RU2725127C1 - Building heating and conditioning method and device - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: heat exchange.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to heat engineering, and more specifically to a method and apparatus for heating and conditioning premises of a building in a wide range of ambient air temperatures. In the method of heating and conditioning a building using heat sources and heat pumps containing internal and external units, outdoor units of heat pumps are placed in rooms heated with heat sources, and indoor units are placed in air-conditioned rooms. Automatically maintained normalized air temperature in all rooms by transferring heat from rooms, which are heated by heat sources, to conditioned rooms by means of internal units of heat pumps. In case of heat excess in air-conditioned rooms, for example, in summer period, internal units automatically switch to cooling mode, and heat removed by them is transmitted if necessary to other conditioned rooms or heat is transmitted through external units to rooms with external units, providing reduced load on heat sources and reducing fuel and/or electric power consumption, wherein in rooms with outdoor units in summer period optimum temperature is maintained by using ventilation system with controlled air exchange rate by means of air automatic valves, opening degree of which is changed depending on ambient air temperature, which makes it possible to use heat pumps for building heating due to ambient heat. Method is implemented in the building heating and conditioning device including heat sources, heating devices, heat pipelines and heat pumps containing internal and external units. Inner units of heat pumps are located in air-conditioned rooms, and external units of heat pumps are located in rooms, having heating devices equipped with regulators of internal air temperature, connected by heat lines with heat sources, and/or heat generators with temperature controllers operating on hydrocarbon fuel or electric power. Premises accommodating external units of heat pumps are equipped with ventilation systems, which are additionally equipped with devices for regulation of air exchange rate consisting of air automatic valves with drives of proportional or position action, connected to control unit and internal and external air temperature sensors.

EFFECT: technical result is reduction of capital costs, fuel saving, high efficiency and reliability of year-round operation of heating and air conditioning systems in areas with low ambient air temperatures.

2 cl, 1 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of power engineering, and more specifically, to a method and apparatus for heating and conditioning buildings. The invention is intended to ensure year-round maintenance of normalized meteorological conditions in the served area of premises of residential, public, administrative and industrial buildings of enterprises in the Arctic, Antarctica, Far North and in areas with sharply continental climate.

The priority areas of application of the invention are located in the Arctic and Antarctica, in the regions of the Far North and the Far East, enterprises of mining, fishing, processing, scientific and defense organizations, ministries and departments. However, the invention can be used with high economic effect and in areas with a temperate climate.

Known are traditional methods of heating residential, public and administrative buildings and industrial enterprises based on the use of heat sources, for example, heating boilers using hydrocarbon energy sources as an energy source, such as gas, diesel or solid fuel, or heat generators powered by electricity or on hydrocarbon fuels.

Traditional building heating devices are also known, including heat sources, heating devices, for example, water batteries, and heat pipes connecting them to the heating system (SNiP 41-01-2003 “Heating, ventilation and air conditioning”).

The disadvantage of the traditional method of heating and devices for its implementation are high capital and operating costs, high fuel consumption and high metal consumption.

The prior art method of heating and air conditioning the premises of residential, public and administrative buildings and industrial enterprises, based on the use of heat pumps, for example, a multi-zone air conditioning system with variable refrigerant flow (VRF) based on a steam compression refrigeration machine with an outdoor unit, which allow outside air and several indoor units to provide heat recovery while simultaneously operating part of the indoor units for cooling, and the other part for heating in the heat pump mode (S.V. Brukh, “Justified selection of three-pipe VRF air conditioning systems”, Plumbing Heating Air conditioning, No. 5, 2004). There is information on the VRF systems on the market (http://www.fuji.su/catalog/12.php). In systems of this type, as a result of heat transfer (recovery) from air-conditioned refrigerated rooms to air-conditioned heated rooms, a significant reduction in energy costs occurs. However, the known heat pumps, in particular multizone air conditioning systems, have a serious drawback: their efficiency decreases with lowering the temperature of the outside air, and at outside temperatures below minus 20 ° C they become inoperative.

