum, the contrast values of objects against the surrounding background K are usually used, defined as [22]:

where В _ф and В _о are the brightness values of the background and the object in the spectral range of measurements, respectively.

When using laser means, the visibility of objects, in accordance with GOST [23], is usually characterized by the value of the brightness coefficient of the surface of the object β, defined as the ratio of the energy brightness of the irradiated surface of the object to the energy brightness of an ideal diffuser (standard) under the same irradiation conditions.

where B _about and In _e - the brightness values of the surfaces of the object and the reference at the wavelength of the laser radiation.

In most cases, the task of studying the optical visibility of objects is reduced to measuring the brightness values of the surfaces of the studied object, background, and standard.

Two main methods of light measurements are known [24]: subjective, which is also called visual, and objective (physical). In the subjective measurement method, the human eye serves as a receiver, which is used, as a rule, to compare the brightness fields of different sections of the photometric field, while the objective uses physical radiant flux detectors - photodetectors. To expand the limits of measurement, in most cases, filters with known transmittances are used. In this process, the filters are selected in such a way that the level of the input signal falls within the linear portion of the amplitude characteristic of the measuring device.

The proposed method provides an expansion of the range of tools used for measurements, up to commonly available household appliances of wide distribution, eliminating the need for calibration of the measuring device in the entire range of measured values, providing the possibility of measurements in both laboratory and field conditions, reducing the cost of the research process.

Direct registration of the useful signal is carried out using a photodetector, and measurements are made using the human eye and a set of attenuation filters. The photodetector is not calibrated over the entire range of measured values, but only at the sensitivity threshold.

As a recording device, not specialized photometric means are used, but rather widespread and relatively cheap photodetector devices, for example, digital cameras, video cameras, thermal imagers, laser range finders, the spectral sensitivity characteristics of which correspond to the characteristics of detection means.

Assessment of the optical visibility of objects is based on the possibility of their detection by photographic, television, thermal imaging or laser technical means. Therefore, studies of the brightness characteristics of objects and backgrounds are carried out in the spectral ranges of these tools. With this in mind, it is most preferable to take measurements using precisely these technical means, i.e. immediately in the entire spectral range of each of these tools. From this point of view, household digital cameras, video cameras, thermal imagers, laser rangefinders operating in the same spectral ranges as similar detection tools can be used as photodetectors for measurements.

The possibility of using these devices for conducting studies to assess the visibility of objects is due to the fact that the photodetector channels of these devices have their inherent threshold sensitivities. With this in mind, when using cameras, video cameras or thermal imagers, the measurement process is as follows. The instrument used to perform measurements is aimed at the object under study, which is on the surrounding background. Next to the object under study is a reference reflector, which is a shield, one part of which is painted with white paint, and the second part is black paint with known reflection and emission coefficients in the spectral range of measurements. The dimensions of the reference reflector are such that each of its two parts exceeds at least 15 times the dimensions of the resolution element of the measuring device at the measurement distance, i.e. no less than the threshold of recognition of an object by the human eye. The operator observes with an eye on the screen (display monitor) of the measuring instrument used a panorama image including the object under study, a reference reflector and background. After that, an attenuating neutral filter with a known transmittance is installed in front of the lens of the device. The luminous flux at the input of the photodetector decreases. The next attenuation filter is installed, and so on, until the operator’s eyes on the screen (monitor) of the device in use stop first distinguishing between the black part of the reference reflector and then the area of space with a lower brightness (object or background). A sign of the lack of distinction is the equality of the brightness of portions of the field of vision recorded by the eye occupied by the black part of the reference reflector and the object or background (for example, background). This indicates that the signal in this region of space has reached the threshold level of sensitivity of the device. In this state, the total (total) transmittance of the installed attenuation filters, defined as the product of the transmittances of all installed filters, is recorded. After that, the operator continues to install attenuation filters until the operator’s eye no longer distinguishes between an area of space that has a high brightness (for example, an object). At the same time, the total transmittance of all installed filters is also recorded. Based on these measurements, the contrast of the object K is defined as:

where τ _f and τ _о are the total filter attenuation indicators corresponding to the thresholds for distinguishing between the background and the object under study.

