RU2725234C2 - Hydrodynamic treatment plant for contaminated water - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: water treatment.SUBSTANCE: invention is intended for decontamination and purification of water from microorganisms and substances dissolved in it. Proposed hydrodynamic unit comprises disinfection and cleaning unit consisting of pump and injector including confusor, cylindrical chamber and diffuser. Injector cylindrical chamber is connected to atmosphere through container, in which an electric charger and a UV light source—a bactericidal quartz lamp with wavelength of 150–308 nm and energy of ≥5.26 eV—are mounted.EFFECT: technical result consists in improvement of efficiency of hydrodynamic disinfection, simplification and cheapening of technology of cleaning and disinfection of contaminated water.9 cl, 1 dwg

Description

The invention relates to ecology and is intended to improve the efficiency of hydrodynamic disinfection and purification of contaminated water with oxygen-containing gas (CSG).

Known installations (US patents N3336564 and GDR N67370) for the purification and disinfection of water in special reactors in which water flows between high-voltage electrodes, and its disinfection and purification are carried out by shock wave, light radiation, thermochemical reactions that occur during the breakdown of a water stream.

A known installation (USSR author's certificate N389030) for cleaning and disinfecting water in a tank with an electric discharge, which is organized in atmospheric air passed through hollow electrodes immersed in treated contaminated water.

A known installation (USSR author's certificate N514548) for cleaning and disinfecting water with high-voltage discharges on the surface of the "atmospheric air + water" section.

A known installation (USSR author's certificate N1263643) for cleaning and disinfecting water with high-voltage electric discharges in the gap between the electrodes filled with water and atmospheric air, in which ozone, radicals H, OH, hydrogen and oxygen bubbles are formed.

The disadvantages of these plants are high energy consumption, low productivity, the duration of the treatment of contaminated water, low efficiency, because It takes a lot of energy and time to ensure mandatory contact of disinfecting oxygen molecules in the LHG with the molecules of pollutants in the treated contaminated water.

A known installation (patent RU No. 2136602,) purifying and disinfecting water with ozone generated from atmospheric air during electrical discharges between high-voltage electrodes and the surface of the water in the air gap (when water is supplied and air is sucked through the hollow current lead of the high-voltage electrode).

The disadvantage of this setup is the need:

- a large amount of ozone in the LHG (up to 25 mg of ozone per m ^{3 of} air) and a long time of disinfection and purification of water (several cycles of running water through the installation), because the reaction does not involve ozone O _{3 itself} , but its components (excited atomic O ^* and excited molecular O ₂ * oxygen), into which it slowly decomposes;

- prolonged and / or repeated treatment of water to achieve the required disinfecting and cleaning effect due to the small amount of excited atomic and molecular oxygen resulting from the self-decay of ozone.

Atmospheric air contains ~ 21% oxygen. In the upper layers of the atmosphere, rarefied to ~ 0.5 atmospheres (30-45 km above the Earth's surface), under the influence of solar UV rays, part of the oxygen is converted into ozone, whose O ₃ molecule consists of molecular O ₂ and atomic O oxygen, i.e. O ₃ = O ₃ + O. In the lower atmosphere, part of the oxygen is converted to ozone under the influence of lightning discharges.

Artificially, ozone is obtained from atmospheric air when exposed to a quiet (smoldering) electric high-voltage discharge in special devices (ozonizers) at atmospheric pressure and is used to disinfect rooms, disinfect and treat water.

Due to the fact that ozone self-decomposes slowly (several hours or days depending on temperature, pressure, environment, other factors), it takes a lot to treat contaminated water, because most of it is not used and enters the atmosphere, gradually dissolves in it, oxidizes substances in contact with it. Permissible concentration of ozone in the atmosphere is 0.1 mg / m ³ . Ozone is heavier than air, so it settles to the surface of the Earth, in high concentration it poses a great danger to health and oxidizing materials.

Obtaining a large amount of ozone for processing a large amount of water requires large material costs, because this requires a lot of electricity, powerful ozonation plants with complex generators and high-frequency electric current converters, large contact chambers, traps and neutralizers of unused ozone for its intended purpose.

и энергией hv≥5,26 эВ.Known methods for disinfecting objects (patents RU No. 2040935 from 08/15/1990 g and No. 2081843 from 09/11/1993 g), in which the surface of stationary solid objects is disinfected by blowing, and the stationary water in the tank by blowing (sparging) with atmospheric air at atmospheric pressure, with simultaneous irradiating it with UV rays with a wavelength

and energy hv≥5.26 eV.

When energetically pumping oxygen molecules of atmospheric air with UV rays, little ozone is formed, so it takes a lot of time to treat contaminated water with these methods, and they have not been used in the treatment of large volumes of water (wastewater of housing and communal services, industrial enterprises, livestock farms; natural water for use in everyday life, appliances, for drinking and cooking food; for irrigation in agriculture; for heating in housing and communal services; etc.).

