RU2563549C1 - Method to assess vulnerability of coastal-marine areas from oil, oil products and other chemical substances and to build corresponding vulnerability maps - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: oil and gas industry.

SUBSTANCE: list of accounted objects is determined: critical biota components (CBC) - ecological groups/subgroups/types of biota, special importance social economic objects (SIO), protected areas (PA). Borders of seasons are defined to build seasonal maps with account of features of distribution of selected ecological groups/subgroups/types of biota and their vulnerability from oil to build seasonal maps, if data is not sufficient to build maps by months. Data is collected on biota distribution from available published and/or unpublished databases, data of ecological monitoring and publications by results of different research. Expert appraisals are collected from experts on distribution of biota for areas that are provided with insufficient data or not provided with data. Mapping information is collected on the mapped area from existing topographic and navigation maps, pilot charts, aerial photographs, satellite photographs, available GIS information. Collected information is introduced into an electronic mapping database (DB). Initial non-uniformly scaled seasonal maps are built, or maps by months of distribution of critical biota components (CBC) of groups/subgroups/types within the accepted time borders (seasons/months). Vulnerability coefficients are calculated for the accounted groups/subgroups/types of biota on the basis of sensitivity of components to oil action, their recoverability after exposure and potential impact of oil at them. Produced biota distribution maps are normalised. Biota vulnerability maps are built by "adding" maps of CBC distribution for ecological groups/subgroups/types of biota with account of their vulnerability coefficients. The produced maps are normalised, and maps of integral vulnerability are built. At the same time at the last stage of building the maps of integral vulnerability the range of produced values of integral vulerability is divided into 3 or 5 equal subranges, which are coloured into different colours on maps. Besides, in process of marine and coastal expeditionary works in different seasons or months they collect missing data by taking samples of groups/subgroups/types of biota. Their quantity is determined per unit of area and/or density of biomass, borders of habitats of ecological groups/subgroups/types of critical biotic components of sea ecosystem from macrophytes to birds and sea mammals without taking into account phyto- and animal plankton. Expert appraisal of missing volume of data is carried out, and newly received data is entered into the generated electronic mapping DB. Then SIO maps and PA position are built for the specified mapped area. Vulnerability ratios are assigned for SIO and for PA on the basis of expert appraisals. To build maps of "relative" vulnerability of biota, maps of distribution of biota components (groups/subgroups/types) are normalised for abundance (total quantity or total biomass in the mapped area) of the appropriate ecological group for the season during building of seasonal maps, or month when building maps by months. Distribution of abundance values relative for the month or season is produced. To build maps of "absolute" vulnerability, maps of distribution of biota components (groups/subgroups/types) are normalised for the year-average abundance of the appropriate ecological group in the mapped area. Then for each separate season or month they "add" initial maps of biota groups distribution. Seasonal or monthly maps of distribution of "relative" and "absolute" vulnerability of biota in the mapped area are produced. They build maps of SIO and PA vulnerability by applying polygons on the map with values of "relative" and "absolute" vulnerability of biota for SIO and for PA and their normalisation. Maps of "relative" integral vulnerability of the mapped area are built by "adding" maps of "relative" vulnerability of CBC, SIO and PA. Then maps of "absolute" vulnerability of CBC, SIO and PA are "added" to produce maps of "absolute" integral vulnerability.

EFFECT: increased accuracy of assessment of vulnerability of coastal-marine areas from oil, oil products and other chemical substances, production of complex information for assessment of the specified vulnerability.

2 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of environmental protection, and in particular to the assessment of the most vulnerable objects in coastal and marine areas and their individual sections (ecologically vulnerable areas, socio-economic objects, specially protected natural areas) with the aim of protecting these areas / objects when planning oil spill response operations (OSR plans), as well as during such operations themselves. In addition, the resulting vulnerability maps can be used for various environmental purposes.

A known method of geoecological monitoring with an integrated assessment of the index of environmental hazard according to the patent of the Russian Federation No. 2423727 C2 of 09/22/2008, publ. 03/27/2010. According to the invention, ecologically hazardous toxic-contaminated and seismically hazardous areas of the environment are isolated, geoecological monitoring is carried out with an integrated assessment of the environmental hazard index Io. A conclusion is drawn on the results of monitoring by an integrated integrated assessment (ICE) of the environmental hazard index Io, using the results of chemical analysis of samples of bottom sediments and water. Moreover, samples are taken on the selected grid study area of the investigated medium. Normal and gradient geophysical i-fields are used on the medium’s area on the basis of: the dimensionless mean-square distribution parameter Ii equal to the product of the risk degree indicators Ri and its frequency (range) Ωi. Moreover, the values are determined separately for each component Ii of the index Io, while Ii is calculated according to the formula indicated in the patent. This method is not intended to assess possible pollution due to accidents and to develop measures to eliminate them and protect environmentally vulnerable socio-economic objects.

A widely used method for assessing environmental sensitivity at possible oil spills is the ESI method, which consists in creating environmental sensitivity maps by classifying the coastline in conjunction with displaying sensitive objects (for nature and humans) according to the recommendations of international organizations IMO and IPIECA (IPIECA / IMO ( 1994) Sensitivity Mapping for Oil Spill Response. Joint IPIECA / IMO oil spill report series, Volume 1). In accordance with it, possible spills are assigned to several levels: 1st level - small localized spills; 2nd level - medium-sized spills; and 3rd level - large-scale incidents; in accordance with the spill site and OSR stages, it is recommended to use different scale maps. The range of map scales that can be used for Tier 1 response, for example, to clean a specific section of the coast, can have a scale of up to 1:10 000, while the strategic maps for the initial stage of Tier 3 spill response should be approximately scale of 1: 1,000,000. The scale of intermediate maps may exceed or be less than 1: 100,000, that is, the difference between the scale range of one type of card and another is approximately one order of magnitude. The following types of information should be applied to the cards (moreover, its detail for each scale of the cards will differ):

1. Shore types are classified by their vulnerability to oil, using the Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI), usually based on the original index described (Gundlach Hayes, 1978), where shore types are ranked on a 10-point scale. The ESI indices are based on basic principles, the essence of which is that sensitivity to oil increases with increasing protection of the coast from the effects of waves, the penetration of oil into the underlying soil layer, the time of natural oil retention on shore and the biological productivity of coastal organisms. However, the numbers on the scale do not represent actual sensitivity. The ESI is a convenient way to summarize information, but does not take into account the use of the coast by wildlife or people.

