RU2703950C1 - Method for determination of spring crops sprouting delay time under effect of soil toxicoses and pesticides - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agriculture. Method comprises forming, at least, one treated with pesticide solution an experimental sample of seeds of cereal crops and one untreated control sample of seeds of cereal crops, providing contact of an experimental treated sample of seeds with soil with addition of water until reaching the lowest moisture capacity of soil; providing contact of control sample of seeds with sand with addition of water to achieve minimum moisture capacity of sand; method includes holding said test and reference samples of seeds until sprouting, removing soil and sand from sprouted seeds and placing the purified test and control samples of sprouted seeds into identical transparent water containers, compacting sprouted seeds in containers by means of vibration action in vertical plane and subsequent impact action on tank bottom, at that, after vibrating action on samples of seeds in vessel identical cargo weights are placed, bulk volumes of experimental (V2) and control (V3) samples of sprouted seeds are determined by height of cargo location from bottom of capacity, according to which value of total inhibition of seeds of a test sample by toxicosis of soil and pesticide (Ii) by formula: Ii = ((V3-V2i)/(V3-V1)) * 100 %, where V1 - correction factor, characterizing bulk volume of swollen seeds of cereal grains, sprouting which was carried out for 24 hours; V2i is bulk volume of sprouted seeds of prototype; V3 - bulk volume of sprouted seeds of the reference sample, i - serial number of the test sample; by values of bulk volumes V2i, where i is the serial number of the test sample, constructing kinetic dependences of change in the length of sprouts for the selected culture with sprouting of treated seeds of this culture on the analyzed soil from time (toi, min); determining the time shift value (%) for each sample and the selected soil (Ti) Ti = [(toi-tpi)/tpi] * 100%, where Ti is the time shift (%), tpi is the germination time of the seeds in the sand, min, toi - time of seed germination in soil to the same length of sprouts, as in sand, mines; dependence of time shift (Ti) on value of total inhibition (Ii) at development of seeds, determined by bulk volume (V2i) is formed; determining germination time of test sample of seeds in soil by formula Δto = 1080 * Ti/100, where Δto is time of delay of germination of treated seeds in soil (min), Ti - time shift, which is determined by means of an experimental curve for value of found total inhibition (%).

EFFECT: method enables evaluating potential grain crop yield losses based on treatment of quantitative values of bulk volumes of seeds of grain crops.

1 cl, 11 dwg, 5 tbl, 5 ex

Description

iArea of technology

The invention relates to agriculture, and in particular to methods for assessing crop loss under the influence of toxicosis of soils and pesticides used for presowing treatment of seeds.

Methods for assessing the yield loss of crops can be based on determining the potential yield and taking into account a possible decrease in yield under the influence of determining factors.

State of the art

A known method for determining the potential yield of ears of crops [1] by the formula

Yn = Kf * Kt * (Σ (Qn / q)

where Yn is the potential yield, kg / ha; CT is the coefficient of economic efficiency of the crop, showing the share of the useful part of the crop in the total biomass; Kf - coefficient of utilization of incoming photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) by plants; Qn - the arrival of PAR during the growing season, billion kcal / ha; q - calorie yield, kcal / ha. Possible crop losses in this case are determined by the shortage of ΔQn (incoming photosynthetically active radiation during the growing season).

The main disadvantage of this method is the complexity and time-consuming, because it is necessary to grow plants on plots.

In the case of using the method for determining the potential yield [2] by the formula

X = (A * B * V * D) / 100

where X is the potential yield, kg / ha; A is the number of plants, million per 1 ha; B - productive bushiness; In - the average number of grains in the ear; G - weight of 1000 grains, g, possible yield losses are determined by a possible decrease in the number of plants million / ha, a decrease in productive bushiness and a decrease in the average number of grains in an ear.

The main disadvantage of this method is the complexity and time-consuming, because it is necessary to grow plants on plots.

Closest to the claimed one is a method in which the determination of potential yield of cereal crops is used [3], which involves collecting ears in a chaotic manner, immersing the collected ears in a vessel with water, determining their volume by the mass of water extracted and determining the potential yield by the formula

Y _n = y _fak / q,

where Y _fak - actual productivity, kg / ha; q is the specific gravity, which is determined by the ratio of the mass of the ear to the mass of the displaced water. Possible crop losses in this case are determined by a decrease in specific gravity and a decrease in actual yield.

The main disadvantage of this method is also the complexity and time-consuming, because it is necessary to grow plants on plots.

The objective of the invention is to develop a method for estimating crop loss under the influence of the combined effects of soil toxicosis and inhibition of pesticides during pre-sowing treatment of seeds when sowing treated seeds on specific soils.

The technical result achieved by using the invention is to provide an opportunity to assess potential losses of grain crops based on the processing of quantitative values of bulk volumes of seeds of grain crops. The technical result also consists in providing the possibility of simultaneous measurements both for large batches of seeds (from 1000 to 1200 seeds), and for a wide range of fungicides and soils, which leads to an increase in the reliability of the results due to the possibility of increasing the volume of the statistical sample. In addition, the technical result consists in increasing the productivity of the method while making it possible to verify the suitability of fungicides for presowing treatment of seeds for sowing on specific soils. The result for thousands of seeds can be obtained after 48 hours. The increase in the number of seeds practically does not complicate the work, since as a result of the implementation of the proposed method, an independent integral parameter (namely, the bulk volume of sprouted seeds) is determined, which significantly increases the accuracy of the results. In connection with the use of 1200 seeds in one experiment (6 replicates of 200 seeds each), the error associated with the different quality of seeds is minimized.