The use of these methods for disinfecting and cleaning the flow of contaminated water is also practically impossible due to technical and manufacturing difficulties in cleaning the glass walls of UV light sources (quartz bactericidal lamps) that come into contact with the treated contaminated water and quickly lose transparency due to deposits on them the walls of pollutants from the treated water (deposits on the walls do not allow UV rays into the treated water and the plants cease to disinfect and purify the water). To apply these methods, additional devices and technologies are needed for continuous cleaning of the surface of the glass walls of quartz lamps from deposits, which is difficult and expensive.

Known hydrodynamic installations (patent RU No. 2611500, application No. 1982407/20 (00334) processing a fast-flowing stream of contaminated water in a disintegrator (injector) with KSG microbubbles with R≤100 μm in a monodisperse gas-liquid flow with special hydrodynamic characteristics ensuring contact of almost all oxygen molecules in CSG with all molecules of pollutants in the treated contaminated water.

The disadvantage of these hydrodynamic installations (GDU) is the need to use high-speed pumps of high power to obtain high pressure in the injector. In order to treat highly contaminated water (for example, with a pollution index of PZ≥1 g / l), pumps are required that create a pressure at the inlet of the injector P≥40 kg / cm ² (so as not to exceed the volumetric gas content δ _cm ≤0,4 of a monodisperse stream of a gas-liquid mixture in the injector and not cause a "projectile" flow stream with large gas bubbles that destroy the injector, instead of a monodisperse stream with micro bubbles R≤100 μm,), which greatly complicates and increases the cost of the GDU.

Known GDU (patent RU No. 2453505 of November 15, 2010, a prototype), which disinfects and purifies polluted water saturated with atmospheric air in two sequentially installed injectors, the confusers and cylindrical chambers of which increase the water flow rate until the static pressure in them is lower than atmospheric (up to emission of atmospheric air dissolved in water). At the same time, the required amount of oxygen-containing gas (for example, atmospheric air) is additionally supplied (sucked) into the cylindrical chambers of the injectors.

A disadvantage of the known GDU is the impossibility of its use for water with an indicator of contamination PZ≥0.2 g / l, because for disinfecting and purifying water in the injectors, it is necessary to have a monodisperse gas-liquid flow with a volumetric gas content of δ≤0.4. With greater pollution, a large amount of atmospheric air must be blown into the water (a large amount of oxygen is needed, which is ~ 21% in the air), therefore, the volumetric gas content of the flow in the cylindrical chambers of the injectors will be higher than the allowable (δ≥0.4), and the gas-liquid flow will turn from monodisperse in the "shell" (with large gas plugs), the technology of hydrodynamic disinfection and purification of contaminated water in the GDU will not be effective.

The well-known GDU cannot be used for disinfection and treatment of domestic, storm, natural, industrial water, as all of them have a PZ≥0.5 g / l, and for them it is necessary to use either pure gaseous oxygen or a working pump that creates the corresponding high water pressure (P≥40 kg / cm ² ) in front of the injector (increasing the degree of gas saturation of water and compressing bubbles released in the confuser and the cylindrical chamber of the air injector to a size that does not exceed the volumetric water content δ≤0.4, which is technically difficult and expensive).

As indicated above, the disinfection and purification of water is mainly carried out not by O ₃ ozone, and not O ₂ molecular oxygen, but the product of their self-decay is atomic oxygen O. Without UV rays, self-decay of ozone occurs slowly (in water up to several hours, in the atmosphere up to several days), therefore, most of it is emitted unused into the atmosphere, which in known installations, in addition to the cost of its manufacture in the necessary large amount, leads to additional costs and inconvenience in its control, capture, destruction.

The proposed GDU allows not only to reduce the amount of ozone necessary to obtain the required amount of efficiently and quickly oxidizing excited atomic and / or molecular oxygen (to eliminate the release of unused ozone into the atmosphere), but also to reduce the pressure of contaminated water in front of the injector (to reduce the volumetric gas content of the stream without using a pump high pressure and high power, and reduce the amount of electricity consumed by them), i.e. allows you to simplify and reduce the cost of disinfection and treatment of contaminated water.

In the proposed GDU, this is achieved by the fact that in the first block of disinfection and purification of contaminated water containing units with characteristics: a pump with a capacity of G = (5-5000) m ³ / h and a pressure of P = (50-125) m, an injector including a confuser , a cylindrical chamber and a diffuser in which the confuser is made having a narrowing angle β = (20 ± 5) °, a length L = (0.005-0.3) m, the diameter of the output section d = (0.013-0.3) m with the possibility of increasing water flow rates to W≥25 m / s with a decrease in static pressure to P = (0.6-0.8) ata and the release of air dissolved in water by microbubbles of radius R≤100 μm, a cylindrical chamber is made with a diameter of d = (0.013-0 , 3) m, length L = (5 ± 1) m, connected to the atmosphere with the possibility of increasing the water flow rate with decreasing static pressure to P = (0.3-0.2) ata and creating a monodisperse turbulent gas-liquid mixture flow, diffuser made with an expansion angle β = (12 ± 3) °, length L = (0.12-0.055) m with the possibility of reducing the flow rate with increasing st at a pressure of up to P> 1 ata with collapse and dissolution in water of atmospheric air released from it in the confuser, which disinfect and clean the contaminated water:

и энергией hv≥5,26 эВ для накачки квантами лучевой энергии молекул озона и преобразования их в возбужденный атомарный и/или молекулярный кислород;- the cylindrical chamber of the injector is connected to the atmosphere through a container in which are mounted: an electric discharger for pumping energy of atmospheric oxygen molecules and converting them into ozone molecules and a source of UV rays - a bactericidal quartz lamp with a wavelength

and an energy of hv≥5.26 eV for pumping the radiation energy of ozone molecules by quanta and converting them into excited atomic and / or molecular oxygen;

- a container for the manufacture of excited atomic and / or molecular oxygen is connected in parallel with an ozonizer;

- the cylindrical chamber of the injector is made with characteristics that provide the Reynolds criterion in the range of R _e = 1.7 × 10 ⁵ -7.2 × 10 ⁶ , the Weber criterion in the range of W _e = 2.4 × 10 ⁴ -1.9 × 10 ⁵ ;

- the inner surface of the vessel for the production of ozone and excited atomic and / or molecular oxygen is coated with a reflective material designed to reflect radiation energy quanta from a source of UV rays and use them to form ozone and convert it into excited atomic and / or molecular oxygen;

- a container for the production of ozone and excited atomic and / or molecular oxygen is connected through a controlled electrovalve, a pressure reducer, and a dispenser to an external source of compressed gaseous oxygen to increase the number of ozone and excited atomic and / or molecular oxygen molecules created in it and mounted directly in front of the cylindrical chamber injector;

- the ozonizer is configured to produce ozone from atmospheric air for a tank for converting ozone into excited atomic and / or molecular oxygen before blowing it into the cylindrical chamber of the injector and is connected in parallel through a controlled electrovalve, pressure reducer and dispenser to a source of compressed gaseous oxygen;

- in front of the pump intended for supplying contaminated water to the injector, a mixing tank of highly contaminated treated water with clean water is mounted;

- after the injector of the first block, a collection and degassing tank for the disinfection and purification of heavily contaminated water treated in the first block is sequentially mounted, and a second treatment block for this water, similar in composition to the first block and designed for the oxidation of pollutants and / or destruction of microorganisms, remaining in the water after its treatment in the first block;

- the tank with contaminated water is equipped with a water heater to a temperature of T (20-65) ° C before feeding it to the pump and then to the injector with the possibility of accelerating the chemical reactions of oxidation (destruction) of water pollutants by ozone and excited atomic and / or molecular oxygen during their contact.

The set of essential features of the proposed GDU is that the contaminated water flowing through the cylindrical chamber of the injector with low static pressure is disinfected and purified with a certain amount of excited atomic O ^* and excited molecular O ₂ * oxygen, obtained in a special chamber and blown into a cylindrical chamber with the creation of a special monodisperse gas-liquid flow in it, which eliminates:

- deposition of contaminants on the transparent surface of the glass walls of the source of UV rays (the bactericidal lamp in the GDU does not contact contaminated water);

- ozone release into the atmosphere (all specially made ozone is converted into excited atomic and molecular oxygen before it is fed into the polluted water stream, after which it is used in the injector).

(квантов света), получаемых от источника УФ-лучей (кварцевой бактерицидной лампы), который затем подают в цилиндрическую камеру инжектора.The proposed GDU increases the efficiency of hydrodynamic disinfection and purification of the polluted water stream by creating a monodisperse gas-liquid stream with a volumetric gas content of δ≤0.4 in the cylindrical chamber of the injector and blowing a special mixture of gases into it (atmospheric air + excited molecular and atomic oxygen). This mixture is made in a special container in front of the cylindrical chamber of the injector - first, intermediate ozone is produced (by energetically pumping atmospheric oxygen molecules with the energy of free electrons obtained in an electric discharge), after which the resulting ozone is converted (dissociated) into excited atomic and molecular oxygen by pumping its molecules with free energy electrons with hv≥5.26 eV and with a dyne wave

(light quanta) obtained from a source of UV rays (quartz bactericidal lamp), which is then fed into the cylindrical chamber of the injector.

The new properties of the proposed GDU are ensured by the use of a set of new technologies, by which the oxygen of atmospheric air is converted into a very effective oxidizer (first into ozone, then immediately into excited atomic and molecular oxygen) before being fed into the cylindrical chamber of the injector in a special container, which is mixed with atmospheric air is fed into the cylindrical chamber of the injector and the whole is used for the oxidation of pollutants.

In FIG. 1 presents a diagram of the proposed GDU, where:

1. Source of contaminated water (capacity).

2. Controlled solenoid valve for supplying contaminated water to the pump.

3. Pump for supplying contaminated water to the injector.

4. Injector confuser.

5. The cylindrical chamber of the injector.

6 Injector diffuser.

7. The capacity for collecting and degassing the gas-liquid mixture processed in the injector (capacity-degasser).

8. A controlled solenoid valve connecting the degasser to the atmosphere (or to the storage capacity of the evolved gases).