2. Sensitive biological resources and resources necessary for human use are plotted on the maps in the form of polygons with distribution boundaries and locations of counted objects with corresponding symbols. The purpose of mapping sensitive resources is not to map all species of animals and plants living on the coastline, or to identify all enterprises and coastal activities, but to identify particularly sensitive species or groups of biota species or types of activities and areas where there may be a potential oil spill and which may experience the greatest negative impact resulting from such a spill. The following groups of sensitive resources are distinguished:

- habitats below the tidal zone (coral reefs, vegetative layer of the seabed, layer of brown algae);

- sensitive species and areas of particular interest, i.e. the maps should show areas of highest vulnerability of wildlife species (feeding and breeding areas), as well as beaches serving as shelters for seabird colonies, estuaries, important for migratory coastal birds and used as seal rookeries. Places that are important for rare or endangered species should be highlighted because there is a risk that the strong impact of the spill could seriously deplete an entire population of species. Mapping of biological resources should also take into account seasonality, preference is given to the presentation of information by month;

- socio-economic characteristics, include inanimate resources that can be damaged by the direct impact of an emergency oil spill, experience negative economic impact as a result of pollution, and also if this area at the time of the emergency spill is valuable for access and certain activities (harbors, moorings; areas of fishing, aquaculture and shellfish breeding; industrial facilities; tourist and sports resources; places of cultural, historical and scientific significance on the banks of the silt and near it.

3. Features of oil spill response, as it is useful to know for practical spill response purposes: where dispersants can be used and where they should not be used; where you can deploy booms and places of permanent mooring of booms; to which coastal zones of low vulnerability, if necessary, could an oil spill be directed to protect areas of high environmental sensitivity; places with access points.

IMO / IPIECA recommendations on the design of vulnerability cards: black-and-white cards should be built in A4 format so that they can be copied and faxed; use general-purpose symbols that do not create contradictions and are not misleading; consider seasonality. The use of the GIS system is recommended, which gives an advantage in the development of maps and emergency response planning for oil spills.

This method, based on the use of ESI, is widely used in various versions in many countries. The disadvantages of this method are as follows: 1) the ranking numbers for coast types on a 10-point scale do not represent actual quantitative sensitivity; ESI is a convenient way to summarize information, but does not take into account the use of shore and coastal waters by wildlife or people; 2) to develop an ESI index for a habitat below the tidal zone (coral reefs, a vegetative layer of the seabed, a layer of brown algae) using this method is practically impossible, extensive areas of the water area adjacent to the coastline, respectively, no vulnerability indices are assigned; 3) there are no seasonal maps of the distribution of biota, taking into account its presence in the area in different seasons (months).

There is a method of creating maps of ecologically vulnerable zones and areas of priority protection of water areas and coasts of Russia, implemented by specialists of Ecoproject OJSC, the algorithm of which is described in the chapter of the monograph (V.B. Pogrebov, Integral Assessment of the Environmental Sensitivity of Coastal Zone Bioresources to Anthropogenic Impacts // Basic Concepts of Modern Shore Management - Monograph. St. Petersburg: Russian State Medical University, 2010, v. II. S.43-85; hereinafter referred to (Pogrebov, 2010) and in the methodological manual (“Methodological approaches to creating maps of ecologically sensitive zones and areas new priority protection of water areas and coasts of the Russian Federation against oil and oil product spills ”2012 http://www.wwf.ru/data/publ/478/wwf_oil_net.pdf further link (WWF, 2012), prepared by a group of specialists with financial support WWF-Russia: In accordance with this method, maps of the distribution of important ecosystem components (biotic components) are compiled, these data are presented as a separate layer in the GIS, and on the maps they indicate areas (polygons) of the ranked distribution of the abundance of selected important ecosystem components. They compile thematic seasonal maps for each species / group of biota species, determine data on the distribution of objects (indicators of its abundance) for each polygon of the thematic map. Next for each feature layer theme c. the corresponding fields of the property table provide information on the presence of an object in a given territory in a given season, and / or indicators of its abundance. Conduct the translation of quantitative indicators into ranks. Scheme maps are further presented as separate "layers" in the GIS. A regular grid is created as a separate layer, the cell sizes of which are determined based on the minimum size of the contours on the map maps. Maps are added up within a group of important ecosystem components (biota) with the same vulnerability coefficient. Multiply the data on the distribution of the biota group in each polygon of the corresponding group of important ecosystem components by the vulnerability coefficient and add up all the separately obtained biota distribution maps. As the main data are used on the distribution of organisms compiled for the most important species or groups of species mainly seasonally.

The disadvantages of this method: 1) in the source maps of the distribution of biota, the boundaries of polygons - areas of distribution of groups / subgroups / types of biota are replaced by regular grid cells, which ultimately distorts the real boundaries of the vulnerability areas, and does not allow the liquidators to build correct action plans for the use of oil spill response facilities ; 2) when assessing the coefficients of vulnerability of various components of marine ecosystems to the main types of impact, only the sensitivity of components and their recoverability are taken into account, and the different potential effects of different types of oil on a particular biotic component of the ecosystem (not in the description of the method) (Pogrebov, 2010), that is, it is assumed that the vulnerability of biota groups to different types of oil is the same, which reduces the accuracy of assessing environmental vulnerability; 3) the algorithm for dividing the final vulnerability range into sub-ranges is not described and unclear (the sizes of the intervals (sub-ranges) of the vulnerability are not formalized, but determined by experts (WWF, 2012); 4) the ranking of the final maps is carried out for all seasons at the same time so that the rating scale takes into account seasonal variability (Pogrebov, 2010); this can often lead to the fact that in certain seasons (winter, autumn) certain ranks (usually 5 and 4 or, conversely, 1 and 2) may be absent, which complicates the use of such cards in OSR plans; 5) for biota groups, two different coefficients of vulnerability to oil are given: for the oil film and dispersed oil (Pogrebov, 2010), which confuses the situation, because simultaneous presence of both film and dispersed oil is possible.

