RU2609909C2 - Method of determining optimum dose of first nitric fertiliser for winter cereals - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agriculture, specifically to technology of cultivating winter cereals. Method involves determining time of beginning of spring vegetation (VNVV) of winter cereals, collecting soil samples from 0–20 cm layer and vegetable samples with account sites of field in period of beginning of spring vegetation of plants, counting in all living stems with length > 10 mm, determining density agrophytocenosis (AFC), making a decision on value of planned yield. Additionally, extraction of soil samples from 20–40 cm layer, in which level of phosphorus and potassium modes of AFC is determined from content in soil movable phosphorus (P₂O₅) and exchange potassium (K₂O), in soil samples from 0–20 cm layer, determining level of nitric AFC mode from content of nitrogen of exchange of ammonium (N-NH₄), and determining optimum dose of first nitric fertiliser for winter cereals,calculated by formula:

where dn = x_n-K_n (difference between value of each factor and value of its constant), x is a factor, K is a constant of factor (average annual level of factor), Y is optimum dose of first nitric fertiliser, kg nitrogen in rate of application/ha, x₁ is nitrogen content of exchange of ammonium (N-NH₄) in soil, mg/kg, x₂ is movable content of phosphorus (P₂O₅) in soil, mg/kg, x₃ is content of exchange potassium (K₂O) in soil, mg/kg, x₄ is density AFC, stems/m², x₅ is planned productivity, centner/ha.

EFFECT: method provides more accurate determination of optimum dose of first nitric fertiliser for winter cereals with due allowance for yield.

5 cl, 2 tbl, 1 ex

Description

The invention relates to agriculture and is an element of improving the intensive technology of cultivation of winter cereal crops. It can be used to determine the optimal dose of the first nitrogen top dressing in fields that differ in effective soil fertility, the state of agrophytocenosis (AFC), and planned yield.

A known method of rapid diagnosis of the level of nitrogen nutrition of plants using a model sample of a portable device "Spectrolux" to determine the needs of plants in nitrogen fertilizing in production conditions, including determining the concentration of chlorophyll in plant leaves by the intensity of its fluorescence and light transmission of leaf blades; and the need for nitrogen nutrition is established depending on the ratio of the fluorescence of chlorophyll sheet to its light transmission; when the ratio of these values is 1 ± 0.01 or more, nitrogen top dressing is not required, and if the value is less than 1 ± 0.01, urgent top dressing is required at a dose of 60-90 kg ai / ha (RF patent 2381644, IPC A01G 7/00, publ. 02.20.2010).

The disadvantage of this method is the low accuracy of determining the dose of nitrogen top dressing, since according to the fluorescence ratio of chlorophyll sheet to its light transmission, it is concluded that there is a need for nitrogen top dressing, while these indicators can be directly or indirectly affected by soil deficiency of assimilated forms of phosphorus and sulfur , which will lead to a distortion of the results. In addition, unreasonably high doses of fertilizers (60-90 kg ai / ha) are recommended regardless of the crop, variety and phase of plant development, which is undesirable by agronomic, economic and environmental criteria.

A known method of determining the dose of nitrogen fertilizing (N) in terms of the actual and optimal nitrogen content in the organs of a plant, including determining the dose of nitrogen taken under production conditions (H) as an approximate, optimal nitrogen content in the organs of plants (C _opt ), the actual nitrogen content (C _fact ) and calculation of the dose of nitrogen (N) according to the formula NH⋅ (C _opt / C _fact ) (Marchuk I.U., Makarenko V.M., Rozstalny V.E., Savchuk A.V. - Nutrition of winter crops in the spring-winter period of vegetation). The article presents the data of academician N.M. Gorodnoy on the recommended doses of nitrogen top dressing and the method of calculating them. (Found on the Internet: http://www.dobriva.com.ua/en/article/theoretic/Pitanie_ozimih_kultur_v_vesenne_zimniy_period_vegetatsii.html. Website of the DP Agrocenter EuroChem-Ukraine, 11/30/2011.)

The disadvantage of this method is that when determining the nitrogen content in plants in the early spring, there is a high probability of error in interpreting the results of the analysis, because at this time, the plants are still in a stressful state after wintering and the actual content of nitrogenous substances in them does not always reflect the level of the nitrogen regime in agrophytocenosis. In addition, the value of "N" (the dose of nitrogen taken under production conditions) is not always close to the optimal level, since it does not take into account the weather conditions of a particular year, the level of phosphorus-potassium nutrition in a particular field, and so on, that is, the method is not enough accurate.