In the case of studying the values of the brightness coefficients of objects using a laser range finder, the measurement procedure is as follows. The laser range finder is aimed at the object under study and the distance to the object is measured. The operator observes the presence of a range count on the rangefinder scale. After that, attenuating filters are installed in front of the input window of the receiving path of the range finder until the range countdown on the range finder scale stops. A sign of the lack of a range reference is the appearance of zero distance samples to the object. This indicates that the input signal has reached the sensitivity threshold of the photodetector. The total transmittance of the installed attenuation filters is recorded. After that, a reference reflector with a known brightness coefficient is established at the site of the object under investigation perpendicular to the direction of observation. The laser rangefinder is aimed at the white part of the reference reflector and attenuation filters are re-installed until the range count stops. The total transmittance of attenuation filters is also recorded. The brightness coefficient of the surface of the investigated object p _t is defined as:

where τ _o and τ _e - the total attenuation of the filters corresponding to the thresholds of the reference range to the investigated object and the reference reflector;

β _e - the value of the brightness coefficient of the surface of the reference reflector.

The practical implementation of the proposed method and the possibility of achieving the claimed positive effect are confirmed by the wide distribution and accessibility of the technical means used for measurements, the availability of commercially available attenuation filters for various spectral ranges with a wide range of known transmission characteristics, and testing the proposed method in laboratory and field conditions.

Since the optical visibility of objects in the vast majority of cases is estimated based on the possibility of their detection by optoelectronic reconnaissance devices operating in the visible and infrared regions of the optical spectrum, as well as laser rangefinders and location devices, digital cameras, video cameras, night-time devices can be used as meters visions, thermal imagers, as well as laser rangefinders. When using such meters, the readout of the readings (the threshold for registering an image of an object, background or range to the target) is carried out due to a single-element or multi-element photodetector, a mosaic indicator and the human eye. The use of these meters allows measurements in the spectral ranges in which similar detection tools operate. Such meters are in mass production, commercially available, relatively cheap and affordable. Each of these devices has a threshold sensitivity that determines the minimum recorded signal level. In this regard, there is no need to calibrate such devices in the entire range of their sensitivity and build calibration graphs, which greatly simplifies the process of preparing and conducting measurements. The high spatial resolution of such meters makes it possible to measure remote and small-sized objects both in laboratory and in the field.

The device operates as follows. The operator points the rotary bed in the direction of the object under study. In this case, a background section and a reference reflector should also fall into the field of view of the device. The operator observes the image of targets falling into the field of view of the lens of the measuring device on the visual display monitor. After that, the operator sequentially installs attenuation filters into the cassette, observing at the same time a decrease in the brightness and contrast of the target images. This continues until the brightness of the image of one of the targets (the least bright, such as the background) reaches the threshold, i.e. its image will no longer be observed by the eye of the operator on the visual display monitor (the brightness field of the observed target image will reach a level corresponding to the absence of a useful signal, i.e., will reach the brightness level of the image of the black portion of the reference reflector). After that, the total value of the attenuation index of the installed attenuation filters is determined. Then the operator continues to sequentially set attenuation filters until the brightness of the image of another target (the brightest, for example, the object under study) also reaches a threshold level. In this case, the total value of the attenuation coefficient of the installed attenuation filters is again determined. Then, using the formula (3), the contrast value of the object under study against the surrounding background in the spectral range of the type of measuring device used is determined.

To determine the brightness coefficient of the surface of the investigated object at a certain radiation wavelength, a cassette with attenuating filters is installed in front of the input window of the lens of the receiving channel of the measuring device, which in this case is a laser range finder operating at a certain radiation wavelength, for example, at a wavelength of 1, 06 microns. Observing the object under investigation on the visual display monitor, the operator points the marker mark of the distance meter on it and measures the distance to the object. The distance value is displayed on the visual display monitor. After that, the operator sequentially installs attenuation filters in the cassette, each time measuring the distance. These actions continue until the signal in the receiving channel of the measuring device is attenuated to the threshold sensitivity level of the photodetector, i.e. until the distance to the object disappears. After that, the total value of the attenuation index of the installed attenuation filters is determined. Attenuation filters are removed from the cartridge. Next, a reference reflector is installed in the place of the object under study, oriented perpendicular to the direction of sight, and the operator, installing alternately attenuating filters, measures the distance to the reference reflector by pointing a marker mark on that part of the reference reflector that is painted with white paint with a known value of the brightness coefficient on the working length radiation waves. After the distance indication disappears, the total value of the attenuation coefficient of the installed attenuation filters is also determined. Using the expression (4), the value of the brightness coefficient of the surface of the investigated object is calculated.

