RU2724513C1 - Combined irradiation system for multi-tier phytoplant - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture; machine building.SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agricultural equipment, namely to lighting systems intended for use in plant growing of protected soil using light culture technology. Combined irradiation system for multi-tier phytoplant in the form of at least one long triangular frame, including phytoirradiators placed above multi-tier phytoplant, and phytoirradiators placed in inner cavity of triangular frame, characterized in that phytoirradiators located in the inner cavity of the triangular frame are made in the form of extended light-emitting diode radiation sources with content of radiation fraction in the blue range in the spectrum of photosynthetically active radiation Δλ=430–470 nm, end faces of triangular frame are equipped with reflecting screens with sputtered mirror aluminum layer with reflection coefficient ρ≥70 %. Phytoirradiators placed above multi-tier phytoplant, are selected from: irradiators with sodium lamps of high pressure, light-emitting diode irradiators. Phytoirradiators in the irradiation system are established on condition that the ratio of exposure of the outer surface of cenosis Eto the exposure of the inner surface of cenosis Ewithin E:E=2.0÷3.5 is provided.EFFECT: higher illumination of plants with reduced power consumption in conditions of light culture of plants in greenhouse, reduced loss of light energy.3 cl, 4 dwg, 1 ex

Description

The invention relates to agricultural machinery, and in particular to lighting systems intended for use in crop production of protected soil using light culture technology.

It is known that cultivating plants using light culture technology in modern industrial greenhouses using artificial lighting can increase the production of greenhouse vegetable products by 3–5 times and provide import substitution in its supplies to the country's population in the cold season.

In modern greenhouses with low-volume hydroponics using light culture technology, the cultivation of formative plants (cucumber, tomatoes, eggplant, pepper) is carried out using specially formed cenosis in the form of V-shaped trellises with a height of 2.0 ÷ 3.5 m. Plants are planted in rows in trays (in a section with a width of, for example, 9.6 m - 5–6 rows) with a distance between rows of the order of 1 m.

Lighting systems for modern greenhouses are based mainly on high-mounted irradiators 600 ÷ 1000 W mounted on top with high-pressure sodium lamps (NLVD) with a specific electric power of 150 ÷ 220 W / m ² . In addition to them, luminaires with NLVD without reflectors installed between rows of trellises or directly in the cenosis are sometimes used, which are called inter-row. However, due to frequent damage to plant leaves (the temperature on the bulb of the lamps exceeds 400 ° C) and technological inconveniences, NLVD lamps are currently being replaced with extended LED (LED) phyto-irradiators with a power of 100 ÷ 150 W with a specific installed power of 40 ÷ 60 W / m ² [The reference book on lighting engineering, 4th edition, under the editorship of Yu.B. Eisenberg, Moscow, - 2019].

In recent years, the nutritional structure of the population of advanced countries has been actively changing in favor of the increasing consumption of fresh salad-green crops rich in vitamins and other valuable substances. Given this trend, and also because of the desire to reduce production costs and transportation costs, but mainly due to the unique technical and economic qualities of LED emitters, a new type of production phytogenesis has emerged and is developing dynamically - automated vertical multi-tiered phytogenesis (MFP) ) type City Farm. These plants are intended for growing salad-green crops and consist of compact cells (modules), the distance in them from plants to LED phyto-irradiators does not exceed 50 cm. The electric power of the used LED phyto-irradiators is usually 30 ÷ 60 W, specific installed power - 80 ÷ 120 W / m ² , created photosynthetic photon irradiation on the planting plane - 160 ÷ 200 μmol / (s · m ² ).

The irradiation system for such MFPs is quite simple and consists of several linear irradiators that are installed on the upper plane ("ceiling") of the cell according to a scheme that provides the necessary level of irradiation and the uniformity of its distribution over the technological area.

It should be noted that about 90% of all consumed electric energy is spent on the purpose of plant irradiation in MFPs; therefore, the energy saving factor due to the rationalization of MFP irradiation systems is very significant.