Closest to the claimed method is the method described in the Methodological recommendations for the development and construction of maps of environmental vulnerability to oil from the coast, coastal zones and waters of the seas (MMBI KSC RAS, state registration No. 01201165651 dated 06/09/2011, under the State Contract No. 16.420.12.2007 http://fcp.ocean.ru/component/option,com_docman/task,doc_view/gid.839/). The method consists of several stages. Collection of source data and construction of biota distribution maps. They collect such data from well-known published or unpublished databases, collect expert evaluations of specialists in this field of research for individual sites for which there are no expeditionary research data and materials in the databases; enter all the collected information into the cartographic electronic database. The data of existing topographic maps, locations, satellite images, and available GIS information is entered into this database.

For a given mapped area, initial seasonal maps or maps are constructed by months of distribution of important biota components (WKB) B ^j is the number per unit area or biomass density of groups / subgroups / species, where j is an index denoting the corresponding group / subgroup / biota: i - ichthyoplankton, a - macrophytes (phytobenthos), z - zoobenthos, f - fish, b - birds, m - marine mammals. The maps obtained are normalized: all density values on the obtained maps are divided by the maximum value for the whole year for the indicator that is present on them (B ^j max) _y , where B ^j is the biomass or the number of the j-th group per unit area, the index “y ”Means that the data are for the whole year. The number of gradations and the position of the boundaries of the polygons remains the original, which in the original units were given by experts. Total cards with a normalized distribution of biota (from 0 to 1).

The vulnerability coefficients V _{b are} determined for the considered groups / subgroups / biota species represented on the WKB maps. Use the formula: V _b = S × E / R, where S is the sensitivity of the biota to oil, E is the potential effect of oil on the biota, R is the recoverability of the biota after exposure.

Prepare maps of the distribution of especially significant sections of the South-West University) (seasonal or monthly maps). For the polygons (RAM) indicated on these cards, protection priority factors V _{a are} determined.

The construction of biota vulnerability maps (the addition of WKB distribution maps for groups based on their vulnerability coefficients) is performed as follows. Maps of the normalized distribution of the j-th biota groups are added separately for each season (i.e., the values assigned to the polygons are summed), previously multiplied by the vulnerability coefficient of these groups (see those given on page 9, lines 11-12). Moreover, according to the above formula, all groups (macrophytes, ichthyoplankton, benthos, fish, marine mammals, birds) have an unclear contribution to the final result, including excluding their abundance in the mapped area. If you need a different ratio between the groups, then use the corresponding coefficients before the terms. After addition, the obtained seasonal biota vulnerability distribution maps (polygon values) are normalized to the maximum vulnerability per year for “absolute” vulnerability cards (the vulnerability values corresponding to each polygon are divided by the maximum vulnerability on these maps per year), or normalized to the maximum the value of vulnerability for the corresponding season for the cards of "relative" vulnerability. For convenience, the intervals obtained are transferred to the range 0 (or min) - 100. This is the second normalization for both “relative” vulnerability cards and “absolute” vulnerability cards. As a result, the vulnerability varies in the range from 0 or some minimum value to 100.

The following final maps are built:

- maps of the distribution of the ESI coastal environmental sensitivity index;

- maps of areas of priority protection - maps of the integrated vulnerability of the coastal-marine zone (seasonal or monthly maps). These cards are the sum of the normalized biota vulnerability maps (WKB) and RAM. The main maps for use in OSR plans are maps of “relative” vulnerability (relative variability - the range of variability of the represented vulnerability is from 0 or the minimum value to the maximum in a given season equal to 100). Additional maps can be built: summary maps of the “absolute” vulnerability of biota (WKB) and RAM.

The developed maps are presented in the form of atlases - paper and electronic, each map of which is accompanied by an explanatory note. The disadvantage of this method is the lack of accuracy in assessing the vulnerability of biota.

The problem solved by the invention was, firstly, to develop a tool to minimize the consequences of emergencies - oil spills and oil products in the coastal-marine zone (for offshore coastal waters and coastal areas) associated with technogenic emissions of oil and other chemicals, including when drilling wells, developing oil and gas fields on the shelf and transporting hydrocarbons and other chemicals; secondly, in obtaining comprehensive information on assessing the vulnerability of coastal-marine zones necessary for solving various environmental problems.

The technical result is to increase the accuracy of assessing the vulnerability of coastal areas from oil, oil products and other chemicals.

для учитываемых g-x экологических групп/подгрупп/видов биоты на основе чувствительности этих компонентов экосистемы, их восстанавливаемости после воздействия и потенциального воздействия на них нефти; нормировку полученных карт распределения биоты; построение карт уязвимости биоты путем «сложения» карт распределения ВКБ для групп/подгрупп/видов с учетом их коэффициентов уязвимости; нормировку полученных карт уязвимости биоты; построение сезонных или по месяцам карт интегральной уязвимости; деление полученных значений интегральной уязвимости на 3 или 5 равных поддиапазона, которые на картах окрашиваются в разные цвета.The inventive method, as well as known, includes determining the list of recorded objects: important components of biota (WKB) - environmental groups / subgroups / individual types of biota, especially significant socio-economic objects (OZO), nature conservation territories (POT); determination of the boundaries of the seasons, taking into account the peculiarities of the distribution of the selected ecological groups of biota and their vulnerability to oil for constructing seasonal maps, if there is insufficient data to build maps for months; collecting data on the distribution of biota from known published and / or unpublished databases, environmental monitoring data and publications from various studies; collection of expert assessments of specialists on the distribution of biota for areas of poorly provided or not provided with data; collection of cartographic information about the mapped area from existing topographic and navigation maps, locations, aerial photographs, satellite images, available GIS information; entering the collected information into an electronic cartographic database; construction of initial multi-scale seasonal maps or maps by months of distribution of important biota components (WKB) of groups / subgroups / species; calculation of vulnerability factors

for gx ecological groups / subgroups / species of biota taken into account based on the sensitivity of these ecosystem components, their recoverability after exposure, and the potential impact of oil on them; normalization of the obtained biota distribution maps; building biota vulnerability maps by “adding up” WKB distribution maps for groups / subgroups / species taking into account their vulnerability factors; normalization of received biota vulnerability maps; building seasonal or monthly integrated vulnerability maps; dividing the obtained values of the integrated vulnerability by 3 or 5 equal sub-bands, which are painted in different colors on the cards.

