RU2613572C9 - Method for constructing charts of marine and coastal vulnerability to oil, oil products and other chemicals - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: physics.

SUBSTANCE: list of the accounted objects is determined: the important biota components (IBC) - environmental biota groups / subgroups / types, the designated areas (DA). The season boundaries for the construction of the season charts with reference to the distribution of the selected environmental biota groups / subgroups / types and their vulnerability to oil are determined. The data on the biota distribution from the known published and / or unpublished databases, the environmental monitoring data and the publications on the results of the various studies are collected. The expert assessments on the biota distribution for the areas poorly provided or not provided with the data, are collected. The cartographic information about the coverage is collected from the existing topographic and navigational charts, sailing directions, aerial photographs, satellite images, the existing GIS data. The collected information is entered into the electronic cartographic database (DB). The source different-scale charts (WKB) of the biota groups / subgroups / types are constructed. The vulnerability factors for the accounted biota groups / subgroups / types are calculated on the sensitivity basis of the components to oil, their recoverability after exposure and the potential oil exposure. The received biota distribution charts are normalized. The biota vulnerability charts are constructed by the "addition" of the normalized WKB distribution charts for the environmental biots groups / subgroups / types in respect to their vulnerability factors. The received vulnerability charts are normalized, and the integrated vulnerability charts are constructed. At the same time, the range of the ​​obtained integrated vulnerability values are divided into 3 or 5 equal sub-ranges on the last construction stage of the integrated vulnerability charts, which are painted in different colors on the charts. The information received during the construction of the integrated vulnerability charts is entered in the cartographic database. In addition, the missing data are collected in the process of the marine and coastal expeditions in different seasons or months by sampling of the biota groups / subgroups / types . The number per area unit and / or the biomass density, the habitat boundaries of the environmental groups / subgroups / types of the important marine ecosystem biotic components from macrophytes to birds and marine mammals, excluding phyto- and zooplankton, are determined. The expert assessment of the missing data volume is carried out, and the newly obtained data are entered into the generated electronic cartographic database. The DA are separated in the significant socio-economic objects (SSEO) and the protected areas (PA). The charts for the SSEO and PA are constructed for the given coverage. For all accounted ecosystem components (WKB, SSEO and PA) the season charts are constructed, if the data are insufficient to construct the charts by months. In respect to the distribution characteristics of the time limits of the WKB, SSEO and PA, as well as their vulnerability to oil, the season boundaries, for which the vulnerability charts will be calculated, are defined. The vulnerability factors are assigned values for the SSEO and PA on the basis of the expert assessments. To construct the biota vulnerability charts, the charts of the season distribution of the biota components (groups / subgroups / types) are normalized for the abundance of the relevant environmental group on average per year in the coverage. Then, the "addition" of the source distribution charts of all the biota components is carried out for each season or month, taking into account the relative vulnerability factors for each accounted biotic component of the ecosystem. The vulnerability charts of the SSEO and PA are constructed by the "addition" of the source distribution charts of all the components of the SSEO and PA with their vulnerability factors, the received charts are normalized. The charts of the "relative" integrated vulnerability coverage are constructed by the "addition" of the relevant "relative" vulnerability season charts of the WKB, SSEO and PA. The "addition" of the "absolute" vulnerability charts of the WKB, SSEO and PA are performed to get the "absolute" integrated vulnerability charts.

EFFECT: improved accuracy of the vulnerability assessment of the marine and coastal areas to oil and oil products.

2 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of environmental protection, and in particular to the assessment of the most vulnerable objects in coastal and marine areas and their individual sections (ecologically vulnerable areas, socio-economic objects, specially protected natural areas) with the aim of protecting these areas / objects when planning oil spill response operations (OSR plans), as well as during such operations themselves. In addition, the resulting vulnerability maps can be used for various environmental purposes.

A known method of geoecological monitoring with an integrated assessment of the index of environmental hazard according to the patent of the Russian Federation No. 2423727 C2 of 09/22/2008, publ. 03/27/2010. According to the invention, ecologically hazardous toxic-contaminated and seismically hazardous areas of the environment are isolated, geoecological monitoring is carried out with an integrated assessment of the environmental hazard index Io. A conclusion is drawn on the results of monitoring by an integrated integrated assessment (ICE) of the environmental hazard index Io, using the results of chemical analysis of samples of bottom sediments and water. Moreover, samples are taken on the selected grid study area of the investigated medium. Normal and gradient geophysical i-fields are used on the medium’s area on the basis of: the dimensionless mean-square distribution parameter Ii equal to the product of the risk degree indicators Ri and its frequency (range) Ωi. Moreover, the values are determined separately for each component Ii of the index Io, while Ii is calculated according to the formula indicated in the patent. This method is not intended to assess possible pollution due to accidents, and to develop measures to eliminate them, and to protect environmentally vulnerable socio-economic objects.

A widely used method for assessing environmental sensitivity at possible oil spills is the ESI method, which consists in creating environmental sensitivity maps by classifying the coastline in conjunction with displaying sensitive objects (for nature and humans) according to the recommendations of international organizations IMO and IPIECA (IPIECA / IMO ( 1994) .SensitivityMappingforOilSpillResponse.JointIPIECA / IMOoilspillreportseries, Volume 1). In accordance with it, possible spills are assigned to several levels: 1st level - small localized spills; 2nd level - medium-sized spills; and 3rd level - large-scale incidents; in accordance with the spill site and OSR stages, it is recommended to use different scale maps. The range of map scales that can be used for tier 1 response, for example to clean a specific section of the coast, can be scaled to 1: 10000, while the strategic maps for the initial stage of tier 3 spill response should be approximately scale 1 : 1,000,000. The scale of intermediate maps can exceed or be less than 1: 100000, that is, the difference between the scale range of one type of card and another is approximately one order of magnitude. The following types of information should be applied to the cards (moreover, its detail for each scale of the cards will differ):

1. Shore types are classified by their vulnerability to oil using the Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI), usually based on the original index described (Gundlach Hayes, 1978), where shore types are ranked on a 10-point scale. The ESI indices are based on basic principles, the essence of which is that sensitivity to oil increases with increasing protection of the coast from the effects of waves, the penetration of oil into the underlying soil layer, the time of natural oil retention on shore and the biological productivity of coastal organisms. However, the numbers on the scale do not represent actual sensitivity. The ESI is a convenient way to summarize information, but does not take into account the use of the coast by wildlife or people.