A known method for determining the dose of spring nitrogen fertilizing winter wheat according to a special nomogram constructed using a regression model and includes indicators: the availability of nitrogen inoculation of nitrates in the soil in a layer of 0-80 cm; the density of wheat agrophytocenosis (by the number of plants per 1 m ² ) before the beginning of its spring vegetation; correlation between the prices of winter wheat grain and nitrogen fertilizers, which determines the payback of nitrogen fertilizers (Izotov AM, Tarasenko B.A., Rogozenko A.V. - Method for situational optimization of the dose of early spring nitrogen fertilizing winter wheat. to the University of Biology and Nature Conservation of Ukraine, No. 4, 20 birch (2012).

The disadvantage of this method is the incomplete accounting of assimilable compounds of mineral nitrogen of the soil, in particular, nitrogen of exchange ammonium (N-NH ₄ ) is not determined. Although, in accordance with the principle that the authors postulated, the “total” nitrogen should be composed of mineral nitrogen of the soil (N-NO ₃ + N-NH ₄ ) and fertilizing nitrogen, however, the authors take into account only nitrate nitrogen without exchange ammonium nitrogen, which does not provide sufficient accuracy in determining the dose of spring nitrogen fertilizing.

There is a method of determining the dose of early spring nitrogen fertilizing winter wheat, which includes taking soil samples from a layer of 0-30 cm at the beginning of spring vegetation, determining nitrate nitrogen in them and determining the dose of nitrogen fertilizing according to the calculation table, where various possible N -NO ₃ in the soil, and horizontally - the planned yield in the surveyed field. A number of corrections are made to the established dose: on the density of agrophytocenosis at the time of soil sampling, on the reserves of productive moisture in the layer 0-100 mm (in the zone of insufficient moisture). - Fertilizer systems for major field crops. Recommendations Krasnodar, 2001, p. 7-9.

The disadvantages of the described method include the low accuracy of determining the dose of the first nitrogen fertilizing, due to several reasons, namely, insufficient depth of soil sampling (up to 30 cm), lack of information on the content of other elements of the plant’s mineral nutrition that affect the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizers, the lack of a systematic analysis of the relationship between factors affecting the dose of nitrogen supplementation.

There is also a method of determining the dose of early spring nitrogen fertilizing winter cereal crops, which includes determining the start time of spring vegetation (VNVV) of plants, taking soil samples from a layer of 0-20 cm (during the beginning of spring vegetation) and determining nitrate nitrogen in them (N- NO ₃₎ assessment of APC (stalks on density, pc. stems / m ^2), which is determined by the selection of plant specimens credentials field surveyed sites and counting them all living stems size> 10 mm, the decision on the magnitude of planned productivity STI and determining the dose of nitric feeding on the calculated table where vertical is the contents of N-NO ₃ in the soil, and by VNVV horizontal state APC and planned yield (Care of crops of winter cereals crops winter and early spring -. Recommendations Krasnodar, 2000. , pp. 17-21 - prototype).

The disadvantage of the prototype is the low accuracy of determining the dose of the first nitrogen top dressing of winter crops due to insufficient depth of soil sampling (up to 20 cm), significant variability of the nitrate content of nitrates in the soil (in the horizon 0-20 cm) in the early spring due to unstable weather conditions, incomplete information on factors affecting the assimilation of nitrogen fertilizers and determining the future habitus of plants. In addition, the disadvantages of this method include a rather narrow range of its application for the planned yield (45-65 kg / ha), as well as the lack of an algorithm for linking the dose of the first nitrogen top dressing of winter cereal crops with a complex of factors in the soil-plant-cenosis system.

The purpose of the invention: improving the accuracy of determining the optimal dose of the first nitrogen top dressing of winter crops on the planned yield level, expanding the range of its application for the planned yield from 35 to 95 kg / ha, as well as finding an algorithm for linking the dose of early spring top dressing with a complex of factors in the soil-plant system -cenosis.