There is a method of simultaneous heating and cooling of premises by starting an electric energy by a battery, a switch, a capacitive heat to electric energy converter and a heat pump, in which the heat is energized by means of a capacitor converter, as well as by the fact that when operating in heating mode, the capacitive converter is moved outside the heated premises. (RU 2.326.289 “Method and device for heating and cooling by the warmth of the environment based on the phenomena of self-organization”, IPC F24D 15/04, publ. 10.06.2008).

However, the disadvantage of this method is the structural complexity, due primarily to the need to move the capacitive converter in the heating mode outside the heated room.

There is also a known method of operation of an air conditioning system made according to the scheme of a multi-zone air conditioning system based on a steam compression refrigeration machine with an outdoor unit through which external air is passed, and indoor units, including heat recovery while simultaneously operating part of the indoor units for cooling in the air conditioning mode, and another parts - for heating in the heat pump mode, at which the air temperature is maintained at the inlet to the outdoor unit by passing part of the exhaust air leaving the outdoor unit to the entrance to the outdoor unit and mixed with the outdoor air. At the same time, the outdoor units are additionally equipped with two-chamber heat-insulating casings with a bypass channel, adjustable dampers, air temperature sensors, heating elements (Patent RU 2395041, “Method of operation of a multi-zone air conditioning system and multi-zone air conditioning system”, IPC F24F 12/00, published on July 20, 2010 ) By the number of matching essential features, this method is a prototype of a technical solution according to the invention.

The disadvantage of this method is the need to equip commercially available air conditioning units with additional devices, which increases capital and operating costs.

Another disadvantage of the prototype, like all known multi-zone air conditioning systems, is the inability to start at very low temperatures without additional devices and a fixed limit of low temperatures (for example, not lower than minus 50 ° C), which guarantees continuous operation of the system.

The technical task of the proposed method is to eliminate these disadvantages.

The technical result is the provision of air conditioning in a wide range of ambient temperatures, including low negative temperatures up to values of several tens of degrees Celsius.

The solution of the technical task and the achievement of the desired result are ensured by the fact that in the method of heating and conditioning a building by using heat sources and heat pumps containing indoor and outdoor units, the outdoor units of the heat pumps are placed in rooms heated by heat sources, and the indoor units are placed in air-conditioned rooms, they automatically maintain the normalized air temperature in all rooms by transferring heat from rooms that are heated by heat sources to air-conditioned rooms by means of indoor units of heat pumps, and in case of excess heat in air-conditioned rooms, for example, in summer, indoor units are automatically switched to cooling mode, and if necessary, heat transferred by them is transferred to other air-conditioned rooms or heat is transferred through outdoor units to rooms with outdoor units, providing a reduction in the load on the heat sources and reducing fuel consumption and / or electricity. In summer, in rooms with outdoor units, the optimum temperature is maintained by using a ventilation system with adjustable air exchange rates using automatic air valves, the degree of opening of which varies depending on the outdoor temperature, which allows the use of heat pumps to heat the building due to the heat of the environment.

A multi-zone air conditioning system with heat recovery based on a steam compression refrigeration machine is known, including an outdoor unit with an air heat exchanger, to which indoor units are connected via mode switching devices with the possibility of simultaneous operation in various rooms for cooling and heating in the heat pump mode. The outdoor unit with an air heat exchanger is placed in the casing with the formation of the inlet and outlet chambers and the bypass channel. Adjustable dampers are installed in the input and output windows of the casing and in the bypass channel, and air temperature sensors are installed in the input and output chambers, which are connected to the input of the control unit, the output of which is connected to the actuators of the dampers. (Patent RU 2395041, “Method of operation of a multi-zone air conditioning system and multi-zone air conditioning system”, IPC F24F 12/00, published on July 20, 2010).

A disadvantage of the known system is that it is not intended to provide air conditioning at temperatures below -30 ° C.

An object of the invention is to overcome this drawback.

The technical result of the invention is to create a structurally simple air conditioning system for the efficient use of energy for air conditioning, both at positive values of the outside temperature and at negative outside temperatures below -30 ° C.