2. Sensitive biological resources and resources necessary for human use are plotted on the maps in the form of polygons with distribution boundaries and locations of the objects under consideration with the corresponding symbols. The purpose of mapping sensitive resources is not to map all species of animals and plants living on the coastline, or to identify all enterprises and coastal activities, but to identify particularly sensitive species or groups of biota types or types of activities and areas where there may be a potential oil spill and which may experience the greatest negative impact as a result of such a spill. The following groups of sensitive resources are distinguished:

- habitat below the tidal zone (coral reefs, vegetative layer of the seabed, layer of brown algae);

- sensitive species and areas of particular interest, i.e. the maps should show areas of highest vulnerability of wildlife species (feeding and breeding areas), as well as beaches serving as shelters for seabird colonies, estuaries, important for migratory coastal birds and used as seal rookeries. Places that are important for rare or endangered species should be highlighted because there is a risk that the strong impact of the spill could seriously deplete an entire population of species. Mapping of biological resources should also take into account seasonality, preference is given to the presentation of information by month;

- socio-economic characteristics, include inanimate resources that can be damaged by the direct impact of an emergency oil spill, experience negative economic impact as a result of pollution, and also if this area at the time of the emergency spill is valuable for access and certain activities (harbors, moorings; areas of fishing, aquaculture and shellfish breeding; industrial facilities; tourist and sports resources; places of cultural, historical and scientific significance on the banks of the silt and near him.

3. Features of oil spill response, so for practical spill response purposes it is useful to know: where dispersants can be used and where they should not be used; where you can deploy booms and places of permanent mooring of booms; to which coastal zones of low vulnerability, if necessary, could an oil spill be directed to protect areas of high environmental sensitivity; places with access points.

IMO / IPIECA recommendations on the design of vulnerability cards: black-and-white cards should be built in A4 format so that they can be copied and faxed; use general-purpose symbols that do not create contradictions and are not misleading; consider seasonality. The use of the GIS system is recommended, which gives an advantage in the development of maps and emergency response planning for oil spills.

This method, based on the use of ESI, is widely used in various versions in many countries. The disadvantages of this method are as follows: 1) the ranking numbers for coast types on a 10-point scale do not represent actual quantitative sensitivity; ESI is a convenient way to summarize information, but does not take into account the use of shore and coastal waters by wildlife or people; 2) to develop an ESI index for a habitat below the tidal zone (coral reefs, a vegetative layer of the seabed, a layer of brown algae) using this method is practically impossible, extensive areas of the water area adjacent to the coastline, respectively, no vulnerability indices are assigned; 3) there are no seasonal maps of the distribution of biota, taking into account its presence in the area in different seasons (months).

There is a method of creating maps of ecologically vulnerable zones and areas of priority protection of water areas and coasts of Russia, implemented by specialists of Ecoproject OJSC, the algorithm of which is described in the chapter of the monograph (V.B. Pogrebov, Integral Assessment of the Environmental Sensitivity of Coastal Zone Bioresources to Anthropogenic Impacts // Basic Concepts of Modern Bank Management - Monograph. St. Petersburg: Russian State Medical University, 2010, v. II, pp. 43-85; hereinafter referred to (Pogrebov, 2010) and in the methodological manual ("Methodological approaches to creating maps of ecologically vulnerable zones and of priority protection of water areas and coasts of the Russian Federation against oil and oil products spills ”2012 http://www.wwf.ru/data/publ/478/wwf_oil_net.pdf further link (WWF, 2012), prepared by a group of specialists with financial support WWF-Russia: In accordance with this method, maps of the distribution of important ecosystem components (biotic components) are compiled, these data are presented as a separate layer in the GIS, and on the maps they indicate areas (polygons) of the ranked distribution of the abundance of selected important ecosystem components. They compile thematic seasonal maps for each species / group of biota species, determine data on the distribution of objects (indicators of its abundance) for each polygon of the thematic map. Further, for each object of the thematic layer, information on the presence of an object on this territory in a given season and / or indicators of its abundance is carried out in the corresponding fields of the property table. Conduct the translation of quantitative indicators into ranks. Scheme maps are further presented as separate "layers" in the GIS. A regular grid is created as a separate layer, the cell sizes of which are determined based on the minimum size of the contours on the map maps. Maps are added up within a group of important ecosystem components (biota) with the same vulnerability coefficient. Multiply the data on the distribution of the biota group in each polygon of the corresponding group of important ecosystem components by the vulnerability coefficient and add up all the separately obtained biota distribution maps. As the main data are used on the distribution of organisms compiled for the most important species or groups of species mainly seasonally.

The disadvantages of this method: 1) in the source maps of the distribution of biota, the boundaries of polygons - areas of distribution of groups / subgroups / types of biota are replaced by regular grid cells, which ultimately distorts the real boundaries of the vulnerability areas, and does not allow the liquidators to build correct action plans for the use of oil spill response facilities ; 2) when assessing the coefficients of vulnerability of various components of marine ecosystems to the main types of impact, only the sensitivity of components and their recoverability are taken into account, and the different potential effects of different types of oil on a particular biotic component of the ecosystem (not in the description of the method) (Pogrebov, 2010), that is, it is assumed that the vulnerability of biota groups to different types of oil is the same, which reduces the accuracy of assessing environmental vulnerability; 3) the algorithm for dividing the final vulnerability range into sub-ranges is not described and unclear (the sizes of the intervals (sub-ranges) of the vulnerability are not formalized, but determined by experts (WWF, 2012); 4) the ranking of the final maps is carried out for all seasons at the same time so that the rating scale takes into account seasonal variability (Pogrebov, 2010); this can often lead to the fact that in certain seasons (winter, autumn) certain ranks (usually 5 and 4 or, conversely, 1 and 2) may be absent, which complicates the use of such cards in OSR plans; 5) for biota groups, two different coefficients of vulnerability to oil are given: for the oil film and dispersed oil (Pogrebov, 2010), which confuses the situation, because simultaneous presence of both film and dispersed oil is possible.