для ОЗО на основе экспертных оценок и коэффициентам уязвимости

для ПОТ на основе их природоохранного статуса. Для построения карт «относительной» уязвимости биоты карты распределения компонентов (групп/подгрупп/видов) биоты нормируют на обилие (общую численность или общую биомассу в картографируемом районе) соответствующей экологической g-ой группы P^gs за сезон при построении сезонных карт, или месяц при построении карт по месяцам, и получают распределение относительных за сезон или месяц значений обилия:The technical result is achieved by the fact that in the process of sea and coastal expeditionary work in different seasons or months, they collect the missing data by sampling ecological groups / subgroups / biota species, determine their number per unit area and / or density of biomass, the boundaries of the habitats of these groups / subgroups / species of important biotic components of the marine ecosystem from macrophytes to birds and marine mammals, excluding phyto- and zooplankton, expertly assess the missing data volume and re-enter the semi ennye data (forwarding and expert) formed in the electronic cartographic database. Then, maps of especially significant socio-economic objects (OZO) and the position of nature conservation territories (LSP) for a given mapped area are constructed. Assign Values to Vulnerabilities

for OZO based on expert judgment and vulnerability factors

for POT based on their environmental status. To construct “relative” vulnerability biota maps, the distribution maps of components (groups / subgroups / species) of biota are normalized to the abundance (total number or total biomass in the mapped area) of the corresponding ecological gth group P ^gs per season when constructing seasonal maps, or a month at building maps by month, and get the distribution of relative abundance values for a season or month:

B ^{g (s)} = B ^g / P ^gs ,

Where

B ^{g (s)} - relative seasonal or monthly abundance of group / subgroup / species abundance - the share of seasonal or monthly abundance of group / subgroup / biota species in a mapped area per unit area within the polygons of this region, with the index s in brackets means that normalization to the seasonal value of abundance was carried out, g = 1, 2, 3, ..., - groups / subgroups / species (phytobenthos, ichthyoplankton, mobile zoobenthos, immobile zoobenthos, fish, marine mammals, birds);

B ^g is the value of the initial number per unit area or biomass density of the gth environmental group / subgroup / biota species at individual landfills in a particular season or month, presented on the map in units of measurement accepted for these groups / subgroups / types (g / m ² , ind / km ² , ind / m ³ , t / h of trawling, etc.);

P ^gs is the abundance (total number or biomass of the gth ecological group of biota in the mapped area) of the corresponding gth ecological group for a specific season s or month s in the mapped area.

To construct maps of the “absolute” vulnerability of biota, the distribution maps of components (groups / subgroups / species) of biota are normalized to the abundance of the corresponding gth ecological group P ^gy on average per year in a mapped area according to the formula:

B ^{g (y} ) = B ^g / P ^gy ,

Where

B ^{g (y)} is the relative annual density of the abundance of a group / subgroup / species - the share of the average annual abundance of a group / subgroup / biota type in a mapped area per unit area within the polygons of this area in a particular season or month, with the index in parentheses means that normalization to the average annual value of abundance has been carried out;

P ^gy is the average for the year y abundance of the corresponding gth ecological group, while the abundance of the gth ecological group refers to the average annual biomass or the total number of the ecological biota group in the mapped water area.

Then, for each individual season or month, “addition” of the initial distribution maps of n biota groups is carried out according to the formulas:

(для карт «относительной» уязвимости),

(for maps of "relative" vulnerability),

(для карт «абсолютной» уязвимости),

(for cards of "absolute" vulnerability),

Where

- коэффициент относительной уязвимости для каждого учитываемого биотического компонента экосистемы (g=1, 2, 3…),

- coefficient of relative vulnerability for each considered biotic component of the ecosystem (g = 1, 2, 3 ...),

и

- «относительная» и «абсолютная» уязвимости биоты в картографируемом районе.and get a map of the distribution of the "relative" and "absolute" vulnerability of the biota in the mapped area, where

and

- “relative” and “absolute” vulnerabilities of biota in a mapped area.

,

для ОЗО и

,

для ПОТ и их нормировку; построение карт «относительной» интегральной уязвимости картографируемого района выполняют «сложением» соответствующих сезонных карт «относительной» уязвимости ВКБ, ОЗО и ПОТ по формуле:OZO and POT vulnerability maps are constructed by plotting polygons with values

,

for OZO and

,

for POT and their normalization; the construction of maps of the "relative" integrated vulnerability of the mapped area is performed by "adding" the corresponding seasonal maps of the "relative" vulnerability of the WKB, OZO and POT according to the formula:

Where

- «относительная» интегральная уязвимость различных участков картографируемого района;

- “relative” integral vulnerability of various sections of the mapped area;

k _b , k _c , k _d - coefficients equal to 1 or established on the basis of expert assessments and determining the contribution (share) of the vulnerability of the WKB, OZO, POT to the integral vulnerability.

Then perform the “addition” of the corresponding seasonal cards of the “absolute” vulnerability of the WKB, OZO and POT to obtain cards of the “absolute” integral vulnerability according to the formula:

Where

- «абсолютная» интегральная уязвимость различных участков картографируемого района.

- “absolute” integral vulnerability of various sections of the mapped area.

Collection of missing data during expeditions in different seasons or months by sampling biota, determining its abundance per unit area or biomass density, habitat boundaries of groups / subgroups / species - important biotic components of the marine ecosystem from macrophytes to birds, expert assessment of the missing data and the input of the obtained data into an electronic cartographic database provides an increase in the accuracy of assessing the vulnerability of coastal-marine biota from oil, oil products and other chemicals and This is in the process of developing OSR plans and directly during OSR operations, as well as the possibility of obtaining comprehensive information on assessing the vulnerability of coastal-marine zones necessary for solving various environmental problems.