9. The capacity for the production of ozone and excited atomic and molecular oxygen.

10. A controlled solenoid valve for connecting an ozone manufacturing vessel to the atmosphere.

11. Electric discharge.

12. The power source of the electric discharge.

13. Switch-disconnector for power supply of electric discharge.

14. The ozonizer.

15. Ozonator power supply.

16. On-switch power supply ozonator.

17. Source of compressed gaseous oxygen.

18. A controlled solenoid valve for connecting a source of compressed gaseous oxygen with a capacity for producing excited atomic and molecular oxygen.

19. A pressure regulator for supplying compressed gaseous oxygen to the manufacturing capacity of excited atomic and molecular oxygen.

20. Dispenser for the supply of gaseous oxygen to the container for the production of excited atomic and molecular oxygen.

21. A controlled solenoid valve connecting the capacity of the production of ozone with a cylindrical chamber

22. Dispenser for supplying a gas mixture of air, ozone, oxygen into a cylindrical chamber.

23. Source of UV rays (bactericidal quartz lamp).

24. Power switch on / off UV source.

25. Consumer of treated water.

26. Operated solenoid valve for the supply of treated water to the consumer.

27. Source of atmospheric air.

28. A controlled solenoid valve for supplying ozone to the production capacity of excited oxygen.

29. The pipeline supplying a mixture of atmospheric air, ozone, oxygen into the cylindrical chamber of the injector.

30. Operated solenoid valve for air supply to the ozonizer.

31. A controlled solenoid valve for supplying compressed gaseous oxygen to the ozonizer.

32. Pressure reducer for compressed gaseous oxygen to the ozonizer.

33. Dispenser supply compressed gaseous oxygen to the ozonizer.

Contaminated water is supplied from source 1 to the proposed GDU, which contains sequentially mounted: controlled electrovalve 2; pump 3; confuser 4 injectors; a cylindrical chamber 5 of the injector; injector diffuser 6; a degassing tank 7 for collecting the gas-liquid mixture processed in the injector for separating from it and removing gases into the atmosphere; controlled electrovalve 8 connecting the collection tank and degassing 7 with the atmosphere. The entrance to the cylindrical chamber 5 of the injector is connected by a pipe 29 through a controlled electrovalve 21 and a dispenser 22 with a capacity 9 for producing ozone and excited atomic and molecular oxygen, the entrance to which is connected through a controlled electrovalve 10 with a source of atmospheric air 27, and (if necessary, for highly contaminated water) through a controlled solenoid valve 18, a pressure reducer 19, a dispenser 20 with a source of compressed oxygen gas 17. The electric discharger 11 is connected via an on-off switch 13 to an electric power source 12, and is mounted inside the tank 9, in which ozone is produced using it. The ozonizer 14 is connected through an on / off switch 16 to a power source 15, the ozone output from it must be mounted (as indicated in Fig. 1) inside the tank 9. The electric wires of the electric discharge 11 are fixed in the walls of the tank 9 (pass through these walls) on the insulators.

The ozonizer 14 and the vessel 9 for the production of excited atomic and molecular oxygen are connected in parallel (separately, through autonomous controlled electro-valves, dispensers, pressure reducers) with a source of atmospheric air and with a source of compressed gaseous oxygen.

The source of UV rays 23 (quartz bactericidal lamps) is connected through a switch-on switch 24 to a power source 12, and can be installed both inside and outside the tank 9. When installing the source of UV rays 23 from the outside of the tank 9 (as indicated on Fig. 1), its walls must be made transparent (for example, from quartz glass.

The layout and design of the GDU, the characteristics and dimensions of the working pump 3 and the injector, the flow rate and pressure of the injector supplied to the cylindrical chamber 5 from the tank 9 of a mixture of atmospheric air with excited oxygen atoms and molecules, the flow rate and pressure of gaseous oxygen supplied to the chamber 9 from an external source 17 ( for example, from a cylinder), the flow rate and pressure of the atmospheric air supplied to the chamber 9, the hydrodynamic parameters of the gas-liquid flow along the length of the confuser 4, the cylindrical chamber 5, the confuser 6, are calculated using an integrated system of physical and mathematical dependencies developed on the basis of the results of scientific and technical studies authors, they check and adjust during hydro-spillage of gas-distributing units with imitation of specific operating conditions of gas-distributing units and specific contaminated water (according to the TOR of the Customers, in each case, in relation to local operating conditions of gas-distributing units), then experimentally confirm with hydraulic tests.

The necessity of using in the proposed GDU a container 7 for collecting and degassing a gas-liquid mixture processed in an injector (a degasser tank), its volume, the exposure time of this mixture in it until it is completely separated into liquid and gases, is assigned (according to the TOR of the Customer) from the conditions of use of the GDU to specific contaminated water and its subsequent use after treatment (discharge to natural storage facilities, pumping to a long-term storage tank for subsequent use in industry and / or agriculture, for re-treatment, etc.).

The proposed GDU works as follows.