In the spectral range of thermal imaging means when practicing ship protection tasks when measuring in express mode, the reference emitter is the gray body emitter - utility model patent No. 65219 IPC G01J 5/02 [25].

Measurement of target characteristics in static in the radar range.

In the radar range, the technology for making measurements is shown and worked out in the description [12] “Method for measuring the effective scattering surface of objects in express mode in a natural background with radar means and device for its implementation”.

The need to obtain reliable values of the EPR of the target, product at different stages of use and operation is determined by the purpose and method of its application. In the radar equation, the value of the EPR value is located in the numerator. It is expressed through the ratio of the power flux density of the incident and reflected waves.

EPR is expressed in square meters or decibels [25], (p.16). The relationship between these values is determined by the expression

where (is the EPR symbol, from which it follows that the level of zero decibels corresponds to an EPR value of 1 m ² .

Practically in radio engineering measurements, as well as in optical measurements, the EPR of the target σ _c is determined by comparison with the known effective reflecting surface of the standard:

where σ _d and σ _beats - EPR of the target and the standard;

- напряженности поля эталона и цели при одинаковых условиях наблюдения.

- field strength of the standard and the target under the same observation conditions.

Under the same observation conditions, when measuring the maximum detection ranges, the relation is true:

where D _ts.maks and D _et . _max - maximum target and reference detection ranges.

EPR measurements and calculations can also be performed by comparing the magnitude of the energy level of the signal reflected from the target with the known signal level from the standard signal generator (GSS).

The calculated values of the EPR of the objects are also determined using formulas adopted for classical radar reflectors such as plates, cylinder spheres and other forms, some of these reflectors are used as standards [31].

In the literature, technical descriptions, the characteristics of the radar channels and cascades are given. So, the intermediate frequency voltage taken from the mixer detector is very small and amounts to 5-50 μV. Substantiates the number of cascades of amplifiers of intermediate frequency (UPCH), including preliminary (PUPCH). It also substantiates the number of cascades that are covered by temporary automatic gain control (VARU).

The methods of measuring the integral and differential EPR of objects and the device of radar measuring complexes are considered [25 p. 166-175].

The possibility of measuring the attenuation of the reflected signals in the X-ray range with the help of an attenuator installed in the “line of sight” is considered, and calculation and measurements are performed according to the comparison formula (7).

Substituting the maximum detection ranges in formula (3) with the attenuator values after introducing the attenuation of the signals from the standard and the target to the threshold level, logarithmic calculations are performed.

The attenuator readings are converted to the EPR dimension according to the graph of FIG. 2 with a 35 mm module. The chart was compiled from the source of LS Blok [30].

Subjective errors that can occur when the operator measures the attenuation values of attenuators and the observation of reflected signals on the indicator screen are not large and range from ± 0.15 to ± 0.05 dB. They are minimized by re-taking readings by two different observers for three consecutive measurements.

The technical objective of this methodology is to expand the functionality of the standard radars that are in operation on ships and vessels to provide comparative, simultaneously conducted rapid measurements of the EPR of sea, coastal, airborne and false targets during training, during the preparation of the target situation before firing and launching missiles taking into account the real background, weather conditions, splashes, waves.

The technique is characterized by the availability of circuit and structural changes of radar stations of different types and ranges, as well as the possibility of involving full-time radiometer operators in the measurements. In addition, the use of such a measurement method is organizationally and economically low-cost, since this eliminates the involvement of specialized measuring laboratories with operators and allows radiometer training in a campaign, training, and in preparing the target environment.

In this case, in vivo use as a reference reflector, for example, a standard inflatable radar corner reflector, protected by patent 2368988 (RU) IPC 7 H01Q 15/18, F41H 3/00 [31]. In order to reduce the costs of providing equipment and to obtain a second reduced EPR value of this reflector, a metal or metallized mesh with a mesh size less than the wavelength used by the radar is thrown onto it. Thus, the radiometrist observes on the radar screen two alternating thoriated reflected signals, which allows you to rehearse the measurement procedure. The radiometer reduces the value of the input signal by an attenuator installed in the energy transmission circuit in the PCB cascade. Based on the disappearance of the reflected signal on the indicator screen, the operator determines the sensitivity thresholds of the open and closed angle reflector. The difference in attenuator readings in decibels gives the magnitude of the EPR excess of the open and closed reflector. In addition, these attenuator values for this measurement can be taken as reference values, which also allows us to verify the operability of the device.