Known technical solutions involving increasing the efficiency of irradiation systems for multifunction devices.

A known installation for irradiating plants in multi-tiered systems, mainly in their internal region, is located inside a multi-tiered hydroponic installation having a frame of inclined beams on which the germinators are mounted. Light sources are mounted directly on the protective box. The reflecting surface is made as part of the surface of the protective box. Light sources — mercury discharge lamps — are elongated and aligned. At least two lamps are fixed on the box. The lamps are connected by a lead-in cable through a connecting terminal block and a pulse ignition device to the control cabinet. [RF patent No. 2098941, IPC A01G 9/24, publ. 12/20/1997.]

A disadvantage of the known device is that the mercury lamps used in it are technically and morally obsolete, have 2-4 times less efficiency than modern emitters; in addition, mercury filling is not desirable for environmental reasons. The patent also lacks any information on the technical characteristics of the lamps and the irradiation unit, without which it is impossible to evaluate the economic efficiency of the proposed device.

A device for irradiating plants in a greenhouse with a multi-tiered rack hydroponic installation containing a main reflector and a cassette of radiation sources is known. The cassette of radiation sources is placed in the cavity of the main reflector and is equipped with a drive for its rotation and an optical multi-blade reflective screen, the blades of which are connected on one side to the axis of rotation of the cartridge, connected with the drive of rotation of the latter and placed coaxially with the main reflector, which is made in the form of a horizontal cylindrical reflector for fixing on the rack of the hydroponic installation, while the radiation sources are located parallel to the axis of rotation of the cartridge in the spaces between adjacent blades of the optical multi-blade reflective screen and with a gap relative to the latter and the axis of rotation of the cartridge, the cartridge of radiation sources being placed along the entire length of the reflector for fixing on the rack of the hydroponic installation. As radiation sources used fluorescent discharge lamps. [RF patent No. 2034447, IPC A01G 9/24, A01G 31/02, publ. 02/27/1995.]

A disadvantage of the known device is the unreasonably complex system for introducing the emitter into the fiber pipe, but it does not take into account (this has been repeatedly verified in lighting engineering) that the optical efficiency of such a system is extremely low. It is proposed to use mercury-containing fluorescent lamps as radiation sources, which is unacceptable in phyto-plants for environmental reasons.

A common drawback of vertical MFPs is the fundamental lack of energy saving opportunities when they are placed in traditional greenhouses.

With an increase in natural illumination in greenhouses, a decrease in the consumed electric power of LED phyto-irradiators is impossible, since only a minimal fraction of natural light falls into each cell.

The multi-tiered phyto-plants of multifunction devices made in the form of long triangular prisms, standing on one of the rectangular side faces, which are currently gaining popularity in the field of plant growing of protected soil, make it possible to get rid of this drawback. A closed pipe system is laid along the side faces parallel to the longitudinal axis of the MFP (the number of pipes corresponds to the number of tiers), according to which, according to a special program, a nutrient solution is supplied; In the holes in the upper half-cylinder, the pipes are planted in standard pots with substrate plants, forming a multi-tiered cenosis.

This design of MFPs, unlike vertical MFPs, makes it possible to grow not only salad-green, but also determinant crops of tomatoes, cucumber, pepper, eggplant, and also berry plants. In addition, the inclined faces of the multifunction devices allow the use of natural radiation over the entire cenosis surface and thereby create real opportunities for significant energy savings in light culture during plant vegetation, which, according to our estimates, reaches 30%.

Thus, when installing an MFP of this design in a standard greenhouse, not only the infrastructure of the latter is passively used, but also significant energy saving can be achieved.