для ОЗО на основе экспертных оценок и коэффициентам уязвимости

для ПОТ на основе их природоохранного статуса обеспечивает повышение точности оценки уязвимости прибрежно-морских зон вследствие учета их разного вклада по сравнению только с картами ВКБ.Separation of RAM into OZO and VET and the construction of maps of especially significant or socio-economic objects (OZO) and the position of nature conservation territories (OV) for a given mapped area, as well as assigning values to vulnerability factors

for OZO based on expert judgment and vulnerability factors

for VET, based on their environmental status, it provides an increase in the accuracy of assessing the vulnerability of coastal-marine zones due to the consideration of their different contributions compared to only the WKB maps.

Normalization of distribution maps of ecosystem components (groups / subgroups / types of biota) for abundance per season or month when constructing maps of the “relative” vulnerability of biota and normalization to average annual values of abundance for constructing maps of “absolute” vulnerability according to the above formulas improves the accuracy of vulnerability assessment biota of coastal-marine zones due to taking into account the real contribution of each group / subgroup / biota type to the overall vulnerability assessment in the mapped area and makes it possible to obtain correct integrated information assessment of the vulnerability of coastal-marine zones, necessary for solving various environmental problems.

, позволяет учитывать разный вклад (долю) уязвимости ВКБ, ОЗО, ПОТ в общую уязвимость, что обеспечивает повышение точности оценки уязвимости прибрежно-морских зон и позволяет делать сравнительные оценки уязвимости отдельных участков картографируемого района внутри каждого отдельного (конкретного) сезона или месяца, что необходимо для планов ЛРН.Constructing an integrated vulnerability map of a mapped area by "adding up" maps of the "relative" vulnerability of the WKB, OZO and POT according to the formula

, allows you to take into account the different contribution (share) of the vulnerability of the WKB, OZO, POT to the total vulnerability, which improves the accuracy of the vulnerability assessment of coastal-marine zones and allows you to make comparative assessments of the vulnerability of individual sections of the mapped area within each individual (specific) season or month, which is necessary for OSR plans.

позволяет учитывать разный вклад (долю) уязвимости ВКБ, ОЗО, ПОТ в общую уязвимость, что обеспечивает повышение точности оценки уязвимости прибрежно-морских зон в разные периоды года и позволяет делать сравнительные оценки уязвимости отдельных участков между сезонами или месяцами картографируемого района, что важно с точки зрения природоохранных целей.Building maps of the “absolute” integral vulnerability by “adding” the maps of the “absolute” vulnerability of the WKB, OZO and POT according to the formula

allows you to take into account the different contribution (share) of the vulnerability of the WKB, OZO, POT to the total vulnerability, which improves the accuracy of assessing the vulnerability of coastal-marine zones at different periods of the year and allows you to make comparative assessments of the vulnerability of individual sections between seasons or months of the mapped area, which is important view of environmental goals.

The invention is as follows. They collect data on the distribution of biota from known published and / or unpublished databases, environmental monitoring data and publications from various studies, collect expert assessments of experts on the distribution of biota for areas of poorly or not provided data, cartographic information about the mapped area from existing topographic and navigation charts, locations, aerial photographs, satellite images, available GIS information. Then the collected information is entered into an electronic cartographic database.

They determine the amount and volume of missing data and carry out additional specially organized marine and coastal expeditionary work, possibly in different seasons or months. Gather missing data by sampling ecological groups / subgroups / species of biota, determine their number per unit area and / or density of biomass, the boundaries of the habitats of groups / subgroups / species of important biotic components of the marine ecosystem from macrophytes to birds and marine mammals without phyto - and zooplankton. Then carry out an expert assessment of the missing data volume and enter the data obtained in the expedition (s) and expert data in a pre-formed electronic cartographic database.

для учитываемых экологических групп/подгрупп/видов биоты (представляемых на картах ВКБ) по формуле:

, где S - чувствительность биоты к воздействию нефти, Е - потенциальное воздействие нефти на биоту, R - восстанавливаемость биоты после воздействия (диапазон S, ·Е и R: например, 1÷10; g - индекс различных групп/подгрупп/видов биоты). При этом под экологической группой понимаются следующие компоненты биоты: ихтиопланктон, макрофитобентос, зообентос, рыбы, морские млекопитающие, птицы. Под подгруппой - часть экологической группы: например, мобильный и немобильный бентос - две подгруппы зообентоса; донные, пелагические, проходные виды рыб - три подгруппы рыб; морские млекопитающие «без меха» (китообразные и атлантический морж), ластоногие (исключая атлантического моржа), белый медведь - три подгруппы морских млекопитающих; и т.д. Выделение подгрупп и видов позволяет более корректно учитывать различие их уязвимости к воздействиям.They construct the initial seasonal cards or cards by months of distribution of important components of biota (WKB). Vulnerabilities are calculated

for the considered ecological groups / subgroups / types of biota (represented on WKB maps) according to the formula:

where S is the sensitivity of the biota to the effects of oil, E is the potential effect of the oil on the biota, R is the recoverability of the biota after exposure (range S, · E and R: for example, 1 ÷ 10; g is the index of various groups / subgroups / types of biota) . Moreover, an ecological group refers to the following biota components: ichthyoplankton, macrophytobenthos, zoobenthos, fish, marine mammals, birds. Under the subgroup is part of the ecological group: for example, mobile and non-mobile benthos - two subgroups of zoobenthos; bottom, pelagic, migratory fish species - three subgroups of fish; “no fur” marine mammals (cetaceans and Atlantic walrus), pinnipeds (excluding the Atlantic walrus), polar bear — three subgroups of marine mammals; etc. The selection of subgroups and species allows more correctly take into account the difference in their vulnerability to impacts.

для ОЗО на основе экспертных оценок (где j=1, 2, 3 … - индекс различных участков (полигонов) расположения особо значимых социально-экономических объектов) и коэффициентам уязвимости

для ПОТ на основе их природоохранного статуса (где f=1, 2, 3 … - индекс различных участков (полигонов) расположения природоохранных территорий).Construct maps of the location of particularly significant socio-economic objects (OZO) and the provisions of nature conservation territories (LSP) for a given mapped area. Vulnerabilities are then assigned.

for OZO based on expert assessments (where j = 1, 2, 3 ... is the index of various sections (polygons) of the location of especially significant socio-economic objects) and vulnerability factors

for POT based on their environmental status (where f = 1, 2, 3 ... is the index of various sites (polygons) of the location of nature protection territories).