The problem is solved in that the method for assessing the possible loss of yield of spring crops under the influence of toxicosis of soils and pesticides includes the following steps that are carried out sequentially:

1) determine the values of the total inhibition of seeds with soil toxicosis and pesticide test samples (Ii) according to the formula:

And i = ((V3-V2i) / (V3-V1)) * 100%,

where V1 is the correction factor characterizing the bulk volume of the swollen seeds of cereal cereal crops, germination of which was carried out within 24 hours;

V2i is the bulk volume of the germinated seeds of the prototype;

V3 - bulk volume of germinated seeds of the control sample,

i is the serial number of the prototype;

2) according to the values of bulk volumes V2i, where i is the serial number of the prototype, the kinetic dependences of the change in the length of seedlings for the selected crop when germinating the treated seeds of this crop on the test soil from time to time (toi, min) are built

3) determine the amount of time shift (%) for each sample and the selected soil (Ti)

Ti = [(toi-tni) / tpi] * 100%

where Ti is the time shift (%),

tpi - time of seed germination in the sand, min.,

toi - time of seed germination in the soil to the same length of seedlings as in the sand, min.,

4) form the dependence of the time shift (Ti) on the total inhibition (II) during seed development, determined by the bulk volume (V2i),

5) determine the delay time of germination of a test sample of seeds in the soil according to the formula

Δto = 1080 * Ti / 100,

where Δtо is the delay time of germination of treated seeds in the soil (min),

Ti is the time shift, which was determined using the experimental curve for the value of the found total inhibition (%).

6) according to the time delay of germination of the prototype, judge about possible crop losses.

At the same time, to determine the value of the total inhibition of the seeds of the experimental sample by soil toxicosis and pesticide, the following actions are performed sequentially:

- the formation of at least one treated with a solution of a pesticide, a test sample of seeds of grain crops and one untreated control sample of seeds of grain crops,

- providing contact of the experimental treated sample of seeds with soil with the addition of water until the minimum moisture capacity of the soil is achieved;

- providing contact of the control sample of seeds with sand with the addition of water until the smallest moisture capacity of sand is reached;

- exposure of the specified experimental and control samples of seeds before germination,

- removal of soil and sand from germinated seeds and placement of the purified experimental and control samples of germinated seeds in identical transparent containers with water,

- compaction of germinated seeds in containers by means of vibration in the vertical plane, and subsequent impact on the bottom of the container, and after vibration exposure to seed samples in the container, loads of identical mass are placed,

- determination of bulk volumes of the experimental (V2) and control (V3) samples of germinated seeds according to the height of the load from the bottom of the tank, which determine the total inhibition of the seeds of the experimental sample by soil toxicosis and pesticide.

The technical essence of the invention lies in the fact that the reaction of seeds to inhibition by pesticides and specific soils is determined by their ability to germinate and give roots and sprouts (seedlings) during the development of fungicide-treated seeds on these soils in comparison with the development of untreated seeds in sand. Soils, as a rule, contain toxins formed by phytopathogens that functioned in them, upon decomposition of plant residues or secreted by plants. When pesticide-treated seeds are brought into contact with moist soil, the release of toxins from the soil into the seeds begins. Seeds have species and varietal sensitivity to toxins, and different toxins can accumulate in different soils in the prehistory. As a result, the total sensitivity of various seeds to the action of toxins accumulated in the soil and the toxic effect of pesticides will differ. Seeds will germinate better when treated with those pesticides and on those soils if they are resistant to the toxic effects of pesticides and toxins in the soil, and the plants formed from them will grow better in these soils and give maximum yields. The toxin content in sand compared to soil is negligible, which allows us to take the development of seedlings in the sand as a base indicator for comparison. This is also possible because seeds germinating within 2 days do not yet begin to absorb nutrients from the soil, but develop due to accumulated resources. Therefore, when comparing the development of pesticide-treated seeds in a particular soil with the development of untreated seeds in sand, we can evaluate the total seed response to toxins contained in the soil and the toxic effect of pesticides. Due to the fact that the first stages of germination (swelling and hatching of seeds) are caused by substances stored during seed ripening, information on the passage of biochemical processes in seeds can be obtained only at the stage of seedling development, that is, approximately 24-36 hours after the seeds are brought in contact with moisture at a temperature of 22-25 ° C. Thus, a comparison of the relationship between the rates of development of seedlings of untreated seeds in the sand and the treated seeds in the studied soil allows us to understand the suitability of the tested pesticides for seed treatment for sowing on a specific soil with its specific background.

For this, identical weighed portions of the seeds that have been untreated and treated with the studied pesticide are placed in containers, some of which contain sand, respectively, and others the soil on which the seeds are to be sown. They are supplemented with water samples that provide optimal seed development in the soil and sand. After this, the containers with samples are thermostated at an air humidity close to 100%. Over time, the bulk volumes of seeds sprouted in soil and sand are measured and the ratio of bulk volumes in sand and soil under study is compared, determining the amount of inhibition in percent germination of pesticide-treated seeds in soil compared to untreated seeds in sand. It should be noted that due to the variability of seeds characteristic of seeds, comparisons can be made by determining bulk volumes for large (more than 1000 pieces) seed arrays used in the experiment. Otherwise, it is not possible to detect significant differences in seed germination. Bulk volumes of sprouted seeds are determined in a cylinder of water with a volume of 100 ml, pouring into a cylinder of water, standing on a vibrating table, seeds with seedlings in small portions until a uniform structure of about 20 ml is formed, then a load weighing 8 g is placed on the seeds, compacting the structure of the seeds with seedlings, do this several times until all seeds with seedlings of the studied sample (7.5 g of the original seeds) are in the cylinder, after which additional densification of the formed structure from seeds with seedlings is carried out, knocking a cylinder with seeds with seedlings and a small weight on their surface about a table 30-40 times, followed by measurement of bulk volume.