The reason for the advisability of using the proposed method of heating and air conditioning of the building and the proposed heating and conditioning device of the building is the need to equip scientific, mining, industrial, processing and defense industries with reliable and economical heating and air conditioning systems in the Arctic and Antarctic regions, including those with record highs low temperatures: to which indoor units are connected via a mode switching device with the possibility of simultaneous operation in various rooms for cooling and heating in the heat pump mode. The outdoor unit with an air heat exchanger is placed in the casing with the formation of the inlet and outlet chambers and the bypass channel. Adjustable dampers are installed in the input and output windows of the casing and in the bypass channel, and air temperature sensors are installed in the input and output chambers, which are connected to the input of the control unit, the output of which is connected to the actuators of the dampers. (Patent RU 2395041, “Method of operation of a multi-zone air conditioning system and multi-zone air conditioning system”, IPC F24F 12/00, published on July 20, 2010).

A disadvantage of the known system is that it is not designed to provide air conditioning at temperatures below -30 ° C.

An object of the invention is to overcome this drawback.

The technical result of the invention is to create a structurally simple air conditioning system that provides efficient use of energy for air conditioning purposes, both at positive values of the outside temperature and at negative outside temperatures below -30 ° C.

The technical problem and the result are achieved as a result of the fact that in the heating and air conditioning device of the building, including heat sources, heaters, heat pipes and heat pumps containing indoor and outdoor units, indoor units of heat pumps are located in air-conditioned rooms, and outdoor units of heat pumps placed in rooms with heating devices connected by heat pipes to heat sources and / or heat generators operating on hydrocarbon fuels or on electricity, and the rooms in which the outdoor units of the heat pumps are located are equipped with ventilation systems, which are supplemented by devices for regulating the rate of air exchange, consisting of automatic air valves with proportional or positional actuators connected to a control unit and temperature sensors for indoor and outdoor air.

The reason for the advisability of using the proposed method of heating and air conditioning of the building and the proposed heating and conditioning device of the building is the need to equip scientific, mining, industrial, processing and defense industries with reliable and economical heating and air conditioning systems in the Arctic and Antarctic regions, including those with record highs low temperatures: Siberia (Verkhoyansk, minus 67.7 ° C); Antarctica (Vostok Station, minus 89.2 ° C); Greenland (Northays, minus 66.1 ° C). The priority areas of application of the invention are residential, public, administrative and industrial buildings of enterprises located in the Arctic and Antarctica, in the regions of the Far North and the Far East. Such buildings contain rooms with negative and positive heat balance. The latter include catering facilities, data processing centers (DPCs), server rooms, IT offices, and production facilities.

The advantages of the proposed method and device for heating and air conditioning of the building are:

- reliability of start-up and operation at any low outdoor temperature of air conditioning systems that ensure the use of excess heat from one room for heating other rooms, and also allow heating the room due to the heat of the outside air (heat pump mode),

- reduction of capital and operating costs for heating a building due to the priority use of indoor units of air conditioning systems as heating devices and eliminating the need for a traditional water heating system of a building,

- reduction of capital and operating costs due to the use of air conditioning systems as standard without additional means of ensuring their operability at any low outdoor temperatures,

- reduction of fuel consumption due to the effective recovery of internal heat sources and the use of heat from outside air.

The essence of the invention is illustrated by the diagram in the figure.

In air-conditioned (heated and / or cooled) rooms 1, indoor units 2 and distribution blocks 3 of multi-zone air conditioning units of the VRF type are located. The outdoor units 4 of these units are located in the machine room 5, which has external walls 6 (heat protection fencing) and internal walls (partitions) that separate the building’s premises 7. Supply and exhaust ventilation units 8 have an outdoor air heating section 9. Housing for ventilation installation 8 is equipped with air intake and exhaust grilles 10. Installation 8 is connected through the supply air duct 11 to the supply air distribution system 12. Installation 8 is also connected via the exhaust air duct 13 to the exhaust air distribution system 14, which are located in the air-conditioned rooms 1. A heating boiler is located in the machine room 5 15, which can operate on gaseous, liquid, or solid fuels. The circulation of the intermediate coolant through the heat pipe 16 is provided by the pump 17. In the circulation circuit of the intermediate coolant containing the boiler 15, the heat pipe 16 pump 17 and section 9, an air heater 18 provided with a fan is connected in parallel. In addition, in the engine room 5 installed an autonomous heat generator (air heater) 19, powered by electricity. In the outer walls 6 of the machine room 5 are placed adjustable automatic air valves 20 having actuators of proportional or positional action, which are connected to the control unit and temperature sensors for internal and external air.