This goal is achieved by the fact that in the known method for determining the dose of the first nitrogen top dressing of winter cereal crops, which includes determining the time of the beginning of spring vegetation (VNVV), the selection of soil samples from a layer of 0-20 cm and plant samples from the registration sites of the field during the beginning of the spring vegetation of plants, determining the density of agrophytocenosis (AFC), deciding on the size of the planned yield, according to the invention, additionally carry out the selection of soil samples from a layer of 20-40 cm, which determine the level Hb phosphorus and potassium contents APC modes in soil mobile phosphorus (P ₂ O ₅₎ and exchangeable potassium (K ₂ O), in soil samples from the 0-20 cm layer determine the level of nitrogen APC mode for exchange of ammonium nitrogen content (N-NH ₄ ), and the determination of the optimal dose of the first nitrogen top dressing of winter cereal crops is calculated by the formula

,

,

where d _n = x _n -K _n (the difference between the magnitude of each factor and the magnitude of its constant),

x is the factor

K - factor constant (long-term average factor level obtained in our studies),

Y is the optimal dose of the 1st feeding, kg of nitrogen in AI / ha,

x ₁ - nitrogen content of exchange ammonium (Ν-ΝΗ ₄ ) in the soil, mg / kg,

x ₂ - the content of mobile phosphorus (P ₂ O ₅ ) in the soil, mg / kg,

x ₃ - the content of metabolic potassium (K ₂ O) in the soil, mg / kg,

x ₄ - the density of the AFC, pcs. stems / m ² ,

x ₅ - the planned yield, kg / ha, and, with “late” WWII, the estimated dose of nitrogen fertilizing (Y) is increased 1.25 times, with low reserves of productive moisture in the soil by the time the spring vegetation of plants begins, in the 0-100 layer -100-140 mm, the calculated dose of nitrogen fertilizing (Y) is reduced by 1.33 times, at very low (less than 100 mm in a meter soil layer) - the dose of fertilizing (Y) is reduced by 2 times, and when determining the optimal dose of the first nitrogen top dressing for winter barley - the calculated value (Y) is reduced by 1.33 times.

A comparative analysis of the proposed technical solution with the prototype allows us to conclude that the claimed method for determining the optimal dose of the first nitrogen feeding of winter cereal crops differs from the known additional steps: selection of soil samples from another soil layer (20-40 cm), determination of metabolic potassium and digestible phosphorus in a layer of 20-40 cm, the determination of nitrogen of exchange ammonium instead of nitrogen nitrates (in a layer of 0-20 cm) and the presence of a non-linear algorithm for the dose coupling of the first nitrogen feeding of winter crops s crops of factors in the soil-plant-cenosis.

Thus, the claimed technical solution meets the patentability criterion of "NOVELTY."

Studying the state of the art in the process of conducting a patent search on all types of publicly available information in print, we did not identify technical solutions that have distinctive features of the proposed method regarding determining the dose of the first nitrogen top dressing of winter cereal crops by the content of mobile phosphorus (P ₂ O ₅ ) in the soil and metabolic potassium (K ₂ O), as well as decisions related to a systematic analysis of the influence of the complex of these claimed features on the dose of the first nitrogen top dressing of winter cereal crops.

Therefore, the claimed technical solution meets the criteria of patentability "INVENTIVE LEVEL".

The claimed technical solution meets the patentability criterion "INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY", as it can be used in agriculture. And, in addition, the description of the invention provides means and methods by which it is possible to implement a method for determining the optimal dose of the first nitrogen top dressing of winter crops in the form in which it is described in the independent claim.

The method is as follows.

The time of the beginning of spring vegetation (VNVV) of winter cereal crops is determined. In the fields where nitrogen fertilizing is planned, soil is sampled to a depth of 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm according to the generally accepted method, then its agrochemical analysis is performed: in samples from a 0-20 cm layer, exchange ammonium nitrogen (N-NH ₄ ) is determined and in samples from a 20–40 cm layer — mobile phosphorus (P ₂ O ₅ ) and exchange potassium (K ₂ O).