The total inhibition for each sample (II) is determined by the formula:

And = ((V3i-V2i) / (V3i-V1)) * 100%,

where V1 - correction factor characterizing the bulk volume of swollen seeds, germination of which was carried out within 24 hours;

V2i is the bulk volume of the germinated seeds of the prototype;

V3i - bulk volume of germinated seeds of the control sample,

i is the serial number of the prototype.

To determine the delay in germination by the magnitude of the inhibition of seed development, the kinetic dependences of the change in the length of seedlings for a number of crops when germinating their seeds on various soils are used. It was found that the total length of the seedlings increases with time according to a linear law. As an example, the data on the change in the length of seedlings depending on the time of the triticale of the Nemchinovsky 56 variety when germinated in sod-podzolic soil are shown in the table (Table 1).

As an example, there is a graph of the dependence of the length of seedlings of 7.5 g of seeds on time during their germination for triticale variety "Nemchinovsky 56" in sod-podzolic soil (Fig. 7).

From the obtained kinetic dependences, the time was determined for which the seedlings reached the same total length as when grown in sand. The difference between these times - a delay in the development of seeds on soils was called a "temporary shift." It is proposed that the delay in seed germination in soils be expressed as a percentage relative to the time of seed germination in the sand:

T = [(to-tp) / tp] * 100,

where T is the time shift (%)

tp is the time of seed germination in the sand, min (usually about 48 hours).

to is the time of seed germination in the soil to the same length of seedlings as in the sand, min.

The time shift is conveniently expressed as a percentage of the time of seed development to the same state as in sand, because, firstly, it is convenient to receive information at room temperature, and spring crops germinate at low temperatures, which leads to a noticeable slowdown in their development. The experiments on spring wheat cultivar “Lisa” showed that at 10-12 ° C the seeds germinate about 3.5 times slower compared to a temperature of 23-25 ° C. The magnitude of the time shift is proportionally increasing.

Secondly, the expression of the time shift as a percentage of the time of seed development to the same state as in the sand makes it possible to plot all the data obtained for different pairs of "culture - soil" on one graph.

To assess possible yield losses of spring crops under the influence of toxicosis of soils and pesticides, the dependence “delayed seed germination - inhibition of seed development” is obtained in advance under experimental conditions by obtaining results for several seed-soil pairs, determining in each case inhibition (II) and time shift (Ti):

where the amount of soil inhibition for each sample (II) was determined by the formula:

And = ((V3i-V2i) / (V3i-V1)) * 100%,

where V1 is the correction factor characterizing the bulk volume of swollen seeds, the germination of which was carried out within 24 hours (for);

V2i is the bulk volume of the germinated seeds of the prototype;

V3i is the bulk volume of the germinated seeds of the control sample.

i is the serial number of the prototype.

the amount of time shift (%) for each soil (Ti)

Ti = [(toi-tpi) / tpi] * 100%

where Ti is the time shift (%),

tpi - time of seed germination in the sand, min. (usually around 48 hours)

toi is the time of seed germination in the soil to the same length of seedlings as in sand, min., which is determined using the previously obtained dependences of the change in seedling length on time for selected crops when germinating untreated seeds of this crop on the studied soil

i - serial number of the experimental and control sample.

This dependence can be prepared once for the conditions of the experiment, and then used as a reference. The obtained dependence is shown as an example (Fig. 10).

It is clearly seen that the arrangement of points on the graph is approximated by an exponential curve of the first order with a correlation coefficient of about 99%. From the obtained dependence (Fig. 10) it follows that up to the values of inhibition of seed germination by soils of 40-50%, the time shift is quite small and does not exceed 20-35%. The effect that a delay in the development of seeds of such a magnitude on yield cannot have a very large effect. So, with the germination of seeds of spring crops in real conditions in the sand for 8-10 days, a temporary shift will provide an increase in the time of germination in soils up to 10-13 days. However, the situation changes markedly when the inhibition value exceeds 60%. The time shift begins to increase sharply, exceeding the time of seed germination in the sand with an inhibition value of more than 70% at times. Consequently, the seeds will germinate not 8-10 days, but 16-20 days or more. For barley, according to the data presented [4], this amounts to a yield loss of 20–40%.

Due to the fact that when constructing the “inhibition-time shift” relationship, the “culture-soil” pairs were chosen arbitrarily, it can be expected that the obtained exponential dependence will reflect not only the behavior of the presented “culture-soil” pairs, but also all others.

Using the obtained dependence, the time shift (T) is obtained, which corresponds to the total inhibition of fungicide and soil during germination of treated seeds. When the time of germination of untreated seeds in the sand at 22-25 ° C is 2880 minutes, in real conditions at 10-12 ° C, spring crops germinate 3.5 times slower than 1080 minutes, therefore, the delay time of germination of treated seeds in the soil is calculated by the formula:

Δto = 1080 * T / 100,

where to is the germination time of the treated seeds in the soil, min,

Δto is the delay time of germination of the treated seeds in the soil, min,

T is the time shift, which was determined using the experimental curve for the value of the total inhibition found (%).

Comparing the delay in sowing dates to the delay in seed germination, the effect of inhibition on yield loss is estimated from the delay in seed germination using literature data on the effect of delay in sowing time compared to optimal ones on yield loss.

After that, using the literature data [4, 5] on the effect of the delay in the sowing time on crop losses and equating the delay in the sowing time with the delay in seed germination, the effect of the inhibition on yield loss is estimated by the delay in germination of pesticide-treated seeds in the studied soil.