A device for growing plants in a greenhouse is known, containing vegetation blocks made of triangular frames with trays for plant nutrient solution, an irradiation system, an air supply system with air ducts. The irradiation system includes two groups of optical radiation sources. The sources of the first group are located above the trays for nutrient solution between adjacent vegetative blocks. As sources of optical radiation of the first group, radiation sources with the distribution of the corresponding fractions of the energy flux in the spectral ranges of 400-500 nm, 500-600 nm and 600-700 nm, respectively, in the range of 15-25%, 35-45% and 35-45%, were used. . Sources of the second group are located in the cavity between the base of the greenhouse and the triangular frames of each vegetation block. As sources of optical radiation of the second group, sources with a distribution of the corresponding fractions of the energy flux in the same spectral ranges, respectively, in the range of 5-10%, 15-25%, and 60-70%, were used. Having a smaller radius of curvature, the surface of each duct is covered with a reflective layer. As light sources, three-phase metal halide lamps of the DMZ-3000 type are used. [RF patent No. 2066530, IPC A01G 9/24, publ. 09/20/1996 - prototype.]

A disadvantage of the known device is the dependence of the irradiation system on the design of the device for growing plants, and the three-phase metal halide lamps used may contain toxic compounds, have low reliability and have a life of 8-10 times less than modern sodium or LED emitters.

The closest in technical essence and the achieved technical result to the claimed invention is a device for irradiating plants grown in trays installed on the basis of the greenhouse and triangular frames of vegetative blocks, contains a first section of optical radiation sources for placement above trays between adjacent vegetative blocks and a second section of sources optical radiation for installation in the cavity between the triangular frames of each vegetation block and the base of the greenhouse. The optical radiation sources of the second section are made with a decrease in the ratio of the energy flux in the spectral range of 600–700 nm to the total energy flux in the entire radiation spectrum of each of the optical radiation sources from 60–80% to 30–40% with an increase in the height of these optical radiation sources relative to the base of the greenhouse. The sources of optical radiation of the second section are located in the vertical plane of symmetry of each vegetation block. The power P of each optical radiation source of the second section is selected in accordance with the linear dependence P = ah + b, where h is the distance from the top of the vegetation block to the installation location of the optical radiation source, m; a is a constant value, W / m; b is a constant, watts. [RF patent No. 2029458, IPC A01G 9/24, A01G 31/02, publ. 02/27/1995 - prototype.]

The disadvantage of the prototype is that the data on the choice of the power of the radiation source depending on the distance to the top of the vegetation block are not technically specific; in accordance with the presented dependence P = ah + b, they can be fundamentally different in specific radiative characteristics, for example, fluorescent lamps with a power of 20-80 W or sodium lamps with a power of 600-1000 W. The very principle of changing the power of the emitter depending on the arrangement in the installation requires the use of different light distribution curves of the irradiators, which is technically difficult to implement.

The technical problem to which the claimed invention is directed is to optimize the illumination of plants while reducing energy consumption in the conditions of light culture of plants in the greenhouse, reducing the loss of light energy.

The stated technical problem is solved by the fact that in the combined irradiation system for a multi-tiered phyto installation, made in the form of at least one extended triangular frame, including phyto-irradiators located above the multi-tiered phytostructure, and phyto-irradiators located in the internal cavity of the triangular frame, according to the claimed invention, phyto-irradiators, placed in the inner cavity of the triangular frame, made in the form of extended LED radiation sources with a content of photosynthetically active radiation in the blue range Δλ = 430 ÷ 470 nm, the ends of the triangular frame are equipped with reflective screens with a coated mirror layer of aluminum with a reflection coefficient ρ≥70 %

In addition, phyto-irradiators located above the multi-tiered phyto-installation are selected from the group: irradiators with high-pressure sodium lamps, LED irradiators.

In addition, phytoradiators in the irradiation system are established from the condition of ensuring the ratio of the irradiation of the outer surface of the cenosis E ₁ to the irradiation of the inner surface of the cenosis E ₂ within E ₁ : E ₂ = 2.0 ÷ 3.5.