Closest to the claimed method is the method described in the Methodological recommendations for the development and construction of maps of environmental vulnerability to oil from the coast, coastal zones and waters of the seas (MMBI KSC RAS, state registration No. 01201165651 dated 06/09/2011, in the framework of the State. Contract No. 16.420.12.2007 http://fcp.ocean.ru/component/option,com_docman/task,doc_view/gid.839/). The method consists of several stages. Collection of source data and construction of biota distribution maps. They collect such data from well-known published or unpublished databases, collect expert evaluations of specialists in this field of research for individual sites for which there are no expeditionary research data and materials in the databases; enter all the collected information into the cartographic electronic database. The data of existing topographic maps, locations, satellite images, and available GIS information is entered into this database.

For a given mapped area, initial seasonal maps or maps are constructed by months of distribution of important biota components (WKB) B ^j is the number per unit area or biomass density of groups / subgroups / species, where j is an index denoting the corresponding group / subgroup / biota: i - ichthyoplankton, a - macrophytes (phytobenthos), z - zoobenthos, ƒ - fish, b - birds, m - marine mammals. The maps obtained are normalized: all density values on the obtained maps are divided by the maximum value for the whole year for the indicator that is present on them (B ^j max) _y , where B ^j is the biomass or the number of the jth group per unit area, the index “ y ”Means that the data are for the whole year. The number of gradations and the position of the boundaries of the polygons remains the same, which experts gave in units of measurement adopted for each of the groups. Total cards with a normalized distribution of biota (from 0 to 1).

The vulnerability coefficients V _{b are} determined for the considered groups / subgroups / biota species represented on the WKB maps. Use the formula: V _b = S × E / R, where S is the sensitivity of the biota to oil, E is the potential effect of oil on the biota, R is the recoverability of the biota after exposure.

Maps of distribution of especially significant sites (RAM) (seasonal or monthly maps) are prepared. For the polygons (RAM) indicated on these cards, protection priority factors V _{a are} determined.

The construction of biota vulnerability maps (the addition of WKB distribution maps for groups based on their vulnerability coefficients) is performed as follows. Maps of the normalized distribution of the jth biota groups are added separately for each season (i.e., the values assigned to the polygons are summed), previously multiplied by the vulnerability coefficient of these groups. Moreover, according to the above formula, all groups (macrophytes, ichthyoplankton, benthos, fish, marine mammals, birds) have an unclear contribution to the final result, including excluding their abundance in the mapped area. If you need a different ratio between the groups, then use the corresponding coefficients before the terms. After addition, the obtained seasonal biota vulnerability distribution maps (polygon values) are normalized to the maximum vulnerability per year for “absolute” vulnerability cards (the vulnerability values corresponding to each polygon are divided by the maximum vulnerability on these maps per year) or normalized to the maximum vulnerability for the corresponding season for cards of "relative" vulnerability. For convenience, the intervals obtained are transferred to the range 0 (or min) - 100. This is the second normalization for both “relative” vulnerability cards and “absolute” vulnerability cards. As a result, the vulnerability varies in the range from 0 or some minimum value to 100.

The following final maps are built:

- maps of the distribution of the ESI coastal environmental sensitivity index;

- maps of areas of priority protection - maps of the integrated vulnerability of the coastal-marine zone (seasonal or monthly maps). These cards are the sum of the normalized biota vulnerability maps (WKB) and RAM. The main maps for use in OSR plans are maps of “relative” vulnerability (relative variability - the range of variability of the represented vulnerability is from 0 or the minimum to the maximum in a particular season, equal to 100). Additional maps can be built: summary maps of the “absolute” vulnerability of biota (WKB) and RAM. All cards are entered into the database.

The developed maps are presented in the form of atlases - paper and electronic, each map of which is accompanied by an explanatory note. The disadvantage of this method is the lack of accuracy in assessing the vulnerability of biota.

The problem solved by the invention was, firstly, to develop a tool to minimize the consequences of emergencies - oil spills and oil products in the coastal-marine zone (for offshore coastal waters and coastal areas) associated with technogenic emissions of oil and other chemicals, including when drilling wells, developing oil and gas fields on the shelf and transporting hydrocarbons and other chemicals; secondly, in obtaining comprehensive information on assessing the vulnerability of coastal-marine zones necessary for solving various environmental problems.

The technical result is to increase the accuracy of assessing the vulnerability of coastal areas from oil, oil products and other chemicals.

для учитываемых групп/подгрупп/видов биоты на основе чувствительности компонентов к действию нефти, их восстанавливаемости после воздействия и потенциального воздействия на них нефти; нормировку полученных карт распределения биоты; построение карт уязвимости биоты путем «сложения» нормированных карт распределения ВКБ для экологических групп/подгрупп/видов биоты с учетом их коэффициентов уязвимости; нормировку полученных карт уязвимости биоты и построение карт интегральной уязвимости, при этом на последнем этапе построения карт интегральной уязвимости диапазон полученных значений интегральной уязвимости делится на 3 или 5 равных поддиапазона, которые на картах окрашиваются в разные цвета, ввод полученной в ходе построения карт интегральной уязвимости информации в картографическую БД.The inventive method, as well as known, includes determining the list of considered objects: important components of biota (WKB) - environmental groups / subgroups / types of biota, especially significant sites (RAM), determining the boundaries of the seasons, building seasonal maps taking into account the distribution characteristics of the selected ecological groups / subgroups / types of biota and their vulnerability to oil; collecting data on the distribution of biota from known published and / or unpublished databases, environmental monitoring data and publications from various studies; collection of expert assessments of specialists on the distribution of biota for areas of poorly provided or not provided with data; collection of cartographic information about the mapped area from existing topographic and navigation maps, locations, aerial photographs, satellite images, available GIS information; entering the collected information into an electronic cartographic database; construction of initial multi-scale distribution maps of WKB groups / subgroups / types of biota; calculation of vulnerability factors

for the considered groups / subgroups / types of biota based on the sensitivity of the components to the action of oil, their recoverability after exposure and the potential impact of oil on them; normalization of the obtained biota distribution maps; building biota vulnerability maps by “adding up” standardized WKB distribution maps for ecological groups / subgroups / types of biota, taking into account their vulnerability factors; normalization of the obtained biota vulnerability maps and the construction of integrated vulnerability maps, while at the last stage of constructing the integrated vulnerability maps, the range of the obtained integrated vulnerability values is divided into 3 or 5 equal subranges, which are painted on the cards in different colors, input of the information obtained during the construction of the integrated vulnerability maps to the cartographic database.