Before the operation of the GDU, the controlled electro-valves 2,8, 10, 18, 21, 30, 31 are closed, the on-off switches 13, 16, 24 are disconnected from the electric power sources 12 and 15, the electric discharge 11, the ozonizer 14, and the bactericidal UV lamp 23.

Before starting work, open the solenoid valve 2 and from source 1, contaminated water enters the working pump 3. Pump 3 with the required pressure and flow rate supplies contaminated water to the injector.

At the same time, the electrovalves 8, 10, 18, 21, 28 are opened, atmospheric air is supplied to the container 9 with the required flow rate and pressure (gaseous oxygen from the source 17, through the controlled electrovalve 18 and gearbox 19, if necessary, ozone through the controlled electrovalve 28, if necessary), they discharge air into the atmosphere from the collection and degassing tank 7, close the switches 13, 16, 24 and supply electricity to the arrester 11, ozonizer 14, and the source of UV rays 23.

When a stream of contaminated water passes through confuser 4, the static pressure in it (before exiting it) decreases to (0.6-0.8) ata, i.e. below atmospheric, the air dissolved in it (microbubbles with R≤100 μm) is released from the water, the cylindrical chamber 5 “draws” into itself from the tank 9 a mixture of atmospheric air with the excited oxygen atoms and molecules created in it in the required amount, and in it ( in a cylindrical chamber 5) a monodisperse turbulent gas-liquid flow is created with micro bubbles R≤100 μm, Reynolds criteria in the range R _e = 1.7 × 10 ⁵ -7.2 × 10 ⁶ , Weber in the range W _e = 2.4 × 10 ⁴ -1.9 × 10 ⁵ .

While the oxygen molecules are between the electrodes of the electric discharge 11, they are affected by electrons from the electric discharge 11, which energetically pump them and turn them into ozone and partially into excited atomic and molecular oxygen. For slightly polluted water (PZ ≤1 g / l), an electric discharge 11 and ozone formed from atmospheric air with a small amount of excited atomic and molecular oxygen may be sufficient. For highly polluted water (PZ≥1 g / l), it may be necessary to transfer all ozone generated from atmospheric air to excited atomic and molecular oxygen (or to add pure oxygen from source 17 and ozone from ozonizer 14 to atmospheric air from source 27). This is determined and calculated in each case according to the TOR of the Customers, with regard to the contamination of the treated water, the degree of its purification, local conditions, the type of water use after treatment in the GDU.

и диссоциируют (разлагаются) на возбужденные молекулы и атомы кислорода тоже в основных состояниях, причем в непосредственной близости от обрабатываемой в цилиндрической камере 5 загрязненной воды, после чего практически сразу подаются через электроклапан 21 и дозатор 22 в цилиндрическую камеру 5 инжектора (в поток загрязненной воды) и используются по назначению.Ozone and oxygen in the container 9 are exposed to UV rays of a bactericidal quartz lamp 23, which are energetically additionally pumped with their radiant energy before decomposition into excited atomic oxygen O ^* and excited molecular oxygen O ₂ ^* . Ozone molecules in the ground state of O ₃ ('A) receive an energy of h≥5.26 eV in the form of light quanta with a dyne wave

and dissociate (decompose) into excited molecules and oxygen atoms also in the ground states, moreover, in the immediate vicinity of the contaminated water processed in the cylindrical chamber 5, after which they are supplied almost immediately through the electrovalve 21 and dispenser 22 into the cylindrical chamber 5 of the injector (into the stream of contaminated water ) and are used as intended.

и энергией hv≥5,26 эВ в возбужденный атомарный О^* и молекулярный О₂ ^* кислород, т.е. происходит реакция О₃+hv→О^*+О₂ ^*.In the proposed GDU, the required small amount of O ₃ ozone is obtained directly in front of the cylindrical chamber 5, in a container 9 with a transparent wall, and in it (in a container 9) it is immediately converted by light quanta (from a quartz lamp 23) with a wavelength

and energy hv≥5.26 eV into excited atomic O ^* and molecular O ₂ ^* oxygen, i.e. the reaction occurs O ₃ + hv → O ^* + O ₂ ^* .

, и hv), атомарный и молекулярный кислород может быть возбужден до различных уровней - O('S), O('D), O₂('Δg), О₂('ε⁺g), О₂(³ε⁺ v). Радиационное разрушение (диссоциация) озона происходит при поглощении энергии в полосах Шаппюи и Гегинса, но наиболее интенсивно оно происходит при длине волны квантов света

(меньше так называемой D-границы). При этом происходит реакция О₃('А) + hv→О₂('Δq)+O('D), а при длине волны квантов света

- реакция О₃('А)+hv→О₂('∑⁺q)+O('D).A small energy of 1.09 eV is spent on the dissociation of the O ₃ molecule of ozone, the rest of the energy of the absorbed quanta goes to the excitation of the resulting particles - atomic oxygen O and molecular oxygen O ₂ . Depending on the characteristics of the radiation (

, and hv), atomic and molecular oxygen can be excited to various levels - O ('S), O (' D), O ₂ ('Δg), O ₂ (' ε ⁺ g), O ₂ ( ³ ε ⁺ v ) Radiation destruction (dissociation) of ozone occurs when energy is absorbed in the Chappuis and Hegins bands, but it occurs most intensively at a wavelength of light quanta

(smaller than the so-called D-boundary). In this case, the reaction О ₃ ('А) + hv → О ₂ (' Δq) + O ('D) takes place, and at a wavelength of light quanta

- reaction О ₃ ('А) + hv → О ₂ (' ∑ ⁺ q) + O ('D).