Brief Description of the Drawings

In FIG. Figure 1 shows a photograph of triticale seeds in bulk on filter paper, which germinated within 45 hours of 5 g.

In FIG. 2. A photograph of triticale seeds in a graduated cylinder sprouted within 45 hours of 5 g is presented.

In FIG. Figure 3 shows the dependence “bulk volume - length of seedlings” for 5 g of triticale seeds that germinated in sod-podzolic soil for different times.

In FIG. 4 presents photographs of the germinated seeds of triticale 7.5 g in a graduated cylinder. The structure was obtained without vibration on the cylinder (a) and with vibration (b).

In FIG. Figure 5 shows the dependence "bulk volume in water - the length of seedlings" for 7.5 g of triticale seeds that germinated in the sand at different times.

In FIG. Figure 6 shows the dependences “bulk volume in water - length of seedlings” for 7.5 g of barley seeds of the Nur variety, which germinated in sand at different times when determining the bulk volume during vibration-free compaction (curve 1) and when using sequential compaction when exposed to vibration under weight (curve 2).

In FIG. Figure 7 shows the dependence of the length of seedlings of 7.5 g of seeds on time during their germination for triticale cultivar "Nemchinovsky 56" in sod-podzolic soil

In FIG. Figure 8 shows the dependence of the length of seedlings of 7.5 g of seeds on time during the germination of seeds of spring wheat of the Lisa variety: a) in sod-podzolic soil, b) in gray forest soil.

In FIG. Figure 9 shows the dependence of the length of seedlings of 7.5 g of seeds on time during the germination of spring barley seeds of the Raushan variety in chernozem

In FIG. Figure 10 shows the dependence of the time shift on inhibition during seed development in soils compared with sand for seed-soil pairs: triticale cultivar Nemchinovsky 56 — sod-podzolic soil (1); spring barley grade "Raushan" - chernozem (2); spring wheat cultivar “Lisa” - sod-podzolic soil (3); rye grade "Tatyana" - chernozem (4); spring wheat cultivar “Lisa” - gray forest soil (5); spring barley grade "Nur" - gray forest soil (6).

In FIG. 11. Photographs of spring barley plants of the Raushan variety, grown in 2 weeks in black soil from seeds untreated (a) and treated with fungicide “Tebu 60” (b), are presented.

The implementation of the invention

Assessment of crop losses under the influence of toxicosis of soils and pesticides used for pre-sowing seed treatment for sowing on specific soils by the claimed method can be carried out on cereal crops, such as wheat, rye, barley, triticale and other cereal crops, in which fibrous root system.

For seed germination, any containers used for these purposes are used. As substrates for germination, you can use sand, any soil of the zonal series: sod-podzolic, gray forest, chernozem, chestnut soil. The amount of substrate used for germination is not critical. A prerequisite is the same amount of substrate for germination of the experimental, control and correction (to account for the volume of swollen seeds (V1)) seed lots. Identical weighed seeds (treated with pesticides and untreated controls) are placed in containers, covered with soil and sand, respectively, and water is added.

After this, the containers with samples are placed in a thermostatic cabinet (at 22 ° C), in which an atmosphere of 100% humidity is created and maintained for a time determined by the size of the seedlings, while the maximum time is determined by the average total length not exceeding 16,000 mm and not less than 5000 -7000 mm per 7.5 g of seeds (approximately 200 pieces). Over time, the germinated seeds are washed from the soil (sand) on a sieve and placed in a graduated cylinder with water. The seeds are poured gradually so that they settle separately in the cylinder, while they exert a vibrational effect on the cylinder, forcing it to oscillate with a frequency of 50 Hz in a vertical plane with an amplitude of 3-4 mm (on a special vibrating table), facilitating the movement of seeds relative to each other when their seedlings will come in contact. Seeds with seedlings are placed in the cylinder in small portions until an openwork structure of about 20 ml is formed, then a load weighing 8 g is placed on the seeds, compacting the seed structure, do this several times until all seeds with seedlings of the sample under study (7.5 g of the original seeds ) will not be in the cylinder, after which the sprouted seeds are compacted in the cylinder by lightly tapping the cylinder with the sprouted seeds on the table (30-40 strokes), first placing a small weight on the seed surface (based on the load pressure of 1-2 g / cm ² ) for created Nia additional pressure on the surface of the seeds in the cylinder. Then measure the bulk volume of germinated seeds in the cylinder, focusing on the lower flat surface of the weight. The amount of inhibition is defined as a percentage as the ratio of the differences in the bulk volumes of germinated seeds in soils and sand with swollen seeds.

To measure bulk density, transparent cylindrical containers with a ratio of height and cylinder diameter of 5: 8 are used as a transparent container (vessel). It is preferable to use laboratory graduated cylinders of transparent material.

The volume of water pre-poured into a cylindrical container exceeds the volume of the measured seeds by 3-5 times and, when the sprouted seeds are gradually poured into the cylinder, it provides separate settling of seeds with preservation of seedlings.

The impact is carried out by shaking the container with water and seeds 30-40 times with a force equal to the force of free fall of the cylinder on the table surface from a height of 1 cm with a permissible deviation from the indicated values of not more than 10%, while the weight of the weight should be less than the cylinder diameter by 2 mm (with a permissible deviation from the specified value of not more than 10%).

To determine the delay in germination by the amount of inhibition of seed development, the dependence “delay in seed germination - inhibition of seed development” obtained in the conditions of the experiments is used. This dependence can be prepared once for the conditions of the experiment, and then used as a reference.

To obtain this dependence, several pairs of “seeds - soil” are studied and the curve “delayed seed germination - inhibition of seed development” is built, determining the time of seed germination in the studied soil compared to sand. The delay in seed germination in soils is expressed as a percentage of the seed germination time in the sand.