для ОЗО и коэффициентам уязвимости

для ПОТ. Для построения карт уязвимости биоты карты сезонного распределения компонентов (групп/подгрупп/видов) биоты B ^sg нормируют на обилие соответствующей g-й экологической группы P ^yg в среднем за год в картографируемом районе по формуле:The technical result is achieved by the fact that in the process of sea and coastal expeditionary work in different seasons or months, they collect the missing data by sampling groups / subgroups / types of biota, determine their number per unit area and / or density of biomass, habitat boundaries of ecological groups / subgroups / species of important biotic components of the marine ecosystem from macrophytes to birds and marine mammals without phyto- and zooplankton, carry out an expert assessment of the missing data volume and enter the newly obtained e data in the generated electronic cartographic database. The RAM is divided into particularly significant socio-economic objects (OZO) and nature conservation territories (OVT), and OZO and OVT maps are constructed for a given mapped area. For all considered ecosystem components (WKB, OZO and POT), seasonal maps are constructed if the data is insufficient to build maps by months, and taking into account the distribution characteristics of WKB, OZO and POT - their time boundaries, as well as their vulnerability to oil, determine the boundaries of the seasons for which vulnerability maps will be calculated. Based on expert assessments, assign values to vulnerability factors

for OZOs and vulnerability factors

for sweat. To construct biota vulnerability maps, maps of the seasonal distribution of components (groups / subgroups / species) of biota B ^sg are normalized to the abundance of the corresponding gth ecological group P ^yg on average per year in the mapped area according to the formula:

, где

where

B ^sg - initial abundance per unit area or biomass density of the gth environmental group / subgroup / biota species at individual landfills in a particular season or month, presented on the map in units of measurement accepted for these groups / subgroups / species (g / m ² , ind / km ² , ind / m ³ , t / h of trawling, etc.);

P ^yg is the average for the year y abundance of the corresponding gth ecological group, while the abundance of the gth ecological group refers to the average annual biomass or the total number of the ecological biota group in the mapped area;

по формуле:B ^{sg [ y ]} is the relative seasonal (relatively annual) abundance of group / subgroup / species abundance - the share of the average annual abundance of group / subgroup / biota species in a mapped area per unit area within the polygons of this region in a particular season or month, and the index [ y ] in brackets means that normalization to the average annual abundance P ^{yg has} been carried out; then, for each individual season or month, “addition” of the initial distribution maps of all components of the biota B ^{sg [ y ] is} carried out taking into account the coefficients

according to the formula:

; где

; Where

- коэффициенты относительной уязвимости для каждого учитываемого биотического компонента экосистемы (g=1, 2, 3…).

- relative vulnerability coefficients for each considered biotic component of the ecosystem ( g = 1, 2, 3 ...).

Then, VZO and VET vulnerability maps are constructed by “adding up” the initial distribution maps of all OZO and VET components taking into account their vulnerability coefficients and normalizing the resulting maps; the construction of maps of the "relative" integrated vulnerability of the mapped area is performed by "adding" the corresponding seasonal maps of the "relative" vulnerability of the WKB, OZO and POT according to the formula:

, где

where

- «относительная» интегральная уязвимость различных участков картографируемого района;

- “relative” integral vulnerability of various sections of the mapped area;

k _b , k _c , k _d - coefficients equal to 1 or established on the basis of expert estimates and determining the contribution (share) of the vulnerability of the WKB, OZO, POT to the overall vulnerability; then they perform “addition” of cards of the “absolute” vulnerability of the WKB, OZO and POT to obtain cards of the “absolute” integral vulnerability according to the formula:

, где

where

- «абсолютная» интегральная уязвимость различных участков картографируемого района.

- “absolute” integral vulnerability of various sections of the mapped area.

Collection of missing data during expeditions in different seasons or months by sampling biota, determining its abundance per unit area or biomass density, habitat boundaries of groups / subgroups / species - important biotic components of the marine ecosystem from macrophytes to birds, expert assessment of the missing data and the input of the obtained data into an electronic cartographic database provides an increase in the accuracy of assessing the vulnerability of coastal-marine biota from oil, oil products and other chemicals and This is in the process of developing OSR plans and directly during OSR operations, as well as the possibility of obtaining comprehensive information on assessing the vulnerability of coastal-marine zones necessary for solving various environmental problems.

для ОЗО на основе экспертных оценок и коэффициентам уязвимости (или приоритетной защиты)

для ПОТ на основе их природоохранного статуса обеспечивает повышение точности оценки уязвимости прибрежно-морских зон вследствие учета их разного вклада (коэффициенты k _c и k _d ) по сравнению с картами ВКБ.Separation of RAM into OZO and VET and the construction of maps of especially significant or socio-economic objects (OZO) and the position of nature conservation territories (OV) for a given mapped area, as well as assigning values to vulnerability factors (or priority protection)

for OZO based on expert assessments and vulnerability factors (or priority protection)

for VET, based on their environmental status, it provides an increase in the accuracy of assessing the vulnerability of coastal-marine zones due to the consideration of their different contributions (coefficients k _c and k _d ) compared to WKB maps.

Normalization of distribution maps of ecosystem components (groups / subgroups / biota species) by the average annual abundance value when constructing vulnerability maps using the above formulas improves the accuracy of assessing the vulnerability of coastal-marine biota due to taking into account the real contribution of each group / subgroup / biota type to the overall assessment vulnerabilities in the mapped area and makes it possible to obtain the correct comprehensive information on assessing the vulnerability of coastal-marine zones necessary for solving various environmental problems. In addition, such rationing allows one to further (in the final result) take into account the change in the ratio between the seasons for the same group, as well as the ratio of the abundance between different ecological groups within the same season, but different in different seasons.

позволяет учитывать разный вклад (долю) уязвимости ВКБ, ОЗО, ПОТ в интегральную «относительную» уязвимость, что обеспечивает повышение точности оценки интегральной уязвимости прибрежно-морских зон и позволяет делать сравнительные оценки интегральной уязвимости отдельных участков картографируемого района внутри каждого отдельного (конкретного) сезона или месяца, что необходимо для планов ЛРН.Constructing an integrated vulnerability map of a mapped area by "adding up" maps of the "relative" vulnerability of the WKB, OZO and POT according to the formula

allows you to take into account the different contribution (share) of vulnerability of the WKB, OZO, POT to the integral "relative" vulnerability, which improves the accuracy of the assessment of the integral vulnerability of coastal-marine zones and allows you to make comparative assessments of the integral vulnerability of individual sections of the mapped area within each individual (specific) season or months, which is necessary for OSR plans.