The installation, working on the proposed method, operates as follows.

During the heating season (cold season) in the engine room 5 maintain automatically normalized air temperature, for example, 20-22 ° C according to SanPiN 2.1.2.1002-00. 2.1.2. (as amended on August 21, 2007) due to the operation of air heaters 18 and 19. Heat sources of energy for a building can be:

- a heating boiler or boilers 15 using hydrocarbon fluids; diesel power generators;

- external sources of thermal and electric energy, such as a cogeneration plant (TPP), a hydroelectric power station (HPP);

- wind power station (wind farm);

- a floating nuclear power plant (FNPP) or a mobile nuclear power plant of a nuclear power plant.

Forced-air and exhaust installations 8 supply outdoor air to rooms 1 after it has been processed and heated to a standardized temperature, and exhaust air is removed from these rooms. Premises 1 are heated using automatically working indoor units 2 of heat pumps (three-pipe multi-zone air conditioning units). In the case of internal heat surpluses in rooms 1, for example, in rooms with switching racks, indoor units 2 are automatically switched to cooling mode, and the heat removed by them is transferred to other air-conditioned rooms that need heating, or heat is transferred to rooms with outdoor units, as a result of which the heat load on the heat sources is reduced and the fuel and / or electricity consumption is reduced.

The reliability of the start-up and operation of the outdoor units 4 is ensured by maintaining the normalized air temperature in the engine room 5. The room with the outdoor units is equipped with a natural ventilation system, supplemented by a device for regulating the rate of air exchange, which consists of automated air valves 20 with a proportional or positional actuator installed in the outdoor walls 6 of the machine room, and a control unit connected to temperature sensors for indoor and outdoor air. During the heating period, at low outdoor temperatures, the air valves 20 automatically set the minimum degree of opening sufficient to provide the required air exchange rate according to SNiP, based on the needs of people and heat sources.

During the summer season (warm season), at positive outside temperatures, the air temperature inside the engine room normalized for the summer season continues to be maintained due to the operation of the air heaters 18 and 19. When the heat load on the air heaters decreases to zero during the summer period and the outdoor temperature rises to the normalized temperature of the internal air, the air valves 20 are opened by a degree of opening sufficient to provide the necessary air exchange rate, based on the needs of people and the outdoor units of the heat pumps.

With open air valves 20 and a positive outside temperature, the required temperature in rooms 1 is maintained using indoor units 2 that operate automatically, moreover, heat surpluses from rooms are automatically taken to the machine room 5 and then through the air drops 20 to the outside. In this case, if necessary, heating of one of the premises 1 in the summer period is carried out by recovery - heat transfer from the refrigerated rooms to the heated rooms.

An example of evaluating the effectiveness of using the proposed method and device in relation to the project of a multifunctional building, which is designed for construction in the area of the mainland of the settlement Dikson of the Taimyr Autonomous Region.

Initial data.

4-storey building, built-up area 8000 sq. M, class A energy efficiency of buildings (reduced resistance to heat transfer of building envelopes: walls 5.6 and coatings 8.2 m ² ⋅ ° C / W). The building includes administrative, educational, sports and residential premises, universal halls, dining halls, catering facilities, including a hot shop and cold stores, server rooms, a data storage and processing center (DPC), a control center (MCC), storage and production facilities premises, machine rooms, garages, workshops and other premises.