After that, using the literature data on the effect of the delay in sowing time on crop losses and equating the delay in sowing time with the delay in seed germination, the effect of the inhibition on yield loss is estimated from the delay in germination of pesticide-treated seeds in the studied soil.

Below is a more detailed description of the proposed method, which does not limit the scope of claims of the claimed invention, but demonstrates the possibility of carrying out the invention with the achievement of the claimed technical result.

Example 1. Comparative, establishing the limits of application in determining the bulk volume of germinated seeds in a cylinder without water.

For seed germination, a container with an area of 4900 mm was taken, 20 g of sod-podzolic soil with a moisture content of 22-23% was poured into it and evenly leveled. On it was placed 5 g of triticale seeds cultivar "Nemchinovsky 56", placing them over the entire surface of the soil. Then, another 20 g of sod-podzolic soil was poured on top of the seeds and leveled. After that, 7.5 g of water was uniformly (dropwise) supplied from a measuring pipette to the soil surface. The prepared samples were placed for 40-48 hours in an air thermostat at 22 ° C, in which humidity close to 100% was maintained.

Over time, the germinated seeds with soil from the tank were transferred to a sieve with a hole diameter of 2 mm and the soil was washed with distilled water. After removing the soil, the seeds were transferred to filter paper, removing capillary moisture (Fig. 1). Then, the germinated seeds were poured into a 25 ml graduated cylinder with an inner diameter of 18 mm. After that, tapping the table with a measuring cylinder 30-40 times with a force equal to the force of free fall of the cylinder on the table surface from a height of 1 cm, the seeds in the cylinder were compacted and the bulk volume was fixed (Fig. 2). Then the seeds were poured from the measuring cylinder, cooled (stopping the development of seedlings), and the total length of the seedlings (roots and sprouts) was measured. By keeping the seeds in contact with moist soil, for different times, for the triticale seeds, the dependence of the length of the seedlings on the measured bulk volume was constructed (Fig. 3).

The graphs clearly show that up to a total length of seedlings of about 2000 mm, the initial 5 g of triticale seeds (Fig. 3) show a linear dependence of the bulk volume on the length of the seedlings. With a further increase in the length of the seedlings, they lose their rigidity and the linear dependence is violated. Moreover, when the total length of the seedlings exceeds 2000 mm, the bulk volume begins to decrease.

From the obtained results it follows that in the linear section of the curve “seedling length - bulk volume”, this method can be used to determine the length of seedlings by the bulk volume and, therefore, to assess the effect of soils and pesticides on seed development.

The linear relationship between the total length of the seedlings and the bulk volume of the sprouted seeds allows us not to measure the length of the roots, and in comparison with the bulk volumes of the sprouted seeds of the test sample (V2) and the control (V3), we determine the “percent inhibition”, taking the increase in the bulk volume of the control sample as sprouting.

The total inhibition for each sample (II) was determined by the formula:

And = ((V3i-V2i) / (V3i-V1)) * 100%,

where V1 is the correction factor characterizing the bulk volume of the swollen seeds of cereal cereal crops, germination of which was carried out for 24 hours (This coefficient is 20 ml for such crops and practically does not change when the substrate is changed, within the error of determination. In the case of other cereal crops (not cereal), the grain size of which is much larger (for example, corn), or smaller (millet), this volume will be different and can be determined by the above method.).

V2i is the bulk volume of the germinated seeds of the prototype;

V3i is the bulk volume of the germinated seeds of the control sample.

i is the serial number of the prototype.

It should be noted that the value of V1 is not affected (within the error) by the substrate in which the germination is performed (sand or soil).

Example 2. Determination of the bulk volume of germinated seeds in water.

For seed germination, a container with an area of 7850 mm ^{2 was} taken, 30 g of dry sand was poured into it, evenly leveled, 7.5 g of Nemchinovsky 56 grade triticale seeds were placed on it, placing them over the entire surface of the sand. Then, another 30 g of dry sand was poured on top of the seeds and leveled. After that, 15 g of water were uniformly (dropwise) supplied from a measuring pipette to the sand surface. The prepared samples were placed for 40-52 hours in an air thermostat at 22 ° C, in which humidity close to 100% was maintained.

Over time, the sprouted seeds with sand from the tank were transferred to a sieve with a hole diameter of 2 mm and the sand was washed with distilled water. After removing sand, the seeds were transferred to a cylinder with water with a volume of 100 ml with an inner diameter of 28 mm. At the same time, a vibrational effect was exerted on the cylinder, forcing it to oscillate with a frequency of 50 Hz in a vertical plane with an amplitude of 3-4 mm (on a special vibration table). Sprouted seeds were sprinkled into the cylinder gradually, so that they settled separately from each other. From the obtained data (Fig. 4) it is clearly seen that the use of vibrational effects on the cylinder allows one to get rid of voids arising in the structure from germinated seeds and, therefore, increases the reproducibility of the method.

After that, a weight of 8 g was placed on the surface of the seeds in the cylinder (in water minus the weight of the displaced water), creating a pressure on the surface of the seeds in the cylinder of 1.3 g / cm ² . Tapping a measuring cylinder about a table 30-40 times with an amplitude of 0-5 cm, the seeds in the cylinder were re-compacted and the bulk volume was fixed. Then the seeds were poured from the measuring cylinder, cooled (stopping the development of seedlings), and the total length of the seedlings (roots and sprouts) was measured. By keeping the seeds in contact with wet sand for different times, we constructed for the triticale seeds the dependence of the measured bulk volume in the water of the sprouted seeds on the length of the seedlings (Fig. 5). With a total length of seedlings of more than 8500 mm, the linear dependence is violated.