At the same time, near the soil sampling sites, from plant sites (for example, with an area of 0.25 m ² ), plant samples are taken (i.e., all plants of the crop under investigation are dug), the total number of stems longer than 10 mm is counted at the site, which then transferred to the density of the AFC per 1 m ² , decide on the size of the planned yield and determine the optimal dose of the first nitrogen top dressing according to the formula

where d _n = x _n -K _n ; by substituting in the above formula the real indicators (x _n ) [and their constants (K _n )] of the effective fertility of the soil (its content of nitrogen of exchange ammonium, mobile phosphorus and exchange potassium), the density of the stem of the AFC and the planned yield. Moreover,

- at the “late” VNVV, the estimated dose of fertilizers is increased 1.25 times;

- at low reserves of productive moisture in the soil, by the time the spring vegetation of plants begins in the 0-100-100-140 mm layer, the dose of nitrogen fertilizing is reduced by 1.33 times, and at very low reserves (less than 100 mm in a meter soil layer) - top dressing is reduced by 2 times;

- when determining the optimal dose of the first nitrogen top dressing for winter barley, the calculated value is reduced by 1.33 times.

An example of a specific implementation of the method.

The optimal dose of the first nitrogen top dressing of winter wheat was determined at LLC Progress Agrofirm in the Labinsky district of the Krasnodar Territory in 2014, when VNVV was early, on field No. 92 (department No. 1) on an area of 71 hectares. The predecessor is soy. A variety of winter wheat - “Andalu” (French selection). At the end of February, during the period of the beginning of spring vegetation (during the tillering phase), soil and plant samples in triplicate were selected in this field. The soil was selected using soil drill from layers 0–20 and 20–40 cm. The plants were dug up with roots using a shovel from the counting plots (0.25 m ² ) and all living stems (> 10 mm long) were counted on them. . After agrochemical and phytocenotic analysis, the following results were obtained:

- the content in the soil (in a layer of 0-20 cm) of nitrogen of exchange ammonium (N-NH ₄ ) - 5.8; 8.0; 7.4 and, on average, of the three samples, 7.1 mg / kg;

- the content in the soil (in the layer of 20-40 cm) of mobile phosphorus (P ₂ O ₅ ) - 24; 19; 16 and, on average, of the three samples, 19.7 mg / kg;

- the content in the soil (in a layer of 20-40 cm) of exchange potassium (K ₂ O) - 409; 441; 314 and, on average, of the three samples, 388 mg / kg;

- the density of the stem of the AFC - 1012; 1200; 1440 and, on average, of the three samples, 1217 stems / m ² ;

- the planned yield is 70 kg / ha.

The optimal dose of the first nitrogen top dressing of winter wheat was determined by the formula

where Y is the optimal dose of the first nitrogen top dressing, kg of nitrogen in AI / ha;

d _n = x _n -K _n (the difference between the value of each factor and the value of its constant);

x ₁ - content Ν-ΝΗ ₄ (in the soil layer 0-20 cm), mg / kg;

x ₂ - the content of P ₂ O ₅ (in the soil layer 20-40 cm), mg / kg;

x ₃ - K20 content (in the soil layer 20-40 cm), mg / kg;

x ₄ - density of the stem of the AFC, pcs. stems / m ² ;

x ₅ - the planned yield, kg / ha;

K ₁ - 7.7 mg / kg (N-NH ₄ );

K ₂ - 28.9 mg / kg (P ₂ O ₅ );

K ₃ -339 mg / kg (K ₂ O);

K ₄ - 1400 pcs. stems / m ² (density AFC);

K ₅ - 60.6 c / ha (planned yield).

After calculating the dose of fertilizing (Y) was equal to 60.5 kg of nitrogen in AI / ha. In this field, in the form of a urea-ammonia mixture (UAN), feed was added at a dose of 60 kg of nitrogen in AI / ha.

To compare our proposed method for calculating the optimal dose of the first nitrogen top dressing of winter cereal crops with a prototype, we selected a neighboring field (No. 87, with an area of 79 ha), where Andalu winter wheat was sown using the soybean predecessor. Here, soil and plant samples were also taken (simultaneously with samples taken in field No. 92) in triplicate. Soil samples were taken from a 0–20 cm layer and only nitrate nitrogen (N-NO ₃ ) was determined in them. Plant samples were taken from registration sites with an area of 0.25 m ² (identical to field No. 92) and the density of the stem of the AFC was calculated from them, that is, the state of sowing was determined.