позволяет учитывать разный вклад (долю) уязвимости ВКБ, ОЗО, ПОТ в интегральную «абсолютную» уязвимость, что обеспечивает повышение точности оценки интегральной уязвимости прибрежно-морских зон в разные периоды года и позволяет делать сравнительные оценки интегральной уязвимости отдельных участков между сезонами или месяцами картографируемого района, что важно с точки зрения природоохранных целей.Building maps of the “absolute” integral vulnerability by “adding” the maps of the “absolute” vulnerability of the WKB, OZO and POT according to the formula

allows you to take into account the different contribution (share) of the vulnerability of the WKB, OZO, POT to the integral "absolute" vulnerability, which improves the accuracy of the assessment of the integral vulnerability of coastal-marine zones at different periods of the year and allows you to make comparative assessments of the integral vulnerability of individual sites between seasons or months of the mapped area , which is important from the point of view of environmental goals.

The invention is as follows.

They collect data on the distribution of biota from known published and / or unpublished databases, environmental monitoring data and publications from various studies, collect expert assessments of specialists on the distribution of biota for areas of poorly or not provided data, cartographic information about the mapped area from existing topographic and navigation charts, locations, aerial photographs, satellite images, available GIS information. Then the collected information is entered into an electronic cartographic database.

The biotic components that are most important (key by some parameters) for the ecosystem are identified: groups / subgroups / types of biota from macrophytes to birds and marine mammals without phyto- and zooplankton. They determine the amount of missing data and conduct additional specially organized marine and coastal expeditionary works in the seasons or months when they are needed. The collection of missing data is carried out by observing and sampling the selected groups / subgroups / types of biota, determining their number per unit area and / or biomass density, habitat boundaries. Then carry out an expert assessment of the data obtained in the expedition (s) and expertly, and enter them into a pre-formed electronic cartographic database.

для учитываемых экологических групп/подгрупп/видов биоты (представляемых на картах ВКБ) по формуле:

, где S ^g - чувствительность биоты к воздействию нефти, E ^g - потенциальное воздействие нефти на биоту, R ^g - восстанавливаемость биоты после воздействия (значения S ^g , E ^g и R ^g выбираются экспертами в диапазоне, например, 1÷10; или этим параметрам присваивается соответствующее значение на основе токсикологических данных LC₅₀; или значения соответствующих величин S, Е и R оценивается каким-либо другим способом; g - индекс учитываемых групп/подгрупп/видов биоты). При этом под экологической группой g понимаются, как правило, следующие компоненты биоты: ихтиопланктон, макрофитобентос, зообентос, рыбы, морские млекопитающие, птицы; при высоких концентрациях фито- и зоопланктона экспертами могут учитываться и эти экологические группы. Под подгруппой - часть экологической группы: например, мобильный и немобильный бентос - две подгруппы зообентоса; донные, пелагические, проходные виды рыб - три подгруппы рыб; морские млекопитающие «без меха» (китообразные и атлантический морж), ластоногие (исключая атлантического моржа), белый медведь - три подгруппы морских млекопитающих; и т.д. Выделение подгрупп и видов позволяет более корректно учитывать различие их уязвимости к воздействиям.Initial seasonal maps or maps are constructed by months of distribution of important biota components (WKB) in the form of polygons with values of B ^sg ( s is the season index; g is the index of the ecological group / subgroups / species). Moreover, the seasons maps are constructed so that within the selected time boundaries of the seasons the distribution density of the biota B ^sg remains constant. Maps are built in units accepted for this group / subgroup / type (in g / m ² , ind / km ² , t / h of trawling ...). Vulnerabilities are calculated

for the considered ecological groups / subgroups / types of biota (represented on WKB maps) according to the formula:

where S ^g is the sensitivity of the biota to the effects of oil, E ^g is the potential effect of the oil on the biota, R ^g is the recoverability of the biota after exposure (the values of S ^g , E ^g and R ^g are selected by experts in the range, for example, 1 ÷ 10; or this the parameters are assigned the corresponding value based on the toxicological data of LC ₅₀ ; or the values of the corresponding values of S, E and R are estimated in some other way; g is the index of the groups / subgroups / types of biota taken into account). Moreover, ecological group g is understood to mean, as a rule, the following biota components: ichthyoplankton, macrophytobenthos, zoobenthos, fish, marine mammals, birds; at high concentrations of phyto- and zooplankton, experts can also take into account these ecological groups. Under the subgroup is part of the ecological group: for example, mobile and non-mobile benthos - two subgroups of zoobenthos; bottom, pelagic, migratory fish species - three subgroups of fish; “no fur” marine mammals (cetaceans and Atlantic walrus), pinnipeds (excluding the Atlantic walrus), polar bear — three subgroups of marine mammals; etc. The selection of subgroups and species allows more correctly take into account the difference in their vulnerability to impacts.

Maps of the location of especially significant socio-economic objects (OZO) and the position of nature conservation territories (LSP) for a given mapped area are constructed in the form of polygons of their initial location C ^sj and D ^sf for each season or month (possibly for individual j -x / ƒ -x components, these cards will be the same for the whole year). Polygons are assigned a value of 1 in the presence of an OZO or POT and a value of 0 in their absence.

(далее по аналогии с

коэффициенты

называются коэффициентами уязвимости ОЗО) для ОЗО на основе экспертных оценок (где j=1, 2, 3… - индекс различных участков (полигонов) расположения особо значимых социально-экономических объектов) и коэффициентам приоритетной защиты

(далее по аналогии с

коэффициенты

называются коэффициентами уязвимости ПОТ) для ПОТ на основе их природоохранного статуса (где ƒ=1, 2, 3… - индекс различных участков (полигонов) расположения природоохранных территорий). При этом карты ОЗО и ПОТ также строят в пределах таких временных границ, в пределах которых расположение объектов ОЗО и ПОТ не изменяется.The values are then assigned to the priority protection factors.

