RU2690419C1 - Plant protection method - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: biotechnology.SUBSTANCE: invention represents a method of plants protection, including planting of plants attracting natural enemies of pests, reproduction of entomophags with subsequent introduction into nature, creation of safety islets of their activity and distribution, installation of protected reservoirs on the protected territories with stable favourable micro-ecological conditions for development and functioning of living objects of plants protection - useful flora, microflora and fauna, where for artificial territorial convergence of natural enemies with pathogens and pests of plants for their successful destruction of reservoir with stable favourable micro-ecological conditions for development and functioning of living objects of plant protection - useful flora, microflora and fauna - remain open, and agents of bioecological struggle contained in them are fed by harmful organisms attracted by yellow flags, which also serve as reference points for quick location and replenishment of stocks of bioecological control agents in case of their unexpected death.EFFECT: invention reduces pest abundance.1 cl, 1 dwg, 1 tbl, 12 ex

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture and can be used when carrying out protective measures against pests of agricultural and other crops.

The aim of the invention is to create optimal conditions for the functioning of the useful flora (microflora) and fauna (useful plants, microorganisms and animals) in open ground conditions, in particular on potato plantings.

There is a chemical method of plant protection, including the use of various pesticides against certain types and complexes of harmful species / 2 /, but this method leads to environmental pollution with pesticide residues, increased pest aggression and virulence of diseases, and environmental degradation.

There is an agrotechnical method of plant protection, including: the use of crop rotations, appropriate fertilizers, methods of tillage, timing and methods of harvesting; limiting the number of weeds, the spatial isolation of crops, the use of resistant crops / 2 /. However, the use of this method is not sufficiently reliable and does not ensure the ecological stability of agroecocenoses for a long time.

There is a biological method of protecting plants with the method of flooding with entomophages, for which, as a rule, many predatory predators are released to the places of pest distribution, which in a short time “quench” the hearth. The disadvantages of this method are - relatively large quantities of released entomophages, as well as the presence of cannibalism among the predators used, which increases the cost of the process / 1 /.

There is a biological way to protect plants by "colonization." At the same time, parasites or predators are used either in terms of the activity of the direct number of introduced individuals, or in the calculation of a consistent increase in their numbers through reproduction due to parasitic or eaten pests. In this case, the consumption rates are calculated: on the basis of their fecundity; the degree of parasitism, the number of individuals eaten, search abilities and distance of migration / 3 /. The disadvantages of this method are usually inadequate external conditions, especially in conditions of rapidly changing climatic conditions, with the result that most of the introduced arthropods die before they have completed their main task - to reduce the number of targeted pests.

For these reasons, the greatest effect from the use of entomophages is observed in protected ground, where relatively stable conditions of temperature and humidity are observed, providing good conditions for the reproduction of parasites and predators.

The purpose of the invention is achieved by the fact that in order to increase the efficiency of local and introduced natural enemies, pests and plant pathogens create safety islands of their activity and distribution, with working tanks installed in the protected area with stable favorable micro-ecological conditions for the development and functioning of plant protection objects - beneficial flora, microflora and fauna, combined with the attraction of useful and harmful agrobiocenoses to them in order to artificially territorial cohesion of natural enemies of pathogens and plant pests for their successful destruction.

For the protection of plants by the proposed method, the “queen cells” of the following device are used: a working container made of high-density polyethylene or other dense material (when fighting against aphids it is painted yellow) 1, a removable cover 2 with a hole (tap hole) 3, a fine-mesh 4 , water 5, humus soil 6, living objects of plant protection 6, signal flags of yellow color 7. / Fig. 1./.

The device works as follows: Water 5 is poured into the working tank 1, which is covered with a fine-meshed net 4. A layer of humus soil 6 is poured onto the fine-meshed net 4 on which living plant protection objects (resting stages or microorganisms protecting plants) 7 are laid, for example, insects parasitized entomophages (100-200 pieces), after which the working container 1 is covered with a removable cover 2 with a tap-hole 3 (Fig. 1).

The evaporating water constantly maintains in the humus soil 5 and the free part of the working capacity the optimum moisture content for the development and functioning of the plant protection objects (80-90%). Winged objects of plant protection 6 fly apart, creeping creeping away, microscopic objects migrate and spread in the soil through letko 3 in search of victims.

Attracting substances (disparlyur + VIRIN ENSH) to fight unpaired silkworm, (Vertenol BS + entomopathogenic nematode Pristionchus uniformis Pyed. Et Ston.) To fight bark beetles and others attract the maximum number of harmful objects to the islets for living plant protection objects 6, which are destroyed with the help of the parasites and predators introduced in the working tanks.