Thus, the method for determining the bulk volume of germinated seeds in water by about 3 times allows you to increase the maximum total length of seedlings of 7.5 g of triticale seeds, which can be measured in this way (from 3000 mm to 8500 mm), compared to measuring the bulk volume of dry seeds, which significantly increases the capabilities of the method.

For convenience of recounting during the experiments, the data “bulk volume - length of seedlings” are presented in the form of a table (Table 2), characterizing the dependence of the bulk volume of 7.5 g of germinated triticale seeds cultivar Nemchinovsky 56 on the length of seedlings, determined in a cylinder of 100 ml s water when exposed to a cylinder with water when seeds of vibration are introduced with a frequency of 50 Hz with an amplitude of 3-4 mm, followed by a cylinder tapping on a table (40 times) when an 8 g weight with a diameter of 26 mm is placed on the seed surface, creating pressure on the surface of this n in a cylinder of 1.3 g / cm ² ..

Example 3. Determination of the bulk volume of sprouted seeds in water during sequential vibration compaction with a load.

For seed germination, a container with an area of 7850 mm ^{2 was} taken, 30 g of dry sand was poured into it, evenly leveled, 7.5 g of spring barley seeds of the Nur variety were placed on it, spreading them over the entire surface of the sand. Then, another 30 g of dry sand was poured on top of the seeds and leveled. After that, 15 g of water were uniformly (dropwise) supplied from a measuring pipette to the sand surface. The prepared samples were placed for 40-52 hours in an air thermostat at 22 ° C, in which humidity close to 100% was maintained.

Over time, the sprouted seeds with sand from the tank were transferred to a sieve with a hole diameter of 2 mm and the sand was washed with distilled water. After removing sand, the seeds were transferred to a cylinder with water with a volume of 100 ml with an inner diameter of 28 mm. At the same time, a vibrational effect was exerted on the cylinder, forcing it to oscillate with a frequency of 50 Hz in a vertical plane with an amplitude of 3-4 mm (on a special vibration table). Sprouted seeds were poured into the cylinder gradually, so that they settled separately from each other to a volume of about 20 ml; after that, a load of 8 g was placed on the seeds and seeds were sprouted with seedlings under the load when exposed to vibration for 15-20 seconds. After that, the load was removed and about 20 ml of seeds were again poured and the seeds were again compacted under the influence of vibration under the load. Sequential compaction operations under load were performed until all seeds of the test sample were in the cylinder. Usually 4-5 times.

After that, a weight of 8 g was placed on the surface of the seeds in the cylinder (in water minus the weight of the displaced water), creating a pressure on the surface of the seeds in the cylinder of 1.3 g / cm ² . Tapping a measuring cylinder about a table 30-40 times with an amplitude of 0-5 cm, the seeds in the cylinder were re-compacted and the bulk volume was fixed. Then the seeds were poured from the measuring cylinder, cooled (stopping the development of seedlings), and the total length of the seedlings (roots and sprouts) was measured. After keeping the seeds in contact with wet sand for different times, we plotted for barley seeds the dependence of the measured bulk volume in the water of the sprouted seeds on the length of the seedlings when using sequential compaction under the influence of vibration under load in comparison with obtaining structures in the cylinder according to the method described in example 2. With the total the length of the seedlings over 8500 mm, the linear dependence in the method of example 2 is violated (Fig. 6, curve 1), and when using sequential compaction when exposed to vibration under load line The activity is maintained up to 15000-16000 mm (Fig. 6, curve 1), that is, it increases almost 2 times.

Example 4. To plot the curve "delayed seed germination - inhibition of seed development" used seeds of spring wheat (Triticum) cultivar Lisa, triticale (Triticosecale) cultivar Nemchinovsky 56, spring barley (Hordeum) cultivars Nur and Raushan and rye (Secale cereale) grade "Tatyana".

Used in the work: dry washed river sand with a particle size of 0.5-0.8 mm, samples of sod-podzolic soil from the vicinity of the floodplain of the river. Yakhroma with a moisture content of 18.1% (after cereals), gray forest soil from the Tula region (Shchekinsky district) with a moisture content of 21.6% (after cereals), as well as black soil typical of the Lipetsk region (Dankovsky district) with a moisture content of 33.1% (after potatoes) )

The effect of soils on the change in seedling length of 7.5 g of seeds (~ 200 pcs) during their germination in various soils was studied.

For seed germination, a container with an area of 7850 mm ^{2 was} taken, 30 g of substrate was poured into it, evenly leveled, 7.5 g of seeds were placed on it, placing them over the entire surface of the substrate. Then, another 30 g of substrate was poured on top of the seeds and leveled. After that, water was dispensed uniformly (dropwise) from the measuring pipette onto the surface of the substrate. For the used substrates, the optimal water weighed amounts were: sand - 15 g; sod-podzolic soil - 9 g; gray forest soil - 13.5 g; chernozem - 13.5 g. The prepared samples were placed for 30-55 hours in an air thermostat at 22 ° C, in which humidity close to 100% was maintained.

Over time, the germinated seeds with the substrate from the tank were transferred to a sieve with a hole diameter of 2 mm and the substrate was washed with distilled water. After removing the substrate, the seeds were transferred to a cylinder with water with a volume of 100 ml with an inner diameter of 28 mm. At the same time, a vibrational effect was exerted on the cylinder, forcing it to oscillate with a frequency of 50 Hz in a vertical plane with an amplitude of 3-4 mm (on a special vibration table). Sprouted seeds were poured into the cylinder gradually, so that they settled separately from each other to a volume of about 20 ml; after that, a load of 8 g was placed on the seeds and seeds were sprouted with seedlings under the load when exposed to vibration for 15-20 seconds. After that, the load was removed and about 20 ml of seeds were again poured and the seeds were again compacted under the influence of vibration under the load. Sequential compaction operations under load were performed until all seeds of the test sample were in the cylinder. Usually 4-5 times.