Climatic parameters of the cold season according to SNiP 23-01-99 “Construction Climatology”: the temperature of the coldest day with a security of 0.98 is minus 45 ° C, the absolute minimum temperature is minus 49 ° C, the average maximum temperature of the hottest month is + 7 , 7 ° C, the duration of the period with an average daily air temperature of no higher than 8 ° C is 365 days at an average air temperature of minus 11.4 ° C, the humidity zone is normal.

The duration of the heating period in degrees is 11461, the heating season lasts 365 days. The temperature of the coldest five-day security of 0.98 is minus 42 ° C.

The building has powerful internal sources of low potential thermal energy, which are distributed unevenly throughout the building. Continuously operating heat sources include telecommunication centers of the data center, computers and peripheral equipment of the control center, servers, chillers of refrigerated food chambers. Periodically working internal sources of heat include computers of offices and the household sector, household appliances, heating equipment of the hot shop of the catering unit, lighting devices, and technological equipment.

The heat loss rate of the building during the coldest five-day period is estimated at 220 kW, the power of constantly working internal heat sources is estimated at 80 kW.

The heat loss rate of the building during the hottest month is estimated at 46 kW, while the capacity of constantly working internal heat sources remains at the same level of 80 kW.

The proposed method and device are compared with the traditional technical equipment of a multifunctional building with a water heating system and air conditioning systems.

Let us first consider the traditional option (option 1) of the heat supply to the building. In this version, gas boilers with a total capacity of 220 kW, a water heating system of a building with floor-mounted batteries and 8 air conditioning systems of the type VRV REYQ12T7Y1B from DAIKIN with outdoor units located outside the building’s contour and indoor units located in air-conditioned rooms are adopted. According to the technical data sheet of these systems, their cooling capacity decreases at an outdoor temperature below -5 ° C, and at an outdoor temperature below minus 20 ° C these systems are inoperative. The application of the known method of operation of these systems in cooling mode at low air temperatures (http://www.vsm.ru/komplex-vsm.html, RU 2415349 C1, F24F 1/00) allows, due to additional devices, to expand the operating temperature range of systems to minus 50 ° C, but all the heat that is not disposed of is lost: it is removed to the outside.

The application of the known method of operation of these systems in heating mode at low air temperatures (Patent for utility model RU 138974 F24F12) allows, due to the installation of additional devices and heaters of the outdoor unit, to expand the operating temperature range of systems to minus 50 ° C, however, to ensure certified heat output 37 , 5 kW of the REYQ12T7Y1B system in heating mode requires an outdoor unit heater with a power exceeding this power due to the inevitable heat loss to the environment, which makes this method irrational due to capital and operating costs.

Thus, option 1 does not allow to completely utilize the internal heat surplus of a building at outdoor temperatures below minus 20 ° C. It should be noted that according to continuous meteorological observations (https://www.gismeteo.ru/) at Dixon Airport for 12 months from 03/01/2018 to 02/28/2019, the outdoor temperature below minus 20 ° C was recorded for 105 days . For the same period in Verkhoyansk, the outdoor temperature below minus 20 ° C was recorded for 148 days, and the temperature below minus 50 ° C was recorded for 16 days.

To heat the building in question, in accordance with the proposed method (option 2), gas boilers with a total capacity of 140 kW and 8 air conditioning systems of the type VRV REYQ12T7Y1B from DAIKIN were adopted.

In this embodiment, all air-conditioned rooms of the building are equipped with indoor units of three-pipe air conditioning systems, each of which is automatically switched to heating mode or to cooling mode or to indoor air recirculation mode to maintain the required temperature in the room.

Thanks to this, the building does not need a traditional water heating system with batteries.

In the proposed example, the outdoor units of the air conditioning systems are located in the machine room of the building, which is heated by a hydrocarbon fuel boiler and / or heat generators with a maximum total thermal power of 140 kW. As a result, a constant temperature is maintained in the machine room, for example, plus 20 ° C. With this temperature regime, the launch and continuous operation of air conditioning systems with the highest economic efficiency is ensured at any low outdoor temperature.