Next, the operator performs the same measurements with all objects of the target environment on the water surface in a natural background, comparing them with the reference values.

EPR values of protected objects and false targets, their comparative parameters are measured to assess the possibility of their detection, tracking and pointing anti-ship weapons of the enemy on them, taking measures to reduce visibility. Parameters of reflectivity of objects and artificial targets acquire the values of passport data.

However, as a rule, these data are obtained separately, without comparative characteristics, and obtained in different environmental conditions.

The obtained disparate data and results are “tied” to the characteristics of the ranges and functional capabilities of radar facilities.

The possibility and expediency of using full-time shipborne radars for evaluating the EPR of surface ships, ships, coastal targets, angular reflectors, fired false targets taking into account the real background situation to ensure the training of radiometers, conducting exercises and firing, practicing target selection tasks with a greater or lesser EPR are considered.

The peculiarity of using these radars is that they have the same range and the same functionality as the enemy’s naval assets and are ready for use with the ship going out to sea. Served by staff radiometers. Reference (reference) reflectors in the form of corner reflectors can also be used as standard designs. In comparative measurements, the results will differ little from instrumental measurements. This will allow for training in the specialty, exercises and combat shooting. In addition, these radars also have finite threshold levels of sensitivity and a linear response of the receiver at the level of small signals.

Actions of the radar operator. The operator turns on the radar, in a given field of view it finds a reference reflector on the monitor screen. The attenuator knob introduces the attenuation of the signal until it disappears - the detection threshold, the readings are recorded, then, by the EPR command, the angle decreases by throwing a metallized grid on it, the attenuator readings are also taken. The difference in attenuator readings in dB corresponds to the difference

ESR in m ² (5). This action checks the health of the circuit. Then, the signal is reduced from the target to the target detection threshold. A smaller value is subtracted from the larger attenuator reading.

This result in dB corresponds to the EPR difference in m ² . The ESR of the goals is determined by the formula (7) and the graph of FIG. 2.

In dynamics (second stage), the device operates as follows.

After the parameters of existing permanently (static) targets such as a protected surface ship, artillery shield, reference reflectors, inflatable corner reflectors are measured, they begin to measure the physical fields of the second stage, when the fields of fired means are superimposed on the parameters of static targets (protected ship).

The operator of the measuring complex alternately includes a laser rangefinder, a laser illuminator and determines the reflective characteristics of the target environment.

Then the operator of the measuring complex includes a laser rangefinder. The SALT laser detector defines radiation as a “signal." The operator of the measuring complex includes a laser illuminator, SALT defines radiation as a “threat”, the signals are sent to an indicator device, to a memory device with parameter acquisition and to the start of dynamically developing, reset and activated devices according to operational commands with automatic recording of the time parameters of each complex, products, devices, namely a complex of laser optical interference pos. 3 FIG. 1, a complex of shot interference pos. 4 FIG. 1, water fire extinguishing system (SVP) pos. 5, FIG. 1, as well as inflatable corner reflectors (NUO) and sea smoke bombs (MDS). Thus, they measure all the physical fields of objects of the target position of the radar and optical ranges.

Visualization of measurements in the laser range is achieved by introducing pos. 10 and laser light pos. 11. The complex of laser optical interference of the protected ship pos. 3a, the effective operation of optical noise is observed with the help of high-sensitivity NVD and a low-level NTVK television camera sensitive in the spectral range up to 1-2 microns. The work of the operator is as follows. The operator of the measuring complex directs the laser illuminator aboard the protected ship, observes the illuminated spot in the NVD or NTVK eyepiece, enters the filters into the line of sight of the devices until the threshold level is reached. Fixes the transmittance value. Then the same operation is carried out with a spot from the illuminator on the reference reflector (5). It fixes the transmittance and, using the formula (3), determines the brightness coefficient of the side of the protected ship. The operator of the laser interference complex of the protected ship points the emitter to the artillery shield. The operator of the measuring complex observes the illuminated spot on the shield with the night vision device NVD or NTVK, enters the filters into the line of sight until the threshold level is reached. It fixes the value of the transmittance of the light filters and, using the formula (3), determines the brightness coefficient of the real and false laser targets.

In addition, in express mode, bypassing the instrumental check of the brightness characteristics of laser targets, the operator of the instruments 12 and 13 of the measuring complex FIG. 1 determines the brightness data of a laser spot from a dry and wet SVP board and a superstructure of a protected ship and poses created by the KLOP emitter, using the same method, according to the principle of “more or less”; 3 FIG. 1. The MDM-2E product [18] “of a false laser target remote from the protected object” and reports to the test director.