The technical result, the achievement of which is ensured by the implementation of the entire claimed combination of essential features, is to increase energy conservation and reduce the loss of light energy.

Through the use of natural radiation, the alternate inclusion of external and internal LED phyto-irradiators and the regulation of their power, without reducing plant productivity, energy saving at the level of 30% of the nominal electricity consumption can be ensured.

The invention is illustrated by drawings, where

in FIG. Figure 1 shows the layout of the combined irradiation system and multi-tiered phytostation (MFP) in the greenhouse;

in FIG. 2 shows a diagram of a multi-tiered phyto-installation module (MFP);

in FIG. Figure 3 shows an example of an existing irradiation system and an MFP installed in a production greenhouse using combined lighting;

in FIG. Figure 4 shows an example of an existing irradiation system and an MFP installed in a production greenhouse, using only LED irradiators located inside the MFP (with a high level of natural light).

In this description, the authors use the concepts:

Phyto-irradiator - an irradiation device designed to irradiate plants in industrial greenhouses and other cultivated structures of greenhouses.

Cenosis - a set of plants in a greenhouse or other construction of protected ground (GOST R 57671-2017 “Irradiation devices with LED light sources for greenhouses”, entered into force on 12/01/2017)

Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) - optical radiation from 400 nm to 700 nm, used by plants for photosynthesis, growth and development (GOST R 57671-2017 "Irradiation devices with LED light sources for greenhouses", entered into force on 12/01/2017)

Photosynthetic photon flux - the total number of photons emitted per second in the range of wavelengths from 400 nm to 700 nm (GOST R 57671-2017 "Irradiation devices with LED light sources for greenhouses", put into effect 12/01/2017)

The combined irradiation system for a multi-tiered phyto-installation (Fig. 1), made in the form of at least one extended triangular frame (Fig. 2), includes phyto-irradiators 1 located above the multi-tiered phyto-installation and phyto-irradiators 2 located in the inner cavity of the triangular frame 3.

As phytoradiators 1 located above the multi-tiered phytogenesis, irradiators with high-pressure sodium lamps (NLDV) or LED radiation sources can be used, preferably installed at a small distance from the upper tier in the center of the gap between the outer faces of adjacent MFPs.

Phyto-irradiators 2, located in the inner cavity of a triangular frame, are made in the form of extended LED radiation sources with a content of radiation in the blue range Δλ = 430 ÷ 470 nm in the spectrum of photosynthetically active radiation. A feature of LED radiation sources emitting in the lower part of the space is the lack of need for a reflector.

photobiologique des lampes et des appareils utilisant des lampes / Photobiological safety of lamps and lamp systems (bilingual edition) / Фотобиологическая безопасность ламп и ламповых систем (двуязычное издание)] бинарных светодиодных облучателей с красно-синим спектром, доля излучения которых в синем диапазоне ФАР выбирается Δλ=430÷470 нм.The ends of the triangular frame 3 are equipped with reflective screens with a sprayed mirror layer of aluminum with a reflection coefficient ρ≥70%. Reflective screens can be made in the form of a mirror film. The use of a reflective screen also provides increased energy saving, reduced loss of light energy and at the same time prevents the harmful effects of radiation on the organs of vision of workers serving MFPs. In addition, the need to control the blue hazard is removed [IEC 62471: 2006 / CIE S 009: 2002

photobiologique des lampes et des appareils utilisant des lampes / Photobiological safety of lamps and lamp systems (bilingual edition) / Photobiological safety of lamps and lamp systems (bilingual edition)] binary LED irradiators with a red-blue spectrum, the proportion of radiation in the blue range of which is selected Δλ = 430 ÷ 470 nm.

Phyto-irradiators in the irradiation system are established from the condition of ensuring the ratio of the irradiation of the outer surface of the cenosis E ₁ to the irradiation of the inner surface of the cenosis E ₂ within E ₁ : E ₂ = 2.0 ÷ 3.5. The above ratio is optimal. If the upper value is exceeded, the positive effect of the effect of additional internal lighting on plant productivity is reduced. Reducing the ratio of E ₁ : E ₂ less than 2 is not rational, since it would lead to an excessive consumption of electric energy for additional internal lighting.