который уменьшен до 0,4 при

поэтому облучать озон квантами света с длиной волны

нецелесообразно. Имеющиеся в воздухе (в емкости 9) молекулы нормального кислорода О₂ под действием радиации (УФ-лучей) тоже переходят в возбужденное состояние и диссоциируют на атомы, которые тоже переходят в возбужденное состояние.The quantum yield of the reaction is unity at

which is reduced to 0.4 at

therefore irradiate ozone with light quanta with a wavelength

impractical. Molecules of normal oxygen O ₂ present in the air (in tank 9) under the influence of radiation (UV rays) also go into an excited state and dissociate into atoms, which also go into an excited state.

а при

(в полюсах Шумана-Рунге) радиация создает уже возбужденные атомы кислорода, поэтому облучать атомы кислорода квантами света длиной волны

не обязательно, т.к. они достаточно возбуждены энергией УФ-облучения в диапазоне

При этом на диссоциацию молекулы кислорода расходуется 5,115 эВ, а на возбуждение атомов кислорода - 1,96 эВ.The dissociation of an oxygen molecule into atoms occurs when energy is absorbed at the poles of the Hertzberg, i.e. at a wavelength of light quanta

and when

(at the poles of Schumann-Runge) radiation creates already excited oxygen atoms, therefore, irradiate oxygen atoms with light wavelength quanta

not necessarily, because they are sufficiently excited by the energy of UV radiation in the range

In this case, 5.115 eV is spent on the dissociation of the oxygen molecule, and 1.96 eV on the excitation of oxygen atoms.

Excited O ^* oxygen atoms and O ₂ ^* oxygen molecules (an electron is in a higher orbit) are very active oxidizing agents and quickly destroy harmful microflora in water, and they oxidize (“burn”) the organics and other polluting chemicals in it. Compared to water treatment with O ₃ ozone, the rate of its treatment with excited O ^* and O ₂ ^* ~ is more than 100 times faster, i.e. it is enough to act on the contaminated water in the cylindrical chamber 5 of the injector with excited O ^* and O ₂ ^* almost one second (the degree of disinfection and purification of contaminated water depends on the characteristics of the monodisperse flow of the gas-liquid mixture through the cylindrical chamber 5, its length, degree of water pollution, the number of excited O ^* and O ₂ ^* oxygen, which are determined by calculations and confirmed by hydraulic tests of the GDU).

All transformations of oxygen and ozone molecules occur in fractions of a second. In tank 9 there is no contaminated water and low pressure, so they are not consumed and quickly (in ≤0.1 s) enter the cylindrical chamber 5, where in the form of microbubbles with R≤100 μm they are contacted with polluting molecules for ≤0.5 s substances and organics in the water, disinfect, cleanse, discolor it (consumed for its intended purpose), and are not released into the atmosphere.

Molecules and oxygen atoms from an excited (active) state (if they did not enter the oxidation reaction with molecules of impurities and organics in water) return to their normal state after ≤0.9 s due to the radiation of thermal energy when the electron returns to its normal orbit (water temperature it increases by ~ 1 ° C). As a result, not only improves and accelerates the purification and disinfection of water, but also eliminates the release of ozone into the atmosphere.

In the cylindrical chamber 5 of the injector, water is mixed with microbubbles of atmospheric air (with excited atoms and oxygen molecules), dissolved and suspended impurities in water enter into rapid chemical interaction with them, oxidation of iron, manganese, hydrogen sulfide, organic impurities, discoloration and disinfection of water. As a result of iron oxidation, iron hydroxide Fe (OH) _{3 is formed} , which, when formed and coagulated, is a powerful sorbent and removes heavy metal ions, organic substances, and microbes from water. In the cylindrical chamber 5 of the proposed GDU, the process of purification and disinfection of water is carried out under the influence of a large number of factors, therefore its effectiveness is high and energy consumption is negligible.

A small amount of ozone is required in the proposed GDU, as it completely dissociates into excited atomic and molecular oxygen, which is completely used for purification and disinfection of water (it is not emitted into the atmosphere, it does not need to be trapped and neutralized), which in turn not only reduces the dimensions of the cylindrical chamber 5, energy consumption, facilitates operation, simplifies disinfection and water purification technology, but also simplifies safety procedures.

Under the influence of electric discharges of electric discharger 11 and UV rays of a bactericidal quartz lamp 23, not only ozone from atmospheric air and excited molecular and atomic oxygen from ozone are generated by energy pumping in tank 9, but also electrons, ions, OH ^- radicals, various peroxides and nitrous oxides hydrogen. In a cylindrical chamber 5, small gas microbubbles of air containing energetically pumped excited atoms and oxygen molecules are mixed with contaminated water, which quickly interact with impurities on the contact surface of microbubbles with contaminated water, oxidation of iron, manganese, hydrogen sulfide, organic impurities occurs those. discoloration and water purification. The resulting substances precipitate, which is removed from the water by known methods.