The proposed device can be used for many living objects of plant protection.

Example 1. To protect the potato against aphids (plant-lice) in the working tank 1 placed mummies aphid parasitized local or introduced species afidiusov particularly Afidius Coleman (Afidius colemani Vier.), Afidius matrikariya = Afidius chamomile (Afidius matricariae Hal), Afidius erva (Afidius ervi) and other species of this genus. Local aphidius species are well adapted to local conditions, fly out of working tank 1, fly away within a radius of 20-30 m, and lay eggs in aphids living in a potato field individually or in colonies, giving rise to new generations of aphidias in nature, which is the source of the spread of the entomophage the whole potato field. Aphidius - small hymenopterans, resemble small wasps. On the hunt for aphids usually fly at dusk. Aphidiuses help regulate the number of harmful arthropods and maintain stability in agroecocenoses. Adult aphidiuses need additional feeding with nectar and pollen, therefore, on these islands, these entomophages should be sown or planted nectar-bearing insects (kosmeya, sunflower, Jerusalem artichoke, etc.).

It is known that winged aphids and some other types of pests fly to yellow color / 2 /. Attracted by yellow color, winged aphids-razlitelnitsy flock to the queen on yellow color and become victims of the departing imago aphidius.

Parasitized aphids mummified and give rise to a new generation of parasites. Separate adults migrate around the queen cell, infecting them with aphids, which managed to create colonies on the leaves of the protected potato. If necessary, parasitized mummies are put into working containers 1, which are produced in the laboratory of a plant for cereal aphids (according to published methods) or purchased at plant protection stations.

Example 2. In order to protect potatoes from aphids, mummies of aphids parasitized by insects lysiflebusy, in particular Lyziflebasa testeceph (Lyziphlebus testaceipes Cresson) and other species of this genus, are placed in working containers 1. Lisiflebusy introduced from the United States, settled down on the territory of the USSR and well adapted to local conditions. The winged lysiflebusy fly out of working tank 1, scatter in a radius of 20–30 m and lay eggs in aphids living on the potato field single or in colonies, giving rise to new generations of lysiphlebuses in nature, which is the source of the spread of the entomophage throughout the potato field. Lysiflebusy contribute to the regulation of the number of harmful arthropods and maintain stability in agroecocenoses.

Adults lysiflebusy need additional food nectar and pollen, so on the islets of safety for these entomophages should be sown or planted nectariferous (kosmeya, sunflower, Jerusalem artichoke, dill, etc.).

Example 3. To protect potatoes from aphids, spider mites, Colorado potato beetle (eggs, larvae 1-2 years of age), as well as to fight with shields on other cultures, pupae of Ladybug Stetor punctum are placed in working containers 1 (Stetora punctillum Wse.) - from spider mites or other species of predatory beetles from the family Coccinellids Coccinelidae) and other species of this genus from aphids.). Ladybirds are well adapted to local conditions, fly out of working tank 1 and fly away within a radius of 500 - 1000 m (the wind can carry adult beetles even for farther distances). Adult beetles eat aphids, spider mites, eggs and younger larvae of the Colorado potato beetle, younger caterpillars of the winter moth and other pests and are capable of producing new generations in nature, which is the source of distribution of this species in potato and surrounding potato and other fields. Ladybugs help regulate the numbers of harmful arthropods and maintain stability in agroecocenoses.

Example 4. To protect potatoes from aphids, puparia of a local species of a predatory gall midge — aphidymysis (Aphidoletes aphyidimiza. Rond.), Is placed in working containers 1. Adult predatory gall midges resemble small mosquitoes with long legs. Galliums are well adapted to local conditions, fly out of working tank 1, fly away within a radius of 20–30 m, and lay eggs between aphids living in colonies. Hatching small orange larvae of gall midge suck aphids, leave their empty skins, free the leaves of potatoes and other crops from pests, giving rise to new generations, which is the source of the spread of this species throughout the potato field. Predatory gall midges contribute to the regulation of the number of harmful arthropods and to maintain stability in agroecocenoses.

Example 5. To protect potatoes from aphids, Colorado potato beetles (eggs, larvae 1-2 years old), winter scoops and others, local pupae of the golden-eyed species, Chrysopa carnea goldfish, and other species of the Chrysopida family are placed in working containers 1. (Chrysopidae). Gilded eyes well adapted to local conditions fly out of working tank 1 and fly away within a radius of 200–300 m, eat aphids, eggs and larvae 1 and 2 of the age of Colorado beetles, lay eggs on the underside of potato leaves, which is a source of distribution of this species throughout the potato field and adjacent fields. Golden eyes contribute to the regulation of the number of harmful arthropods and to maintain stability in agroecocenoses. Adult zlatoglazki need additional food nectar and pollen, so on the islets of safety for these entomophages should be sown or planted nectariferous (kosmeya, sunflower, Jerusalem artichoke, etc.).