Hereinafter, the following should be borne in mind. A mapped area is an area within which all the initial parameters of the WKB, OZO and POT are taken into account. For tactical and strategic maps, this is the area within the boundaries of these maps. For object maps, this is the area of impact of a particular object during federal level oil spills (> 5000 tons).

In the closest analogue, the initial data for each biota group are normalized to the maximum abundance per unit area or biomass density in the mapped area, both for “relative” and “absolute” vulnerability maps (maximum abundance per unit area or biomass density of one of the polygons for a specific season or month). In this method, normalization is carried out differently: the initial data are normalized to the average annual abundance of the ecological group (biotic component) for maps of “absolute” vulnerability and to the abundance of the corresponding groups in each specific season or month for maps of “relative” vulnerability (ie, taken not the only maximum value for the polygons of the biota group, but the total abundance or biomass in the group (abundance) for the mapped area, which, in turn, is divided by the abundance value by e Init area or biomass density of each individual polygon environmental groups / sub-groups / species in a season / month, or an average per year). In this case, the abundance for the season / month is calculated by summing for individual biomass polygons / biota abundance, which in turn is determined by the biomass density or abundance per unit area and the area of polygons.

Vulnerability assessment is carried out by phased construction of various vulnerability maps with an explanation of each map, presented in the form of a legend and an explanatory note.

Vulnerability of the sea area (the natural environment of the sea area and the biota inhabiting it) is a property related to a specific area of the sea (water area, water column and bottom or their combination), which characterizes the general, summary results of a possible, mainly anthropogenic impact on the environment and biota, for the most part, in this area, which leads to:

firstly, to the disruption of the normal functioning of individual species and / or entire ecological groups in this region, up to a partial or complete loss of the abundance (biomass) of these species / ecological groups;

secondly, to the violation of the natural conditions of biota habitats in the area of impact, which affects the normal functioning of biota (biocenosis) immediately at the time of exposure and / or in the future both on biota that constantly lives in this area, and on biota, which can appear in it later;

and in aggregate has the consequence:

partial or complete violation of the structure and functions of the part of the sea ecosystem related to the impact area, up to the loss of its stability;

and, possibly, violation of the structure and function of the ecosystem of the entire sea (Shavykin AA, Ilyin GV Assessment of the integral vulnerability of the Barents Sea to oil pollution. - Murmansk: MMBI KSC RAS, 2010 - 110 s).

In short, the algorithm for constructing vulnerability maps can be formulated as follows.

To construct “relative” vulnerability maps of biota, seasonal or monthly distribution maps of components (ecological groups / subgroups / species) of biota are normalized to the abundance (total number or biomass in the mapped area) of the corresponding gth environmental group P ^gs for season s when constructing seasonal cards, or month s when building maps by months, and get the distribution of relative abundance values for a season or month:

B ^{g (s)} = B ^g / P ^gs .

The ratio of B ^g (for example, in units of g / m ² ) to the abundance of P ^gs in the mapped area (in grams) gives the share of abundance per unit area (1 / m ² ) for this area.

To construct maps of “absolute” vulnerability, seasonal or monthly distribution maps of components (groups / subgroups / species) of biota are normalized to the abundance of the corresponding gth ecological group P ^gy on average per year in the mapped area according to the formula:

B ^{g (y)} = B ^g / P ^gy .

для учитываемых экологических групп/подгрупп/видов биоты на основе чувствительности компонентов, их восстанавливаемости после воздействия и потенциального воздействия на них нефти.Vulnerability Ratios Calculated

for the considered ecological groups / subgroups / types of biota based on the sensitivity of the components, their recoverability after exposure and the potential impact of oil on them.

For each individual season or month, “addition” of the initial distribution maps of n biota groups (including subgroups and species) is carried out according to the formulas:

(для карт «относительной» уязвимости),

(for maps of "relative" vulnerability),

(для карт «абсолютной» уязвимости).

(for cards of "absolute" vulnerability).

The process of “adding” the source maps is performed in one of the GIS programs. This procedure is a summation of the numerical values of indicators assigned to areas (polygons) at each specific point on the map. The result is a map with new boundaries of the plots, which are determined by the boundaries of the original plots, the plots assigned to the original values of the relative abundance of the group / subgroup / species B ^{g (s)} or B ^{g (y)} , multiplied by the corresponding vulnerability factors of the ecological group / subgroup / species . The contribution of each “term” (group) is determined based on the accepted ecosystem model of the mapped area. Within the group, the share of subgroups / species in the total abundance has already been laid down by the corresponding normalization of the initial data. In the above formulas, the contribution of all groups, taking into account normalization to abundance, is the same. If necessary, additional coefficients are introduced in front of the terms in the formulas that determine the other contribution of each ecological group / subgroup / species to the overall “relative” / “absolute” vulnerability.

и

нормируют на максимальное значение уязвимости за сезон или месяц для карт «относительной» уязвимости или за год для карт «абсолютной» уязвимости, переходя в диапазон значений уязвимости, равный

или

соответственно, и получают исходные карты общей уязвимости биоты в картографируемом районе. Это вторая нормировка и данная процедура необходима для построения карт интегральной уязвимости.Received distribution cards

and

standardize on the maximum value of vulnerability for a season or a month for cards of "relative" vulnerability or for a year for cards of "absolute" vulnerability, passing into a range of vulnerability values equal to

or

accordingly, they receive initial maps of the general vulnerability of biota in the mapped area. This is the second normalization and this procedure is necessary to build integrated vulnerability maps.