Then, a weight of 8 g was placed on the surface of the seeds in the cylinder (in water minus the weight of the displaced water), creating a pressure on the surface of the seeds in the cylinder of 1.3 g / cm ² . Tapping a measuring cylinder about a table 30-40 times with an amplitude of 0-5 cm, the seeds in the cylinder were re-compacted and the bulk volume was fixed.

The amount of inhibition for each sample (II) was determined by the formula:

And = ((V3i-V2i) / (V3i-V1)) * 100%,

where V1 is the correction factor characterizing the bulk volume of the swollen seeds of cereal cereal crops, germination of which was carried out for 24 hours (this ratio is 20 ml for such crops),

V2i is the bulk volume of the germinated seeds of the prototype;

V3i - bulk volume of germinated seeds of the control sample,

i is the serial number of the prototype.

After that, the kinetic dependences “seedling length - time” were built for different pairs of “culture-soil” and the kinetic dependences were used to determine the time for which the length of the seedlings of the studied seeds on a particular soil reached the length of the seedlings formed in the studied seeds in 48 hours in sand, expressing it as a percentage of the time of germination in the sand. As an example, data on the change in the length of seedlings depending on the time of wheat of the Lisa variety when germinated in sod-podzolic and gray forest soil are shown in the table (Table 3) and graphs (Fig. 8).

Dependences of the length of seedlings of 7.5 g of seeds on time during the germination of spring wheat seeds of the variety "Lisa" in sod-podzolic soil (Fig. 8, a)) and in gray forest soil (Fig. 8, b)) are presented.

In FIG. Figure 9 shows the dependence of the length of seedlings of 7.5 g of seeds on time during the germination of spring barley seeds of the Raushan variety in chernozem

The delay of seed germination in the soil was calculated as a percentage of the time of seed germination in the sand, the time shift (T).

Ti = [(to-tp) / tp] * 100 where,

Ti is the time shift (%),

tpi - time of seed germination in the sand (usually about 48 hours),

toi is the time of seed germination in the soil to the same length of seedlings as in sand, which is determined using the previously obtained dependences of the change in the length of seedlings on time for the selected crops when germinating untreated seeds of this crop on the studied soil (approximate the dependence by a straight line).

The data obtained are presented in table 4.

Based on the obtained data, the dependence “delayed seed germination - inhibition of seed development” was constructed (Fig. 10), which is approximated by a first-order exponent with a correlation coefficient of about 99%. and allows us to estimate the time shift during the germination of seeds of grain crops on various soils by the magnitude of the inhibition of seed development by soils. Due to the fact that when constructing the “inhibition-time shift” relationship, the “culture-soil” pairs were chosen arbitrarily, it can be expected that the obtained exponential dependence will reflect not only the behavior of the presented “culture-soil” pairs, but also all others, therefore can be used to find a temporary shift in the inhibition, determined for the germination of various seeds of cereal crops in various soils.

Example 5. Assessment of crop losses during the total inhibition of spring barley cultivar "Raushan" with various pesticides and chernozem.

Dry, washed river sand with a particle size of 0.5-0.8 mm and samples of black soil typical of the Lipetsk region (Dankovsky district) with a moisture content of 33.1% (after potatoes) were used as substrates.

For seed treatment used pesticides (fungicides):

“Fitosporin M” with a solution concentration of 100 g / l at a flow rate of 20 liters per ton of seeds;

“Raxil Ultra” with a concentration of 50 g / l at a flow rate of 20 liters per ton of seeds;

“Tebu 60” with a solution concentration of 100 g / l at a flow rate of 20 liters per ton of seeds;

For seed germination, a container with an area of 7850 mm ^{2 was} taken, 30 g of substrate was poured into it, evenly leveled, 7.5 g of spring barley seeds of the Raushan variety (untreated in sand and treated with fungicides in the soil) were placed on it, placing them throughout surface of the substrate. Then, another 30 g of substrate was poured on top of the seeds and leveled. After that, water was dispensed uniformly (dropwise) from the measuring pipette onto the surface of the substrate. For the used substrates, the optimal water weighed amounts were: sand - 15 g, chernozem - 13.5 g. The prepared samples were placed for 48 hours in an air thermostat at 22 ° C, in which humidity close to 100% was maintained.

Over time, the germinated seeds with the substrate from the tank were transferred to a sieve with a hole diameter of 2 mm and the substrate was washed with distilled water. After removing the substrate, the seeds were transferred to a cylinder with water with a volume of 100 ml with an inner diameter of 28 mm. At the same time, a vibrational effect was exerted on the cylinder, forcing it to oscillate with a frequency of 50 Hz in a vertical plane with an amplitude of 3-4 mm (on a special vibration table). Sprouted seeds were poured into the cylinder gradually, so that they settled separately from each other to a volume of about 20 ml; after that, a load of 8 g was placed on the seeds and seeds were sprouted with seedlings under the load when exposed to vibration for 15-20 seconds. After that, the load was removed and about 20 ml of seeds were again poured and the seeds were again compacted under the influence of vibration under the load. Sequential compaction operations under load were performed until all seeds of the test sample were in the cylinder. Usually 4-5 times.

After that, a weight of 8 g was placed on the surface of the seeds in the cylinder (in water minus the weight of the displaced water), creating a pressure on the surface of the seeds in the cylinder of 1.3 g / cm ² . Tapping a measuring cylinder about a table 30-40 times with an amplitude of 0-5 cm, the seeds in the cylinder were re-compacted and the bulk volume was fixed.