(further by analogy with

odds

are called OZO vulnerability factors) for OZO based on expert assessments (where j = 1, 2, 3 ... is the index of different sections (polygons) of the location of especially significant socio-economic objects) and priority protection factors

(further by analogy with

odds

are called POT vulnerability coefficients) for POT based on their environmental status (where ƒ = 1, 2, 3 ... is the index of different sites (polygons) of the location of nature protection territories). At the same time, the OZO and POT cards are also built within such time limits, within which the location of the OZO and POT objects does not change.

For all the considered components of the ecosystem (WKB, POT and OZO), seasonal maps are constructed if there is insufficient data to build maps by month. Moreover, the time boundaries of the seasons for which vulnerability maps will be constructed are determined taking into account the distribution characteristics of the WKB, OZO and VET, as well as their various vulnerability to oil.

Hereinafter, the following should be borne in mind. A mapped area is an area within which all the initial parameters of the WKB, OZO and POT are taken into account, within the boundaries of which all calculations are performed and within it areas of different vulnerability are determined. For object maps (scale 1: 10000 ÷ 1: 50,000), this is the area of impact of a particular object during federal level oil spills (> 5000 tons). Several object maps can be built for this area, and the boundaries of the mapped area are the boundaries of the impact of the object. For tactical and strategic vulnerability maps of the long coast, for example, the coast of the Kola Peninsula, the mapped areas (each of which is located on a separate map) are sections of the coastal waters within the boundaries of the strategic (1: 500000 ÷ 1: 2000000) or tactical (1: 150000 ÷ 1: 250000) scale when placing the card on the entire sheet of A3 format. The issue of choosing the boundaries of the “mapped” area of tactical and strategic maps is important for large, long stretches of the coast, since for them this significantly affects the results of the vulnerability assessment. This question is not described in detail here.

In the closest analogue, the initial data for each biota group are normalized to the maximum abundance per unit area or biomass density in the mapped area, both for “relative” and “absolute” vulnerability maps (maximum abundance per unit area or biomass density of one of the polygons for a specific season or month). In this method, normalization is carried out differently: the initial data are normalized to the average annual value of the abundance of the ecological group (biotic component) for all WKB maps. Those. not the only maximum value for the polygons of the biota group is taken, but the average annual abundance or group biomass (abundance) for the mapped area is found, which, in turn, is divided by the abundance per unit area or biomass density of each particular polygon of an ecological group / subgroup / species in every season. In this case, the abundance for the season / month (by which the average annual abundance of the group is calculated) is calculated by summing up the biomass / biota abundance for individual polygons.

“Vulnerability of the sea area (the natural environment of the sea area and the biota inhabiting it) is a property related to a specific area of the sea (water area, body of water and the bottom or their combination), which characterizes the general, summary results of a possible, mainly anthropogenic, environmental impact and biota, for the most part in this area, which leads to:

firstly, to the disruption of the normal functioning of individual species and / or entire ecological groups in this region, up to a partial or complete loss of the abundance (biomass) of these species / ecological groups;

secondly, to the violation of the natural conditions of biota habitats in the area of impact, which affects the normal functioning of biota (biocenosis) immediately at the time of exposure and / or in the future both on biota that constantly lives in this area, and on biota, which can appear in it later;

and in aggregate has the consequence:

partial or complete violation of the structure and functions of the part of the sea ecosystem related to the impact area, up to the loss of its stability;

and, possibly, violation of the structure and function of the ecosystem of the entire sea ”(Shavykin AA, Ilyin GV Assessment of the integral vulnerability of the Barents Sea to oil pollution. - Murmansk: MMBI KSC RAS, 2010. - 110 pp.).

In short, the algorithm for constructing vulnerability maps can be formulated as follows.

To construct biota vulnerability maps, seasonal or monthly distribution maps of components (ecological groups / subgroups / species) of biota are normalized to the abundance of the corresponding gth ecological group P ^yg on average for the year “ y ” (by the average annual number or biomass in the mapped area) for the subsequent construction of both maps of “relative” and maps of “absolute” vulnerability, and for each season receive a distribution of relative abundance values for the year:

The ratio of B ^sg (for example, in units of g / m ² ) to the abundance of P ^yg in the mapped area (in grams) gives per unit area (1 / m ² ) a fraction of the average annual abundance for this area in a particular season.

для учитываемых экологических групп/подгрупп/видов биоты на основе чувствительности компонентов, их восстанавливаемости после воздействия и потенциального воздействия на них нефти.Vulnerability Ratios Calculated

for the considered ecological groups / subgroups / types of biota based on the sensitivity of the components, their recoverability after exposure and the potential impact of oil on them.

по формуле:Then, for each individual season or month, “addition” of the initial distribution maps of all components of the biota B ^{sg [ y ] is} carried out taking into account the coefficients

according to the formula:

.

.

The process of “adding” the source maps is performed by means of GIS programs. This procedure is a summation of the numerical values of indicators assigned to areas (polygons) at each specific point on the map. The result is a map with new boundaries of the plots, which are determined by the boundaries of the original plots assigned to the plots of the initial values of the relative abundance of the group / subgroup / species B ^{sg [ y ]} multiplied by the corresponding vulnerability factors of the ecological group / subgroup / species. The contribution of each “term” (group) is determined based on the accepted ecosystem model of the mapped area. Within the group, the share of subgroups / species in the total abundance has already been laid down by the corresponding normalization of the initial data. In the above formulas, the contribution of all groups, taking into account normalization to abundance, is the same. If necessary, additional coefficients are introduced in front of the terms in the formulas that determine the other contribution of each ecological group / subgroup / species to the overall “relative” / “absolute” vulnerability.

нормируют на максимальное значение уязвимости за сезон или месяц для карт «относительной» уязвимости

или за год для карт «абсолютной» уязвимости

, переходя в диапазон значений уязвимости, равный

или

соответственно, и получают исходные карты «относительной»

и «абсолютной»

уязвимости биоты в картографируемом районе. Данная процедура необходима для построения карт интегральной уязвимости.Received distribution cards

standardize on the maximum value of vulnerability for a season or a month for maps of "relative" vulnerability

or per year for “absolute” vulnerability cards

moving into a range of vulnerability values equal to

or

respectively, and get the original cards "relative"

and "absolute"

biota vulnerabilities in a mapped area. This procedure is necessary to build integrated vulnerability maps.