, исходя из экологической, социокультурной и хозяйственной значимости; диапазон

: например, 1÷10. Проводят«сложение» полученных карт для каждого сезона или месяца в отдельности, предварительно умножая значения полигонов C^js на коэффициенты

. Значения уязвимости

ОЗО нормируют на максимальное значение общей уязвимости в сезон (на

) и переходят в шкалу

для карт «относительной» уязвимости. При нормировке на

получают карты распределения

в диапазоне

. Итог: карты «относительной» и «абсолютной» уязвимости ОЗО.Then carry out the construction of vulnerability maps of particularly significant objects (OZO). A list of the environmental protection zones of the natural and technogenic environment (without biota) is determined and the initial distribution maps C ^js for each season or month are constructed (perhaps for individual j-components, these maps will be the same for the whole year). Polygons are assigned a value of 1 in the presence of OZO and 0 in their absence. OZO protection priority factors are determined - coefficients

based on environmental, sociocultural and economic importance; range

: e.g. 1 ÷ 10. Conduct "addition" of the received cards for each season or month separately, previously multiplying the values of the polygons C ^js by the coefficients

. Vulnerability Values

OZO normalize the maximum value of the total vulnerability in a season (at

) and go to the scale

for maps of "relative" vulnerability. When normalized to

get distribution cards

in the range

. Bottom line: maps of the “relative” and “absolute” vulnerabilities of the OZO.

, которые оценивают по природоохранной значимости; диапазон

: например, 1÷10. Проводят «сложение» полученных карт ПОТ для каждого сезона или месяца, предварительно умножая значения полигонов D^fs на коэффициенты приоритетной защиты

. Выполняют нормировку полученных карт как для ОЗО, используя

и

. При одинаковых для всех сезонов или месяцев, такую операцию проводят один раз. Получают карты распределения

и

с диапазоном

и

. Итог: карты «относительной» и «абсолютной» уязвимости ПОТ.Constructing maps of the vulnerability of protected areas (POT). Determine the list and location of POT and prepare initial maps of their distribution (D ^fs ) for different seasons or months. Polygons are assigned a value of 1 in the presence of POT and 0 in their absence. POT priority protection factors determined

that are assessed for environmental significance; range

: e.g. 1 ÷ 10. Conduct “addition” of received POT cards for each season or month, preliminarily multiplying the values of the polygons D ^fs by the priority protection coefficients

. Normalize the received maps as for OZO, using

and

. With the same for all seasons or months, such an operation is carried out once. Get distribution cards

and

with range

and

. Bottom line: maps of the “relative” and “absolute” vulnerabilities of POT.

The construction of maps of the "relative" integrated vulnerability of the mapped area is performed by "adding" the maps of the "relative" vulnerability of the WKB, OZO and POT:

для каждого сезона делится на 3 или 5 равных (!) поддиапазонов. Поддиапазонам с максимальной интегральной уязвимостью присваивают ранг 5, с минимальной уязвимостью - ранг 1. Полигоны с разными значениями рангов окрашивают на итоговых картах в разные «светофорные» цвета, от зеленого до красного, например: зеленый/желтый/красный для рангов 1/2/3 (или зеленый/светло-зеленый/желтый/оранжевый/красный для рангов 1/2/3/4/5).The range of vulnerability values obtained

for each season is divided into 3 or 5 equal (!) subranges. The subbands with the maximum integral vulnerability are assigned rank 5, with the minimum vulnerability - rank 1. Polygons with different rank values are painted on the final maps in different "traffic light" colors, from green to red, for example: green / yellow / red for ranks 1/2 / 3 (or green / light green / yellow / orange / red for grades 1/2/3/4/5).

These “relative” integrated vulnerability maps are included in OSR plans. Priority protection areas on such maps: sections with a rank of 4 and 5 at a 5-rank scale and areas with rank 3 at a 3-rank. Figure 1 shows, as an example, a map of the "relative" integral vulnerability of the Kola Bay South Knee to oil in a 5-rank scale (Q2, spring).

Then they perform “addition” of maps of the general “absolute” vulnerability of the WKB, OZO and POT to obtain maps of the “absolute” integral vulnerability:

за год делят на 3 или 5 равных (!) поддиапазонов. Поддиапазонам с максимальной интегральной уязвимостью присваивают ранг 5, с минимальной уязвимостью - ранг 1. Полигоны с разными значениями рангов окрашивают на итоговых картах в разные цвета от зеленого до красного, например: зеленый/желтый/красный для рангов 1/2/3 (или зеленый/светло-зеленый/желтый/оранжевый/красный для рангов 1/2/3/4/5).Integral Vulnerability Range

per year is divided into 3 or 5 equal (!) subranges. The subbands with the maximum integral vulnerability are assigned rank 5, with the minimum vulnerability - rank 1. Polygons with different rank values are colored on the resulting maps in different colors from green to red, for example: green / yellow / red for grades 1/2/3 (or green / light green / yellow / orange / red for grades 1/2/3/4/5).

These maps of “absolute” integrated vulnerability are used for environmental and scientific purposes. The values of k _b , k _c , k _d are equal to 1 or set (selected) based on expert estimates (for example, 0.3, 0.2 and 0.5, respectively). Figure 2 shows, as an example, an integrated map of the "absolute" vulnerability of the Southern knee of the Kola Bay from oil in a 5-rank scale (II quarter, spring).

Thus, in the end, the following summary maps of “relative” integral vulnerability and maps of “absolute” integral vulnerability corresponding to seasons or months are obtained:

maps of priority protection areas — seasonal or monthly maps of the “relative” integral vulnerability of the coastal-marine zone. These cards represent the sum of normalized seasonal or monthly biota vulnerability maps (WKB), OZO and VET. The main ones for use in OSR plans are these maps of “relative” integral vulnerability (the range of variability of the represented vulnerability is from 0 or the minimum to the maximum in a particular season or month).

For environmental purposes, maps of the “absolute” integral vulnerability of biota (WKB), OZO and VET, distribution maps of individual WKB, OZO and OVT in the sea or in the marine part of the coastal zone are built.

Features of constructing biota vulnerability distribution maps for groups in the presence of red-book species in the group.

Red book species are distinguished into separate subgroups. For these species, the protection status coefficient k _{rg is} determined. For example, if a species is included in international protection documents, then the protection status coefficient will be the highest k _rg = for example, 100, for the Red Books of the federal level krg = for example, 70 ÷ 40, for regional k _rg = for example, 30 ÷ 20. Here r is the index of the Red Book species (r = 1, or 1, 2, or 1, 2, 3 ...) in the group g. The initial maps with such data are normalized by dividing the distribution density of subgroups and Red Book species in the group by the group abundance value in the area being mapped (respectively, by the average annual abundance for “absolute” vulnerability cards or by the abundance per year or month for “relative” cards vulnerabilities). When calculating biota vulnerability distribution maps for specially protected subgroups or species, in addition to the vulnerability coefficient, the specified factor is introduced - the protection status coefficient.