Example 6. To protect potatoes from aphids, Colorado potato beetles (eggs, larvae 1-2 years of age), winter scoops (eggs, caterpillars 1 and 2 ages) and others. Pupariums of the local type of syrphid - syrph Corolla = syrphus are placed in working tanks 1 (Syrphus corolla F.) and other species of hoverfly = syrphid = flower flies (insect family Syrphidae). Syrfids well adapted to local conditions fly out of working tank 1 and fly away within a radius of 500–1000 m, eat aphids, eggs and larvae 1 and 2 of the age of the Colorado potato beetles, lay eggs on the underside of potato leaves, which serves as a source of distribution of this species throughout the potato field and adjacent fields. In addition to eating entomophagous aphids, predators crawl along potato leaves and eat eggs and larvae 1–2 of the age of the Colorado potato beetle, caterpillars and larvae of pests 1–2 years old. Adult syrphids (active pollinators) need additional nectar and pollen feeding, therefore, on these islands, these entomophages should be sown or planted nectarose (cosme, sunflower, Jerusalem artichoke, etc.).

Example 7. In order to protect potatoes and many other cultures from whiteflies, mummies of whiteflies parasitized with enkarzia (Encarsia Formosa (Encarsia Formosa), Enkarsia lahorenza (Encarsia lahorensis), Enkarsia parthenopea (Encarsia partenopea) and other species of this genus) are placed in working tanks 1. Winged enkartia fly out of working tank 1, resembling small flies, which infect eggs of the whitefly larvae within a radius of 50 - 100 m and more. Affected aphids give rise to a new generation of the entomophage, which is the source of the spread of this species throughout the potato field. Adult enkarzii need additional food nectar and pollen, so on the islands of safety for these entomophages should be sown or planted nectarose (kosmeya, sunflower, Jerusalem artichoke, dill, etc.).

Example 8. To protect potatoes from the Colorado potato beetle, Colorado potato beetle eggs pre-parasitized by the specialized Colorado potato beetle egg edum (Edovum putteri) are placed in working containers 1. Winged edumiums fly out of working tank 1, which hit eggs of the Colorado potato beetle within a radius of 50 - 100 m and more, giving rise to several generations of the parasite of Colorado potato beetle eggs, which is the source of distribution of this species throughout the potato field. Adult edovums need additional food with nectar and pollen, so on the islets of safety for these entomophages should be sown or planted nectarose (kosmeya, sunflower, Jerusalem artichoke, dill, etc.).

Example 9. To protect potatoes from the Colorado potato beetle, the pupae of the predatory bug of perillus (Perillus maculiventris Sai.) Introduced from America are placed in the working containers 1. Perillus imagoes fly out of working tank 1 and fly away within a radius of 500–1000 m (the wind can carry adult carnivorous bugs of this species even to farther distances). Observatory perilluses (obligatory parasites of the Colorado potato beetle). They suck the larvae of the Colorado potato beetle, leaving only the drying out skins. Perillus can generate new generations and participate in the regulation of the number of Colorado and maintain stability in agroecocenoses. Adult perillus needs additional nectar and pollen nutrition, so on the islands of safety for these entomophages should be sown or planted nectarose (kosmeyu, sunflower, Jerusalem artichoke, dill, etc.).

Example 10. To protect potatoes from the Colorado potato beetle, pupae of a local species of a predatory bug of Picromerus (Picromerus bidens L.) are placed in working containers 1. Micromarkets are well adapted to local conditions. They suck the larvae of the Colorado potato beetle, leaving only the drying skins. Micromeasures are able to generate new generations and participate in the regulation of the number of Colorado and other pests and participate in maintaining environmental stability in agro-ecocenosis. Adult pikromirusy need additional food nectar and pollen, so on the islands of security for these entomophages should be sown or planted nectarose (kosmeyu, sunflower, Jerusalem artichoke, dill, etc.).