исходя из экологической, социокультурной и хозяйственной значимости; значения

могут выбираться экспертами в диапазоне 1÷10; возможно, что экспертами значения

будут оцениваться иначе: чем больше приоритетность защиты («уязвимость») объекта ОЗО, тем больше значение

с индексом j; возможна также оценка

другим способом. Проводят «сложение» полученных карт расположения ОЗО для каждого сезона или месяца в отдельности, предварительно умножая значения полигонов C ^sj на коэффициенты

. Полученные значения уязвимости

ОЗО нормируют на максимальное значение уязвимости

в сезон и переходят в шкалу

для карт «относительной» уязвимости. При нормировке на

за год получают карты распределения в диапазоне

. Итог: сезонные карты «относительной»

и «абсолютной»

уязвимости ОЗО.Carry out the construction of maps of vulnerability of especially significant objects (OZO). A list of the environmental protection zones of the natural and technogenic environment (without biota) is determined and the initial distribution maps C ^sj for each season or month are constructed (perhaps, for individual j -components, these maps will be the same for the whole year). Polygons are assigned a value of 1 in the presence of OZO and 0 in their absence. OZO protection priority factors

based on environmental, sociocultural and economic importance; values

can be selected by experts in the range of 1 ÷ 10; it is possible that experts value

will be evaluated differently: the higher the priority of protection (“vulnerability”) of the OZO object, the greater the value

with index j ; evaluation possible

another way. Conduct "addition" of the obtained maps of the location of the OZO for each season or month separately, previously multiplying the values of the polygons C ^sj by the coefficients

. Vulnerability Values Received

OZO standardize on the maximum value of vulnerability

in season and go on the scale

for maps of "relative" vulnerability. When normalized to

per year receive distribution cards in the range

. Bottom line: seasonal cards of "relative"

and "absolute"

OZO vulnerabilities.

, которые оценивают по природоохранной значимости: значения

могут выбираться экспертами в диапазоне 1÷10; возможно, что экспертами значения

будут оцениваться иначе: чем больше приоритетность защиты («уязвимость») объекта ПОТ, тем больше значение

с индексом ƒ; возможна также оценка

другим способом. Проводят «сложение» полученных карт ПОТ для каждого сезона или месяца, предварительно умножая значения полигонов D ^sf на коэффициенты приоритетной защиты

. Выполняют нормировку полученных карт, как для ОЗО, используя

(за сезон или год). При одинаковых значениях

для всех сезонов или месяцев, такую операцию проводят один раз. Получают карты распределения

с диапазоном

и

. Итог: сезонные карты «относительной»

и «абсолютной»

уязвимости ПОТ.Constructing maps of the vulnerability of protected areas (POT). The list and location of POT are determined and initial maps of their distribution (D ^sf ) for different seasons or months are prepared. Polygons are assigned a value of 1 in the presence of POT and 0 in their absence. POT priority protection factors determined

that are assessed for environmental significance: values

can be selected by experts in the range of 1 ÷ 10; it is possible that experts value

will be evaluated differently: the higher the priority of protection (“vulnerability”) of the POT object, the greater the value

with index ƒ; evaluation possible

another way. The “obtained” POT cards are “added” for each season or month, preliminarily multiplying the values of the polygons D ^sf by the priority protection coefficients

. Normalize the received cards, as for the OZO, using

(per season or year). With the same values

for all seasons or months, such an operation is performed once. Get distribution cards

with range

and

. Bottom line: seasonal cards of "relative"

and "absolute"

VET vulnerabilities.

The construction of maps of the "relative" integrated vulnerability of the mapped area is performed by "adding" the maps of the "relative" vulnerability of the WKB, OZO and POT:

для каждого сезона делится на 3 или 5 равных (!) поддиапазонов. Поддиапазонам с максимальной интегральной уязвимостью присваивают ранг 5, с минимальной уязвимостью - ранг 1. Полигоны с разными значениями рангов окрашивают на итоговых картах, например, в стандартные цвета «светофорной» шкалы, от зеленого до красного: зеленый/желтый/красный для рангов 1/2/3 (или зеленый/светло-зеленый/желтый/оранжевый/красный для рангов 1/2/3/4/5).Range of vulnerability values obtained

for each season is divided into 3 or 5 equal (!) subranges. The subbands with the maximum integral vulnerability are assigned rank 5, with the minimum vulnerability - rank 1. Polygons with different rank values are painted on the final maps, for example, in standard colors of the “traffic light” scale, from green to red: green / yellow / red for ranks 1 / 2/3 (or green / light green / yellow / orange / red for grades 1/2/3/4/5).

These “relative” integrated vulnerability maps are included in OSR plans. Priority protection areas on such maps: sections with ranks 4 and 5 with a 5-rank scale and areas with ranks 3 with a 3-rank. In FIG. Figure 1 shows, as an example, a map of the "relative" integral vulnerability of the Kola Bay middle knee section from oil in a 3-rank scale (spring: April - May - June).

Then they perform “addition” of maps of the general “absolute” vulnerability of the WKB, OZO and POT to obtain maps of the “absolute” integral vulnerability:

за год делят на 3 или 5 равных (!) поддиапазонов. Поддиапазонам с максимальной интегральной уязвимостью присваивают ранг 5, с минимальной уязвимостью - ранг 1. Полигоны с разными значениями рангов окрашивают на итоговых картах, например, в стандартные цвета «светофорной» шкалы, от зеленого до красного: зеленый/желтый/красный для рангов 1/2/3 (или зеленый/светло-зеленый/желтый/оранжевый/красный для рангов 1/2/3/4/5).Integral Vulnerability Range

per year is divided into 3 or 5 equal (!) subranges. The subbands with the maximum integral vulnerability are assigned rank 5, with the minimum vulnerability - rank 1. Polygons with different rank values are painted on the final maps, for example, in standard colors of the “traffic light” scale, from green to red: green / yellow / red for ranks 1 / 2/3 (or green / light green / yellow / orange / red for grades 1/2/3/4/5).

These maps of “absolute” integrated vulnerability are used for environmental and scientific purposes. The values of k _b , k _c , k _d are equal to 1 or set (selected) based on expert estimates (for example, 0.3, 0.2 and 0.5, respectively). In FIG. Figure 2 shows, as an example, an integrated map of the “absolute” vulnerability of the middle knee of the Kola Bay to oil in a 3-rank scale (spring: April - May - June).