The construction of all the above maps in the manner described in the claimed invention provides an increase in the accuracy of assessing the vulnerability of coastal areas from oil, oil products and other chemicals, which is important for more correct and accurate preparation of OSR plans, their implementation in OSR, and also solving the problem of obtaining comprehensive information on assessing the vulnerability of coastal-marine zones, necessary for solving various environmental problems.

Claims (1)

A method for assessing the vulnerability of coastal-marine zones from oil, oil products and other chemicals and constructing vulnerability maps, including: determining the list of recorded objects: important components of biota (WKB) - environmental groups / subgroups / types of biota, especially significant socio-economic objects (OZO ), protected areas (POT); determination of the boundaries of the seasons for constructing seasonal maps, taking into account the peculiarities of the distribution of selected ecological groups / subgroups / biota species and their vulnerability to oil for constructing seasonal maps, if there is insufficient data to build monthly maps; collecting data on the distribution of biota from known published and / or unpublished databases, environmental monitoring data and publications from various studies; collection of expert assessments of specialists on the distribution of biota for areas of poorly provided or not provided with data; collection of cartographic information about the mapped area from existing topographic and navigation maps, locations, aerial photographs, satellite images, available GIS information; entering the collected information into an electronic cartographic database (DB); building the initial multi-scale seasonal maps or maps by months of distribution of important biota components (WKB) of groups / subgroups / species within the accepted time limits (seasons / months); calculation of vulnerability factors

for the considered groups / subgroups / types of biota based on the sensitivity of the components to the action of oil, their recoverability after exposure and the potential impact of oil on them; normalization of the obtained biota distribution maps; building biota vulnerability maps by “adding up” WKB distribution maps for ecological groups / subgroups / types of biota, taking into account their vulnerability factors; normalization of the resulting maps and the construction of integrated vulnerability maps, while at the last stage of constructing the integrated vulnerability maps, the range of the obtained integrated vulnerability values is divided into 3 or 5 equal subranges, which are painted in different colors on the maps, characterized in that during marine and coastal expeditionary work in different seasons or months, collect the missing data by sampling groups / subgroups / types of biota, determine their number per unit area and / or biomass density, border eating habitat environmental groups / subgroups / species important biotic components sea ecosystem of macrophytes to birds and marine mammals excluding phytoplankton and zooplankton, an expert evaluation is performed missing data volume and injected the newly obtained data from the generated electronic chart database; then carry out the construction of maps of the OZO and the position of the POT for a given mapped area; based on expert assessments, assign values to vulnerability factors

for OZOs and vulnerability factors

for POT; To construct “relative” vulnerability maps of biota, the distribution maps of components (groups / subgroups / species) of biota are normalized to the abundance (total number or total biomass in the mapped area) of the corresponding gth environmental group P ^gs per season when constructing seasonal maps or a month when constructing cards by month, and get a distribution of relative abundance values for a season or month:
B ^{g (s)} = B ^g / P ^gs ,
Where
B ^{g (s)} - relative seasonal or monthly abundance of group / subgroup / species abundance - the share of seasonal or monthly abundance of group / subgroup / biota species in a mapped area per unit area within the polygons of this region, with the index s in brackets means that normalization was carried out on the seasonal (monthly) abundance value, g = 1, 2, 3, ..., - groups / subgroups / species (phytobenthos, ichthyoplankton, mobile zoobenthos, immobile zoobenthos, fish, marine mammals, birds);
B ^g is the value of the initial number per unit area or biomass density of the gth environmental group / subgroup / biota species at individual landfills in a particular season or month, presented on the map in units of measurement accepted for these groups / subgroups / types (g / m ² , ind / km ² , ind / m ³ , t / h of trawling, etc.);
P ^gs - abundance (total abundance or biomass of the gth ecological group of biota in the mapped area) of the corresponding gth ecological group for a specific season s or month s in the mapped area;
To construct maps of the “absolute” vulnerability of the distribution map of components (groups / subgroups / species), biota normalize the average annual abundance of the corresponding gth environmental group P ^gy in the mapped area according to the formula:
B ^{g (y)} = B ^g / P ^gy ,
Where
B ^{g (y)} is the relative annual density of the abundance of a group / subgroup / species - the share of the average annual abundance of a group / subgroup / biota type in a mapped area per unit area within the polygons of this area in a particular season or month, with the y index in brackets means that normalization to the average annual value of abundance has been carried out;
P ^gy is the average for the year y abundance of the corresponding gth ecological group, while the abundance of the gth ecological group is the average annual biomass or the total number of the ecological group of biota in the cartographic area;
then, for each individual season or month, “addition” of the initial distribution maps of n biota groups is carried out according to the formulas:

,

,
Where

- relative vulnerability coefficients for each biotic component of the ecosystem taken into account (g = 1, 2, 3 ...);
and receive seasonal or monthly distribution maps of the “relative” and “absolute” vulnerabilities of biota in the mapped area, where

and

- “relative” and “absolute” vulnerabilities of biota in a mapped area; carry out the construction of vulnerability maps of OZO and VET by plotting polygons with values on the map

,

for OZO and

,

for POT and their normalization; the construction of maps of the “relative” integral vulnerability of the mapped area is performed by “adding” the maps of the “relative” vulnerability of the WKB, OZO and POT according to the formula:

,
Where

- “relative” integral vulnerability of different parts of the mapped area;
k _b , k _c , k _d - coefficients equal to 1 or established on the basis of expert estimates and determining the contribution (share) of the vulnerability of the WKB, OZO, POT to the overall vulnerability;
then they perform “addition” of cards of the “absolute” vulnerability of the WKB, OZO and POT to obtain cards of the “absolute” integral vulnerability according to the formula:

,
Where

- “absolute” integral vulnerability of various sections of the mapped area.

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