The total inhibition for each sample (II) was determined by the formula:

And = ((V3i-V2i) / (V3i-V1)) * 100%,

where V1 is the correction factor characterizing the bulk volume of the swollen seeds of cereal cereal crops, the germination of which was carried out within 24 hours.

V2i is the bulk volume of the germinated seeds of the prototype;

V3i is the bulk volume of the germinated seeds of the control sample.

i is the serial number of the prototype.

Then, using the relationship "temporary shift-inhibition" (the receipt of which is described in example 4) (Fig. 10) estimated delayed germination. Using the obtained dependence, the time shift (T) is obtained, which corresponds to the total inhibition of fungicide and soil during germination of treated seeds. When the time of germination of untreated seeds in the sand at 22-25 ° C is 2880 minutes, in real conditions at 10-12 ° C, spring crops germinate 3, 5 times slower than 1080 minutes, therefore, the delay time of germination of the treated seeds in the soil is calculated by the formula:

Δto = 1080 * T / 100,

where to is the germination time of the treated seeds in the soil (min),

Δto is the delay time of germination of the treated seeds in the soil (min),

T is the time shift, which was determined using the experimental curve for the value of the total inhibition found (%).

Comparing the delay in sowing dates to the delay in seed germination, the effect of inhibition on yield loss is estimated from the delay in seed germination using literature data on the effect of delay in sowing time compared to optimal ones on yield loss.

The data obtained are presented in table 5.

Given that the tests were carried out at room temperature, and the seeds of spring crops develop at a temperature of about 10-12 ° C, about 3.5 times slower, and also using data known for barley to reduce yield when delayed in sowing dates, which corresponds to a slowdown seed germination (a delay of 5 days leads to a change in yield from 34.7 kg / ha to 31.8 kg / ha (- 8.4%), for 10 days - up to 27.7 kg / ha (- 20.2% ), for 15 days - up to 20.9 kg / ha (- 39.8%) [4]), according to the data obtained, a decrease in yield was estimated under the total influence of toxins contained in ernozeme and pesticides, as compared with the substrate containing no toxins.

For the Phytosporin M fungicide, the germination delay is about a day, which makes the yield decrease almost imperceptible.

For fungicide Raxil Ultra, the delay in germination is about 3.5 days, which should lead to a decrease in yield of about 5%.

For fungicide "Tebu 60" the decrease in yield should be about 40%, which is confirmed by the data of vegetation experiments (Fig. 11).

Thus, the proposed method, using a simple high-performance technique, allows us to estimate yield losses under the combined influence of soil toxins and pesticides used for presowing seed treatment.

Literature

1. Sobko A.A. Crop programming is at the heart of advanced technology. -Kiev: Harvest, 1984, 22 p.

2. Kuznetsov B.C. Workshop on crop production. -M .: Kolos, 1977, p. eleven.

3. Ochkas N.A., Ujuhu A.Ch. A method for determining the potential yield of cereal crops. RF patent No. 2237403, 2004.

4. Zaretsky A.F. Sowing and yielding qualities of spring barley seeds. Mn .: Urajay, 1979. 88 p.

5. Kovyazina I.Yu. Duration of sowing of spring grain crops, their effect on yield and sowing quality of seeds in the conditions of the North-East of the Volga-Vyatka region - Perm :, 1984. - 20 p.

Claims (22)

A method for determining the delay time of germination of spring crops under the influence of toxicosis of soils and pesticides, which includes the following steps: 1) - the formation of at least one processed solution of a pesticide, a test sample of seeds of grain crops and one untreated control sample of seeds of grain crops, - providing contact of the experimental treated sample of seeds with soil with the addition of water until the minimum moisture capacity of the soil is achieved; - providing contact of the control sample of seeds with sand with the addition of water until the smallest moisture capacity of sand is reached; - exposure of the specified experimental and control samples of seeds before germination, - removal of soil and sand from germinated seeds and placement of the purified experimental and control samples of germinated seeds in identical transparent containers with water, - compaction of sprouted seeds in containers by means of vibration in the vertical plane and subsequent impact on the bottom of the container, and after vibration exposure to seed samples in the container, loads of identical mass are placed, - determination of bulk volumes of the experimental (V2) and control (V3) samples of germinated seeds according to the height of the load from the bottom of the tank, which determine the total inhibition of the seeds of the experimental sample with soil toxicosis and pesticide (II) according to the formula: And i = ((V3-V2i) / (V3-V1)) * 100%, where V1 is the correction factor characterizing the bulk volume of the swollen seeds of cereal cereal crops, germination of which was carried out within 24 hours; V2i is the bulk volume of the germinated seeds of the prototype; V3 - bulk volume of germinated seeds of the control sample, i is the serial number of the prototype; 2) according to the values of bulk volumes V2i, where i is the serial number of the prototype, the kinetic dependences of the change in the length of seedlings for the selected crop when germinating the treated seeds of this crop on the test soil from time to time (toi, min) are built 3) determine the value of the time shift (%) for each sample and the selected soil (Ti) Ti = [(toi-tpi) / tpi] * 100%, where Ti is the time shift (%), tpi - time of seed germination in the sand, min, tоi - time of seed germination in the soil to the same length of seedlings as in sand, min, 4) form the dependence of the time shift (Ti) on the total inhibition (II) during seed development, determined by the bulk volume (V2i), 5) determine the delay time of germination of a test sample of seeds in the soil according to the formula Δto = 1080 * Ti / 100, where Δto is the delay time of germination of the treated seeds in the soil (min), Ti is the time shift, which was determined using the experimental curve for the value of the total inhibition found (%).

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