The following is an example implementation of the claimed invention.

In a standard hangar greenhouse with a width of 9.6 m, the modules of the plant in question are installed in the form of an extended triangular frame according to the scheme shown in FIG. 1. The module (Fig. 2) is preferably 2400 mm high with a base width of 1200 mm. The distance of the trays of the upper row to the top of the module is selected 200 mm, the distance of the trays of the lower row to the base of the module is selected 550 mm. Tomato plants are grown using light culture technology using artificial lighting for 6–7 months a year and are placed on 4–5 tiers of two side surfaces of a triangular frame.

When growing the determinant culture of Cherry tomatoes, a combined irradiation system is used, consisting of phytoradiators with high-pressure sodium lamps (NLVD) with a power of 600 W (overhead lighting) and LED phyto-irradiators with a power of 150 W installed in the internal cavity in the form of a continuous long luminous line 190 cm.

Overhead irradiators with a photosynthetic photon flux of 1100 μmol / s are installed in the amount of four pieces per standard module length of 5.6 m along the passage axis between adjacent rows of triangular frames. They illuminate each side at the peak level and create, with a specific installed power of P ₁ = 87 W / m ^{2, the} average irradiation on the side surface E ₁ = 145 ÷ 150 μmol / (cm ² ).

LED phyto-irradiators of internal lighting emit in the blue and red ranges of the PAR, the photosynthetic photon flux of radiation is 440 μmol / s. LED phyto-irradiators are installed in the internal cavity of a triangular frame in the amount of three pieces per module 5.6 m at a height of 1.2 m from the floor. The specific installed power of the LED phytoradiators is P ₁ = 17 W / m ² , and the average irradiation of the inner surface of both sides of the triangular frame is E ₂ = 45 ÷ 50 μmol / (cm ² ). The ratio of the irradiation of the outer surface of the cenosis E ₁ to the irradiation of the inner surface of the cenosis E ₂ is in the range of E ₁ : E ₂ = 2.9 ÷ 3.3. The above design and parameters of the combined irradiation system ensure that at four vegetations per year the yield of Cherry tomatoes is at the level of 60–70 kg / m ² , which is ~ 1.5–1.75 times higher than in ordinary production greenhouses for tomatoes of this type.

The proposed combined irradiation system for the plant as a whole and each individual cenosis leaf increases the intensity of photosynthesis, improves the air nutrition of the leaves, involves lower and middle tiers in the active assimilation process, and thereby increases the productivity of plants in light culture.

Claims (3)

1. Combined irradiation system for a multi-tiered phytostructure made in the form of at least one extended triangular frame, including phyto-irradiators placed above the multi-tiered phytostructure, and phyto-irradiators placed in the inner cavity of the triangular frame, characterized in that the phyto-irradiators placed in the inner cavity of the triangular frame are made in the form of extended LED radiation sources with a content of photosynthetically active radiation in the blue spectrum of Δλ = 430 ÷ 470 nm, the ends of the triangular frame are equipped with reflective screens with a coated mirror layer of aluminum with a reflection coefficient ρ≥70%. 2. The combined irradiation system for multi-tiered phyto-installation according to claim 1, characterized in that phyto-irradiators located above the multi-tiered phyto-installation are selected from the group: irradiators with high-pressure sodium lamps, LED irradiators. 3. The combined irradiation system for multi-tiered phyto-installation according to claim 1, characterized in that the phyto-irradiators in the irradiation system are established from the condition that the ratio of the irradiation of the outer surface of the cenosis E ₁ to the irradiation of the inner surface of the cenosis E ₂ within E ₁ : E ₂ = 2.0 ÷ 3,5.

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