Ensuring reliable performance of air conditioning systems allows you to use the main advantage of heat pumps made according to the scheme of three-pipe air conditioning systems. This is achieved as a result of the fact that indoor units located in rooms with constant excess heat inflows (for example, halls of the central heating center, central control room, machine rooms of compressor-condensing units of refrigerated warehouses, etc.) operate in cooling mode, and the heat removed by them is transferred using other indoor units in air-conditioned rooms in need of heating.

Each of the air conditioning systems at any given time can have a different heat balance, which is compensated by the outdoor unit.

Consider, for example, one air conditioning system with 12 indoor units, of which 6 units with a cooling capacity of 3 kW each cool the switching racks of the data center, and 6 units of the same size are located in air-conditioned rooms with insignificant and unstable internal heat dissipations. Throughout the year, three cases are possible due to weather conditions and operating conditions of the serviced premises:

1) The amount of heat removed during the hour from the racks (18 kWh) is approximately equal to the required heat influx in the heated rooms. In this case, the load on the boiler is reduced by 18 kW (fuel consumption is also reduced), and the outdoor unit operates in a variable heat / cold mode with an imbalance intensity.

2) The amount of heat removed from the racks for an hour (18 kWh) is twice as much as the required heat influx in the heated rooms, for example, in the warmest month of the year. In this case, the difference in heat fluxes in the amount of 9 kWh is discharged into the engine room through the outdoor unit, the heat exchanger of which in this embodiment works as a condenser; the load on the boiler is reduced by 9 kW.

3) The amount of heat removed from the racks for an hour (18 kWh) is half that of the required heat influx in heated rooms. In this case, an additional 18 kWh is supplied to the heated rooms from the engine room through the outdoor unit, the heat exchanger of which in this embodiment works as an evaporator; the load on the boiler is reduced by 18 kW.

Depending on the weather conditions, time of day, building operating conditions in the warmest month, it is possible that the automatic temperature control system in the engine room will turn off all heating devices, since the thermal power of the outdoor unit capacitors allows the air temperature in the engine room to rise above 20 ° C . In this case, the air valves 20 will automatically be opened to a degree of opening sufficient to ensure the necessary air exchange rate, based on the heat output of the outdoor units of the heat pumps.

Technical appraisal and economic advantages of option 2 in comparison with option 1:

- reduced capital and operating costs by eliminating the water heating system of the building,

- ensured year-round reliable launch and operation in the optimal mode of air conditioning systems,

- reduced fuel (electricity) consumption for heating the building by about 30-40% due to the recovery of internal heat.

The above calculations indicate the industrial applicability of the proposed method and device.

Claims (6)

1. The method of heating and conditioning a building by using heat sources and heat pumps containing indoor and outdoor units, characterized in that outdoor units of heat pumps are placed in rooms heated by heat sources, and indoor units are placed in air-conditioned rooms, they automatically maintain normalized air temperature in all rooms by transferring heat from rooms that are heated by heat sources to air-conditioned rooms through indoor units of heat pumps, and in case of heat surpluses in air-conditioned rooms, for example, in the summer period, indoor units are automatically switched to cooling mode, and the heat removed by them is transferred, if necessary, to other air-conditioned rooms, or heat is transferred through outdoor units to rooms with outdoor units, providing a reduction in the load on heat sources and reducing fuel consumption and / or electricity, and in rooms with outdoor units during the summer period they maintain the optimum temperature by using a ventilation system with adjustable air exchange rates using automatic air valves, the degree of openness The experiences of which vary depending on the outdoor temperature, which allows the use of heat pumps for heating a building due to the heat of the environment. 2. A heating and air conditioning device for a building, including heat sources, heaters, heat pipes and heat pumps containing indoor and outdoor units, characterized in that indoor units of heat pumps are located in air-conditioned rooms, and outdoor units of heat pumps are located in rooms having heating devices connected by heat pipes to heat sources and / or heat generators operating on hydrocarbon fuels or on electricity, the rooms in which outdoor units of heat pumps are located pumps, equipped with ventilation systems, which are supplemented by devices for controlling the rate of air exchange, consisting of automatic air valves with proportional or positional actuators connected to the control unit and temperature sensors for indoor and outdoor air.

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