Thus, in the end, the following summary maps of “relative” integral vulnerability and maps of “absolute” integral vulnerability corresponding to seasons or months are obtained:

maps of priority protection areas — seasonal or monthly maps of the “relative” integral vulnerability of the coastal-marine zone. These cards represent the sum of normalized seasonal or monthly biota vulnerability maps (WKB), OZO and VET. The main ones for use in OSR plans are these maps of “relative” integral vulnerability (the range of variability of the represented vulnerability is from 0 or the minimum to the maximum in a particular season or month).

For environmental purposes, maps of the “absolute” integral vulnerability of biota (WKB), OZO and VET, distribution maps of individual WKB, OZO and OVT in the sea or in the marine part of the coastal zone are built.

Features of constructing biota vulnerability distribution maps for groups in the presence of red-book species in the group.

Red book species are distinguished into separate subgroups. For these species, the protection status coefficient k _{rg is} determined. For example, if a species is included in international conservation documents, then the protection status coefficient will be the highest k _rg = for example, 100; for the Red Books of the federal level k _rg = for example, 70 ÷ 40; for regional k _rg = for example, 30 ÷ 20. Here r is the index of the Red Book species ( r = 1, or 1, 2, or 1, 2, 3 ...) in the group g . The k _rg values are chosen by experts, taking into account the importance of these species. The initial maps with such data are normalized by dividing the distribution density of subgroups and Red Book species in the group by the average annual abundance of the group in the mapped area. When calculating biota vulnerability distribution maps for specially protected subgroups or species, in addition to the vulnerability coefficient, the specified factor is introduced - the protection status coefficient.

The construction of all the above maps in the manner described in the claimed invention provides an increase in the accuracy of assessing the vulnerability of coastal areas from oil, oil products and other chemicals, which is important for more correct and accurate preparation of OSR plans, their implementation in OSR, and also solving the problem of obtaining comprehensive information on assessing the vulnerability of coastal-marine zones, necessary for solving various environmental problems.

Claims (14)

A method of constructing maps of vulnerability of coastal-marine zones from oil, including determining the list of recorded objects: important components of biota (WKB) - environmental groups / subgroups / types of biota, especially significant areas (RAM), determining the boundaries of seasons, building seasonal maps taking into account the distribution selected ecological groups / subgroups / types of biota and their vulnerability to oil; collecting data on the distribution of biota from known published and / or unpublished databases, environmental monitoring data and publications from various studies; collection of expert assessments of specialists on the distribution of biota for sites that are poorly provided or not provided with data; collection of cartographic information about the mapped area from existing topographic and navigation maps, locations, aerial photographs, satellite images, available GIS information; entering the collected information into an electronic cartographic database (DB); construction of initial multi-scale distribution maps of WKB groups / subgroups / types of biota; calculation of vulnerability factors

for the considered groups / subgroups / types of biota based on the sensitivity of the components to the action of oil, their recoverability after exposure and the potential impact of oil on them; normalization of the obtained biota distribution maps; building biota vulnerability maps by “adding up” normalized WKB distribution maps for ecological groups / subgroups / types of biota, taking into account their vulnerability factors; normalization of the obtained biota vulnerability maps and the construction of integrated vulnerability maps, while at the last stage of constructing the integrated vulnerability maps, the range of the obtained integrated vulnerability values is divided into 3 or 5 equal subranges, which are painted on the cards in different colors, input of the information obtained during the construction of the integrated vulnerability maps into the cartographic database, characterized in that during the sea and coastal expeditionary work in different seasons or months they collect the missing data by selecting samples of groups / subgroups / species of biota, determine their number per unit area and / or biomass density, the boundaries of the habitats of ecological groups / subgroups / species of important biotic components of the marine ecosystem from macrophytes to birds and marine mammals without phyto- and zooplankton, carry out expert assessment of the missing data volume and enter the newly received data into the generated electronic cartographic database; they divide the RAM into especially significant socio-economic objects (OZO) and nature conservation territories (OVT), construct OZO and OVT maps for a given mapped area; for all considered components of the ecosystem (WKB, OZO and POT), seasonal maps are constructed if there is insufficient data to build maps by months, and taking into account the distribution characteristics of WKB, OZO and POT - their time boundaries, as well as their vulnerability to oil, determine the boundaries of the seasons for which vulnerability maps will be calculated; based on expert assessments, assign values to vulnerability factors

for OZOs and vulnerability factors

for POT; To construct biota vulnerability maps, maps of the seasonal distribution of components (groups / subgroups / species) of biota B ^sg are normalized to the abundance of the corresponding gth environmental group P ^yg on average per year in the mapped area according to the formula:

Where B ^sg - initial abundance per unit area or biomass density of the gth environmental group / subgroup / biota species at individual landfills in a particular season or month, presented on the map in units of measurement accepted for these groups / subgroups / species (g / m ² , ind / km ² , ind / m ³ , t / h of trawling, etc.); P ^yg is the average for the year for the abundance of the corresponding gth environmental group, while the abundance of the gth environmental group is the average annual biomass or the total number of the ecological group of biota in the mapped area; B ^{sg [ y ]} is the relative seasonal (relatively annual) abundance of group / subgroup / species abundance - the share of the average annual abundance of group / subgroup / biota species in a mapped area per unit area within the polygons of this region in a particular season or month, and the index [ y ] in brackets means that normalization to the average annual abundance value P ^{yg has} been carried out; then, for each individual season or month, “addition” of the initial distribution maps of all components of the biota B ^{sg [ y ] is} carried out taking into account the coefficients

according to the formula:

Where

- relative vulnerability coefficients for each biotic component of the ecosystem taken into account ( g = 1, 2, 3 ...); separately construct vulnerability maps of OZO and VET by “adding up” the initial distribution maps of all components of OZO and VET taking into account their vulnerability coefficients and normalizing the resulting maps; the construction of maps of the “relative” integrated vulnerability of the mapped area is performed by “adding” the corresponding seasonal maps of the “relative” vulnerability of the WKB, OZO and POT according to the formula:

Where

- “relative” integral vulnerability of different parts of the mapped area; k _b , k _c , k _d - coefficients equal to 1 or established on the basis of expert estimates and determining the contribution (share) of the vulnerability of the WKB, OZO, POT to the overall vulnerability; then they perform “addition” of cards of the “absolute” vulnerability of the WKB, OZO and POT to obtain cards of the “absolute” integral vulnerability according to the formula:

Where

- “absolute” integral vulnerability of various sections of the mapped area.

Images