Example 11. In order to protect potatoes from the Colorado potato beetle, pupae are introduced into the tank 1, introduced from the Americas and in the Russian Federation predatory bug of the fossae (Podisus maculiventris Sai.). The imagoes of the podizus fly out of working tank 1 and fly away within a radius of 500–1000 m (the wind can carry adult carnivorous bugs of this species even to farther distances). They suck the larvae of the Colorado potato beetle and other types of harmful insects, leaving the drying skins. Podizuses are capable of generating new generations and participating in the regulation of the number of Colorado groups and maintaining stability in agroecocenoses. Adult podizuses need additional feeding with nectar and pollen, therefore, on the islets of safety for these entomophages should be sown or planted nectariferous (kosmeyu, sunflower, Jerusalem artichoke, dill, etc.). Due to the absence of optimal environmental conditions for adults on our potato fields, adult podizuses tend to migrate to nearby forests where they find flowers for additional nourishment and feed on other types of leaf beetles, pests of broad-leaved crops, so planting nectars for this species in order to keep it on planting potatoes is especially important.

When protecting potatoes from the Colorado potato beetle using the proposed method to attract imago of the Colorado potato beetle, under working containers 1, non-standard potato tubers (5-10 pcs.) And bouquets of potato tops put into water are placed on which beetles are collected, becoming a target for parasites and predators.

Example 12. To protect potatoes and other crops from the Colorado potato beetle, a winter scoop, wireworms, weevils, a stool is put into the front of the glass. Achromobacter nematophilus) different stages of development of the Colorado potato beetle, winter moth, weevils, wireworms, etc., depending on the type of pest prevailing in the protected area. The work tanks 1 are buried in the ground and marked with yellow signal flags 8. The larvae and adult nematodes emerging from the mummies rush into the ground and through passageway 3 pass and populate the surrounding soil. To attract imagoes of the Colorado potato beetle, under working containers 1, non-standard potato tubers (5-10 pieces) are laid out and bouquets from potato hawks put into water are collected by beetles, crawling on the soil, they become targets for entomopathogenic nematodes. Entomopathogenic nematodes and soil larvae of wireworms, weevils, scythes, etc. are affected. In case of a potato field being settled by aphids in working containers 1, additionally mummified with aphids or lysiphlebus aphids, or pupae of gall midges — aphidymis are added. Flying on yellow flags and creeps crawling on the soil are destroyed by the listed entomophages.

Working containers 1 with other beneficial microorganisms that inhabit the soil (nodule bacteria, antagonist bacteria, predatory nematodes, etc.) are also buried in the ground and marked with yellow signal flags 8.

The use of the proposed method of introduction and settlement of beneficial fauna and microflora increases their effectiveness in comparison with the basic introduction options by improving the ecological conditions of the passive developmental stages of arthropods (pupae, mummies, pronymphs, puparia, spores and active cultures of microorganisms, etc.) of parasitic insects and microorganisms (aphidias, Galitsa aphidymis, tahini lysiflebusy, edovumy, Ladybugs, predatory bugs), entomophage pupae (predatory and parasitic genus leg) and due to the territorial convergence of pathogens and pests (aphids, Colorado potato beetle, bark beetles, etc.) with their natural enemies (aphidus, ladybugs, predatory gall midges, predatory bugs, etc.), which makes it easier to establish the parasite – victim contact (table ).

The use of pesticides is strictly prohibited on the safety islands. Strengthening the fight against aphids and whiteflies is especially important in areas where healthy seed potatoes of high reproductions are grown (elite, super - elite, super - super elite).

To protect the garden or garden plot up to 6 acres, it is enough to create in the corners of the plot 4 islands of safety for useful flora, microflora and fauna.

Information sources:

1. Osmolovskiy G.E., Bondarenko N.V. Entomology. L. - Kolos, 1973.-360 p.

2. Izhevsk S.S., Akhatov A.K., Oleinik K.N., Mironova M.K., Borisov B.A. Protection of greenhouse and greenhouse plants from pests. M., KMK Scientific Ltd. 1999., 412 p.

3. Shmigl V.A., Gerasimov B.S., Damrose I.P. Guidelines for the registration of the most important carriers of viruses and mycoplasmas affecting potatoes. M. VASHNIL. 1975. 56 p.

Plant Protection Method

Claims (1)

A method of protecting plants, including planting plants that attract natural enemies of pests, breeding entomophages with subsequent introduction into nature, creating islands of safety for their activities and distribution, installing working tanks in protected areas with stable favorable micro-ecological conditions for the development and functioning of living plant protection objects — useful flora, microflora and fauna, characterized in that in order to artificially territorial convergence of natural enemies with togens and pests of plants for their successful destruction of containers with stable favorable microecological conditions for the development and functioning of living plant protection objects — useful flora, microflora and fauna — remain open, and the bioecological control agents in them feed on pests attracted by yellow flags that serve as reference points for the rapid finding and replenishment of agents of bioecological control in the event of their unexpected death.

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