After appropriate analyzes, the results were obtained:

- the content in the soil (in a layer of 0-20 cm) of nitrate nitrogen is 3.4; 2.7; 3.0 and, on average, of the three samples, 3.0 mg / kg;

- the density of the stem of the AFC - 892; 748; 840 and, on average, of the three samples, 827 stems / m ² , which, according to accepted gradations, corresponds to a good state of sowing. Planned productivity - 70 kg / ha.

When calculating the prototype (Table 1, Recommendations, 2000, Krasnodar), the dose of dressing was equal to 50 kg of nitrogen in AI / ha. In fact, with fertilizer, 55 kg of nitrogen were added per a.a. / ha.

In the phase of wax ripeness of winter wheat in July 2014, the biological productivity was recorded in these fields by selecting sheaves from registration plots, drying them and subsequent threshing (table 1). In field No. 92, it turned out to be equal to 71.5 c / ha (with basic grain moisture), and in field No. 87 - 64.7 c / ha; that is, in the field No. 92 (when using the method of calculating the dose of the first nitrogen fertilizing proposed by us), the yield obtained was almost equal to the calculated (planned) (deviation of +1.5 c / ha), and in the field No. 87 (determining the dose of feeding according to the prototype ) it turned out to be significantly lower (deviation - 5.3 c / ha), which indicates the advantage of our proposed method.

In addition, we determined the significance of the factors determining the dose of the first nitrogen top dressing of winter cereal crops in the calculation of the prototype and the claimed method (table 2).

As follows from table 2, the introduction of new factors in the calculation of the dose of top dressing increases the total significance of the factors considered and, therefore, increases the accuracy of the calculation by 16.1% (66.7% - 50.6%), and the use of the algorithm for non-linear communication of the first nitrogen dose top dressing of winter crops with a set of factors in the soil-plant-cenosis system additionally increases the accuracy of the calculation by another 24.8% (91.5% -66.7%), which, in the end, provides an increase in the accuracy of the calculation by the present method by 40 9% (91.5% -50.6%).

Moreover, the application of the proposed method provides an extension of the range of its use for the planned yield (35-95 kg / ha) compared with the prototype (45-65 kg-ha).

Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that the inventive method for determining the optimal dose of the first nitrogen top dressing of winter cereal crops ensures the achievement of this goal.

Claims (15)

1. A method for determining the optimal dose of the first nitrogen top dressing of winter cereal crops, including determining the time of the beginning of spring vegetation (VNVV) of winter cereal crops, selection of soil samples from a 0-20 cm layer and plant samples from the registration sites of the field during the beginning of spring plant vegetation , counting all living stems in them> 10 mm long, determining the density of agrophytocenosis (AFC), deciding on the size of the planned yield, characterized in that they additionally take soil samples from the layer 20-40 cm, in which the level of phosphorus and potassium modes of the AFC is determined by the content of mobile phosphorus (P ₂ O ₅ ) and exchange potassium (K ₂ O) in the soil, the level of the nitrogen mode of the AFC is determined in soil samples from a 0-20 cm layer the nitrogen content of exchange ammonium (N-NH ₄ ), and the determination of the optimal dose of the first nitrogen top dressing of winter cereal crops is calculated by the formula

where d _n = x _n -K _n (the difference between the magnitude of each factor and the magnitude of its constant), x is the factor K - factor constant (long-term average factor level), Y is the optimal dose of the first nitrogen top dressing, kg of nitrogen in AI / ha, x ₁ - nitrogen content of exchange ammonium (N-NH ₄ ) in the soil, mg / kg, x ₂ - the content of mobile phosphorus (P ₂ O ₅ ) in the soil, mg / kg, x ₃ - the content of metabolic potassium (K ₂ O) in the soil, mg / kg, x ₄ - the density of the AFC, pcs. stems / m ² , x ₅ - the planned yield, kg / ha. 2. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that, with a "late" VNVV, the calculated dose of nitrogen fertilizing (Y) is increased 1.25 times. 3. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that at low reserves of productive moisture in the soil by the time the spring vegetation of plants begins in the layer 0-100-100-140 mm, the calculated dose of nitrogen fertilizing (Y) is reduced by 1.33 times. 4. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that at very low reserves of productive moisture in the soil (less than 100 mm in a meter layer of soil), the calculated dose of fertilizing (Y) is reduced by 2 times. 5. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that when determining the optimal dose of the first nitrogen top dressing for winter barley, the calculated dose (Y) is reduced by 1.33 times.