In addition, the operator’s work boils down to the timely fixation of the inclusion of funds, the transition from mode to mode, control of data transfer to the measuring complex for subsequent analysis. Telemetry data transmission is also monitored.

Thus, a two-stage measurement of the physical fields of targets allows in static mode to check the operability of measuring instruments, to measure the optical and radar characteristics of targets, and to train operators. At the second stage, the characteristics of dynamically developing targets are measured - optical, created by a complex of optical interference KLOP, KVP shells, MDS aerosols, a change in optical characteristics when using SVP water curtains and radar targets created by KVP shells, a change in the reflection characteristics of the protected NK.

In express mode, bypassing the instrumental test on the principle of “more - less”, a radar station with a built-in attenuator checks the EPR of the ship — the shield, the shield — the jamming projectile, the ship — several shells. Also in the optical range (laser, television, thermal imaging, check the brightness marks

The result of the express analysis of the target position is the conclusion - do the electronic warfare and other ship protection loops have time to reach the mode with the given work efficiency for repelling RCC with combined GOS and missiles with hypersonic speeds.

Devices for implementing the method.

The multi-sensor station Euroflirt-410, developed by the French company Safran, was adopted as a prototype of the device [37]. The station is designed to carry out combat missions day and night, in all weather conditions, when conducting reconnaissance, surveillance and pointing weapons at targets. The devices were created using the latest technologies: a TV camera in the range 0.4-0.7 μm, a short-wave IR camera in the range 0.7-0.95 μm with an active backlight device for searching and identifying targets at long range with poor visibility, a short-wave infrared detector (0.95-1.7 microns) for image formation in conditions of poor visibility and detection of laser spots to illuminate targets on the battlefield; medium wavelength camera (3-5 microns); four laser modules for target illumination, target designation, range measurement with a range of up to 20 km. Standard interfaces provide communication with airborne and ground control stations.

The composition of devices for forming a target and phono-target environment is shown in FIG. 1.

In close-up, the target position of FIG. 1 consists of a protected NK with standard weapons, artillery shields, reference and reference reflectors and a measuring complex with radar and optical equipment. The equipment SEV, GLONASS, ORB is a common component.

The measuring stand consists of radar and optical parts, the instruments of which are located on the protected and on the measuring NK.

The composition of the radar part includes: Measuring radar based on a standard radar station located on a surface object or on the shore pos. 9 pic. 1 [12], protected by the Tax Code, pos. 1 of FIG. 1 with standard weapons - KVP with radar and optical shells pos. 4 [20, 35, 36], NUO pos. 5 of FIG. 1 [31], the reference and reference reflectors of FIG. 1 item 7 and artillery shields pos. 6 of FIG. 1.

The optical part includes: measuring equipment — laser range finder of FIG. 1 item 10, laser light pos. 11, night vision device (NVD) high sensitivity pos. 12 [14], low-level television camera (NTVK) pos. 13 [15, 16], thermal imager pos. 14, the DVR pos. 15, photo recorder pos. 16. On the protected NK of FIG. located: station for detecting laser radiation (SALT) pos. 2 [34], a complex of optical laser noise (CLOF) pos. 3 [19, 32, 33], KVP with optical and radar jamming shells pos. 4 [20, 36], water fire extinguishing system (SVP) pos. 5 [21], sea smoke bombs (MDS) pos. 5, artillery shields pos. 6, reference and reference reflectors pos. 7 [26]. Objects and measuring instruments are combined with SEV, GLONASS, GPS pos. 8 [17, 18]. Inaccessible control bodies are equipped with telemetric sensors. The fields of view of measuring instruments can be directed to one target or to several targets. The studied object, background and standard should fall into the field of view of the device.

An important issue in ensuring work on the formation of the target position is the collection of information on the readiness of funds, the transition time from one regime to another, and the time of effective action. So the time of effective action, for example, shells of radar and optical interference, is determined by the operators according to the established rules. The characteristics of laser noise are also determined. The expected values of the EPR and the brightness characteristics of the laser false targets, the operators determine at the first stage of testing, since they must be tied to the characteristics of the protected ship. Operators transmit the measurement results to the collection point. These operations are laborious and inefficient.

Chronometric control of operations such as a shot of an interfering projectile, discharge of an inflatable angle reflector - NUO, pressurization to a certain value and a number of other actions, including connecting other NK protection loops for qualitative and quantitative assessment of the target position, eliminating the human factor using telemetric sensors.