Microbubbles of atmospheric air dissolved in water, which are released from water in the confuser 4 and in the cylindrical chamber 5 (with a decrease in the static pressure in the flow), “collapse” in the diffuser 6 (when the static pressure increases in it due to a decrease in the flow rate), i.e. . microbubbles dissolve in water again. In the places of this “collapse” high pressure (P≥500 kg / cm ² ) and temperature (Т≥700 ° С) are formed, which not only speed up chemical reactions in a monodisperse gas-liquid stream by several orders of magnitude, but also mechanically destroy microorganisms (disinfect water ), decompose the remaining ozone (all oxidative reactions in the cylindrical chamber 5 and the diffuser 6 occur in a split second).

For high-quality treatment of little polluted water in a cylindrical chamber of 5 known GDUs with undissociated ozone mixed with atmospheric air, ozone is required 10–25 times more than when it is forced to dissociate into excited atomic and molecular oxygen in the proposed GDU, because It is not ozone itself that chemically interacts with pollutants, but excited atomic and molecular oxygen, into which ozone independently decomposes slowly. In the proposed GDU, all manufactured (the required smaller) amount of ozone in the tank 9 is forcibly decomposed and converted to a more efficient excited atomic and molecular oxygen, which greatly simplifies and reduces the cost of disinfection and purification of slightly polluted water (enough ozone obtained by blowing atmospheric air through a flare discharge of electric current (electric discharger 11) from a source with a voltage of 220-350 volts and with an industrial frequency of 50 Hz, without the use of special generators, high-frequency converters, oxygen concentrators, i.e. without an ozonizer).

For high-quality treatment of highly contaminated water, additional pure oxygen may be required, which is supplied:

- into the container 9 from the source 17 through a controlled electrovalve 18, a pressure reducer 19, a dispenser 20, from which the required amount of transitional ozone and / or immediately excited atomic and molecular oxygen is obtained (without the use of a complex and expensive ozonizer);

- and / or to the ozonizer 14 from the source 17 through a controlled solenoid valve 31, a pressure reducer 32, a dispenser 33, in which the required amount of transitional ozone is obtained (if it is needed more in the tank 9).

The volume of the container 9, the flow rate and pressure of the supply of atmospheric air and pure oxygen into it, are calculated and provided depending on the contamination and the flow rate of water through the cylindrical chamber 5, and the tank 9 is mounted as close as possible to the chamber 5 (directly on the cylindrical chamber 5) so that excited atomic and molecular oxygen did not disappear before being blown into chamber 5.

The gas-liquid mixture processed in the confuser 4, the cylindrical chamber 5, the diffuser 6 enters the collection tank 7 (degasser), and then it is used by the consumer 25 through the controlled electrovalve 26 as intended (for discharge into natural storages, for irrigation in agriculture, for pumping the tank long-term storage for the purpose of further use for technical needs, for drinking and cooking foods, etc.).

When using the proposed GDU for disinfection and purification of heavily contaminated water (for example, with a pollution index PZ≥2 g / l), it (GDU) is made in the following options:

- or with an additional tank in front of the pump 3, designed to mix heavily contaminated water with pure water in a proportion that ensures the presence of contaminants in the mixture, the oxidation of which creates a corresponding amount of ozone and excited atomic and molecular oxygen in tank 9;

- or with an additional sequentially mounted after the injector collecting and degassing tank 7 and a second disinfection and water treatment unit, similar in units and characteristics to the first unit (pump + injector), designed for additional disinfection and post-treatment to the standards of Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance of water after the first unit, which after the additional unit processing in the second block of the GDU is used in industry, agriculture, dumped into natural reservoirs.

The efficiency of the GDU depends on the temperature of the polluted water - lowering its temperature by every 10 ° C slows down the time of chemical reactions of oxygen oxidation of organics and dissolved substances in it by 2-3 times (the transition of electrons from atoms of some substances to atoms of others, Glinka N.L. General chemistry, 1965), therefore, the known GDUs have long injectors (to increase the contact time of substances present in the effluents with self-decomposing ozone).

To accelerate the oxidation reactions of dissolved and suspended pollutants, highly contaminated water (or its mixture with pure water) in the proposed GDU can be heated to a temperature T = (20-65) ° С with any type of heaters (in the form of an indirect flow heat exchanger with a hot working fluid, direct electric heater, in the form of mirrors focusing the reflected sunlight on a container with contaminated water, etc.).

The choice of the optimal design option for the GDU, the amount of dilution of heavily contaminated water with pure water, the heating temperature of this mixture, the pressure of the gas-liquid mixture at the inlet to the confuser 4, is made in each case in relation to the characteristics of the treated and diluting water, local conditions, and the Customer's specifications, and coordinate with him.