The order of the operators. The aim of the present invention is to reduce the sequence of actions of the operators of the instruments of the measuring complex, as well as the operators of the target position in the formation of the information resource of the target and phono-target environment of the landfill while practicing the tasks of protecting the surface ship from anti-ship missiles with combined GOS, taking into account the detection range and the flying time of missiles timely classification of GOS, physical and speed parameters of the target. The essence of the invention as a technical solution lies in the use of existing measuring and control tools, and the developed measurement visualization tools to determine the temporal deployment parameters of protected assets, analyze and generate commands for the operation of simulated enemy laser means from the measuring complex to the protected ship with SALT, then the time analysis and development of a solution, then the time of switching on the shot, discharged, emitting means or transferring them from the standby mode to the working one and measuring the physical fields of objects at the first (stationary) stage and fixing the changes in these fields at the second (dynamic) stage when the projectile fields are superimposed interference KVP, MDSH, SVP, NUO.

By installing optical filters of a certain spectral range in front of the lens, the operator of an optical measuring device achieves a threshold for detecting a target, a standard, and a background and obtains the measurement result by formula (3).

The operator of the measuring radar in the given sector finds the reference reflector, uses the attenuator knob to attenuates the signal to the detection threshold, records the attenuator, transfers the reference reflector to a lower EPR value by depositing a metallized grid on it [12], and also takes readings. The difference in attenuator readings in dB according to the graph of FIG. 2 corresponds to the ESR difference in square meters.

In addition to the considered option of instrumental verification of target characteristics in comparison with standards and reference reflectors when forming the target position, the option of “more or less” goals can be used to ensure that the level of signals from false targets exceeds the signals from the protected object. For example, the reflection of the laser illuminator signal from the side of the ship and the illumination signal of the false laser target by a complex of laser optical noise in relative units, the EPR of the ship and the EPR of the projectiles of radar jamming in square meters, the EPR of the ship and the EPR of the artillery shield.

Based on the analysis at the test site, operational measures can be taken to form the information resource of the target and phono-target environment, and proposals can be developed on the frequency of jamming during group and massive air raid.

The proposed techniques can be applied to test other ship protection loops. Monitoring of measures taken can be carried out remotely.

Sources of information

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Claims (1)

The method of forming a target position in express mode with a limited time of approach of anti-ship missiles with combined GOS, including a set of known devices for its implementation and visualization, which consists in a comparative assessment of the parameters of the protected ship, target and phono-target environment relative to the parameters of control objects and standards in the optical range by reducing the signal by attenuating filters to a threshold level, determining the contrast as the ratio of the attenuation indicators of the filters and in the radar range by reducing the signal by an attenuator built into cascades of intermediate frequency amplification circuits, not subjected to temporal gain control and calibrated on a logarithmic scale with the dB converted to the effective area scattering, up to a threshold level, and all objects of the target and phono-target environment, including false resettable, fired targets and autonomous jamming devices can be in the field o survey and instantaneous field of view of the measuring complex on the background of the sea surface or horizon, the results of measurements of the physical fields of objects, as well as marks of the single time service (CEB), positioning signals of the navigation service GLONASS, GPS are recorded on electronic (flash) memory with the subsequent ability to analyze and visualize the results of the work, characterized in that when the laser range finder or laser illuminator is switched on at the measuring complex for scheduled operation by the laser radiation detection station of the protected ship, the radiation is recorded and classified as a “signal” in the first case or “target in the threatened sector” in the second of identifying a “threat”, a command is developed (issued) to transfer the planned means of counteracting the protected ship from the daily or standby mode to the working one with fixing GLONASS, GPS and SEV data, all commands and responses of actuators and mechanisms included in the work plan, by transmitting working lines of communication and telemetry to the control point, on the measuring complex, determine the operating times of the equipment taking into account the approach of missiles with hypersonic speed, use a set of known devices, visualization devices (time of firing, launch time, formation time, effective time) and measure the physical fields of the created short-term false targets and determine their effect on the change in the physical fields of the protected ship in the range of combined GOS operations, develop proposals both for the frequency of setting renewable false targets when reflecting the estimated group or massive missile raid, and for adjusting the target position, background target environment to ensure that the level of signals from false targets exceeds the signals from the protected object, the development of requirements for electronic warfare equipment and other ship protection loops.

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