The flow rate of supplying atmospheric air to the tank 9, the addition of pure oxygen and / or ozone to it, the pressure of their mixture in the tank 9, the power of the electric discharge, ozonizer, UV-ray source, and contaminated water heater are determined and calculated in each specific case with respect to the performance of the gas-pressure generator , temperature and contamination of the source treated water, the required degree of disinfection and purification, the type of water used after treatment in the hydraulic control unit, and other requirements of the technical specifications (TK) of the Customers.

If the water is slightly contaminated, it is necessary to mix it with clean water, supply oxygen from the source 17 to the tank 9, use an ozonator 14, heat the contaminated water before it is supplied to the pump 3, it may not be necessary (especially in the second block for the post-treatment of the contaminated water in first block).

The proposed technologies and GDU can be used for disinfection and purification of water contaminated with dissolved salts (up to desalination of sea water), which the authors continue to work on.

Claims (9)

1. Hydrodynamic installation for the treatment of contaminated water, containing a disinfection and purification unit, consisting of a pump with a capacity of G = (5-5000) m ³ / h and a pressure of P = (50-125) m, an injector including a confuser, a cylindrical chamber and a diffuser, in which the confuser is made having a narrowing angle B = (20 ± 5) °, a length L = (0.05-0.3) m, an outlet cross section diameter d = (0.013-0.3) m with the possibility of increasing the water flow rate to W≥25 m / s with a decrease in static pressure to P = (0.6-0.8) ata and the release of air dissolved in water by microbubbles of radius R≤100 μm, and the cylindrical chamber is made with a diameter of d = (0.013-0.3 ) m, length L = (5 ± 1) m, connected to the atmosphere with the possibility of increasing the flow rate of water with decreasing static pressure to P = (0.3-0.2) at and creating a monodisperse turbulent flow of gas-liquid mixture, the diffuser is made with expansion angle β = (12 ± 3) °, length L = (0.12-0.055) m with the possibility of decreasing the flow velocity with increasing static pressure in a flow up to P> 1 ata with the collapse and dissolution in water of microbubbles of atmospheric air released from it in a confuser, characterized in that the cylindrical chamber of the injector is connected to the atmosphere through a container in which are mounted: an electric discharger for pumping energy of atmospheric oxygen molecules and converting them in ozone molecules; and a source of UV rays - a bactericidal quartz lamp with a wavelength of λ = (1500-3080)

and energy hν≥5.26 eV for pumping the radiation energy of ozone molecules by quanta and converting them into excited atomic and / or molecular oxygen. 2. The hydrodynamic installation according to claim 1, characterized in that the container with an electric discharge and a bactericidal quartz lamp through which the cylindrical chamber of the injector is connected to the atmosphere is connected in parallel to the ozonizer to increase the number of ozone molecules in the atmospheric air supplied to the tank when processed in a cylindrical chamber injector heavily contaminated water. 3. The hydrodynamic installation according to claim 1, characterized in that the cylindrical chamber of the injector is made with characteristics that provide the Reynolds criterion in the range of R _e = 1.7 × 10 ⁵ -7.2 × 10 ⁶ , the Weber criterion in the range of W _e = 2 , 4 × 10 ⁴ -1.9 × 10 ⁵ . 4. The hydrodynamic installation according to claim 1, characterized in that the inner surface of the vessel for manufacturing ozone and excited atomic and molecular oxygen is coated with a reflective material designed to reflect radiation energy quanta from a source of UV rays and use them to form ozone and convert it into excited atomic and molecular oxygen. 5. The hydrodynamic installation according to claim 1, characterized in that the capacity for the production of ozone and excited atomic and / or molecular oxygen is connected through a controlled electrovalve, a pressure reducer, and a dispenser to an external source of compressed gaseous oxygen to increase the number of ozone and excited molecules created in it atomic and / or molecular oxygen and mounted directly in front of the cylindrical chamber of the injector. 6. The hydrodynamic installation according to claim 2, characterized in that the ozonizer is configured to receive ozone from atmospheric air for a tank for converting ozone into excited atomic and / or molecular oxygen before blowing it into the cylindrical chamber of the injector and is connected in parallel through a controlled electrovalve, a pressure reducer and a dispenser with a source of compressed gaseous oxygen. 7. The hydrodynamic installation according to claim 1, characterized in that in front of the pump designed to supply contaminated water to the injector, a mixing tank for mixing heavily contaminated treated water with clean water is mounted. 8. The hydrodynamic installation according to claim 1, characterized in that after the injector of the first block, a collection tank of the water treated in the first disinfection and purification unit for heavily contaminated water is sequentially mounted, and a second processing unit of this water, similar in composition to the units and their characteristics to the first block, and intended for the oxidation of pollutants and / or the destruction of microorganisms remaining in the water after its treatment in the first block. 9. The hydrodynamic installation according to claim 1, characterized in that the container with contaminated water is equipped with a water heater to a temperature of T (20-65) ° C before feeding it to the pump and then to the injector with the possibility of accelerating the chemical reactions of oxidation (destruction) of water pollutants ozone and excited atomic and / or molecular oxygen during their contact.

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