RU2601056C2 - Device for automatic control of processes for cultivation of agricultural crops - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agriculture, in particular to farming controlled technologies, and can be used in crop sector field. Device includes variable order sensor, unit for calculating variable of exergy order, timer, memory unit, external control sensors, namely ambient temperature sensor, air temperature sensor, soil moisture sensor, control logic switch, four control keys. At that, device includes prediction unit. Output of memory unit is connected to first input of prediction unit, second output of variable of exergy order calculating unit, second output of timer, ambient temperature sensor output, soil temperature sensor output, soil moisture sensor output are connected to second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth inputs of prediction unit, which output is connected to input of control logical commutator.

EFFECT: device makes it possible to increase efficiency of control processes for cultivation of crops and to increase their efficiency.

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Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular to controlled farming technologies, and can be used in the field of crop production.

Closest to the proposed are the method and device for automatic control of the processes of cultivation of crops, providing for the complex variable multi-factor system "crop - environmental factors - control factors" to choose from among the parameters of the controlled processes a variable order that changes most rapidly and most strongly affects the processes in system (an indicator of the functional state of the cultivated agricultural crop), and management parameters with which you can influence the production processes of plants (Patent RU 2350068, BI No. 9, publ. 03/27/2009). A device for implementing the known method comprises a timer, a memory unit, sensors of variable order, control values of control parameters, a control logical switch, control keys, a unit for calculating the exergy of a variable order.

A disadvantage of the known technical solution is that when managing agricultural crops cultivation processes, scanning of variable order values, enumeration and identification of the influence of control parameter values on the variable order are necessary. Another drawback is the lack of a forecast of changes in the parameters and characteristics of the processes of cultivation of crops. As a result of this, it is difficult to implement real-time process control in real time, the cost of process implementation increases, it is not always possible to ensure high crop yields in real production conditions.

The objective of the invention is to increase the efficiency of the management of the processes of cultivation of crops, increase their efficiency and reduce cost by predicting the progress of the processes.

As a result of the use of the invention, it becomes possible to predict changes in the parameters and characteristics of the performed technological processes of cultivation of agricultural crops, and when implementing process control to implement the most effective modes.

The above technical result is achieved by the fact that the proposed method includes monitoring the parameters of a complex multifactor system "crop - environmental factors - control factors", the choice of variable order variables and control parameters from among the controlled parameters, while during the process of cultivating crops using sensors they monitor the parameters of external control and the variable order, analyze the changes in the variable order for the entire period and x control and according to the results of the analysis, they influence the processes of cultivation of agricultural crops, and according to the results of the analysis of variable order and external control parameters, formalize the laws of change of the variable order and external control parameters and make forecast scenarios of changes in the variable order and external control parameters for a given time interval, at to ensure the specified productivity of the cultivated agricultural crop and technical and economic indicators, of technological processes with the existing external and standard controls select the corrective control variables and formalize the laws of change of these variables, while they carry out controlled effects on the technological processes of cultivation of agricultural crops, moreover, work machines corresponding to the corrective control are used, and change of the operating modes of these machines is performed according to the laws of change of the selected corrective control.

The technical result is also achieved by the fact that in the device for automatic control of the processes of cultivation of crops containing a variable order sensor, a variable order exergy calculation unit, a timer, a memory unit, external control sensors, namely, an ambient temperature sensor, an air temperature sensor, a soil moisture sensor , the control logical switch, four control keys, according to the invention, a prediction block is introduced, while the output of the memory block is connected to the first input of the block hornozna, the second output of the variable order exergy calculation unit, the second timer output, the ambient temperature sensor output, the soil temperature sensor output, the soil moisture sensor output are connected to the second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth inputs of the forecast unit, the output of which is connected to the input managing logical switch.

The method is as follows:

1) in the complex multifactor system “agricultural crop - environmental factors - environmental management factors” there are non-technological environmental effects on the crop and its cultivation processes, such as solar radiation intensity, temperature, air humidity, soil composition, temperature and humidity, etc. .p., as well as technogenic impacts on crops, changing which you can affect the crops and on the processes of cultivation by changing regimes the work of the corresponding working machines, such as irrigation, lighting devices, changes in the organic and mineral composition of the soil, etc., are divided into three groups, namely:

- external management - uncontrolled non-technogenic, as a rule, self-organizing environmental effects;

- typical management - technogenic impacts implemented according to the technological regulations of the performed technological process, practically unchanged or slightly changed for a slightly longer period of operation in terms of composition, parameters and sequence.

With a specific external management and ideal management requirements for high-performance production, typical management is enough to implement standard management to get the best result;

- corrective control - operational technogenic impacts for the implementation of the tasks to ensure highly efficient production.

In practice, external management can worsen or improve the growing conditions of crops, and typical management may be insufficient according to the requirements of highly efficient production, and then corrective management with the use of additional resources is used to improve these conditions. The corrective control paradigm involves the implementation of the intellectual impact on the processes of crop cultivation, as a reaction to deviations of process parameters and characteristics from the required values, and the search for the best strategy in relation to the management goal. This is real-time control for a positive change in the characteristics of the crop and process parameters, initiated by the objective need for the revealed discrepancy of these characteristics and parameters of the region of permissible values, stable dynamics of their change, which could lead to such a discrepancy;

2) choose an order variable and external control parameters, measure their values;

3) with a given time interval, analyze changes in the order variable and external control parameters for the entire period of their control, compare the results of the analysis with the test database of retrospective data on the implementation of similar processes and choose which of the dependencies, namely:

,- the law of technical optimum

,

;- exponential law

;

, (где

,

- соответственно начальное и конечное значения контролируемой переменной, t - время, α, t_л - коэффициенты, характеризующие законы управления), описывает изменения контролируемых переменных (переменной порядка и внешнего управления), и принимают эту зависимость в качестве прогнозирующей для этой контролируемой переменной.- linear law

, (where

,

- respectively, the initial and final values of the controlled variable, t - time, α, t _l - coefficients characterizing the laws of control), describes the changes in the controlled variables (order variable and external control), and take this dependence as predictive for this controlled variable.

If it is not possible to adequately describe the changes in the order variable and the external control of one of the given dependencies, the laws of change of these variables are formed from time sections in which these dependencies are suitable for describing processes;

4) make forecast scenarios of changes in controlled variables (order variable and external control); for this, the dependencies selected in Section 3) are extrapolated, describing changes in the order variable and external control parameters for a given time interval;

5) determine whether the predicted values of external control at the existing type provide the specified productivity of the cultivated agricultural crop, stability and high technical and economic indicators of technological processes, and if they do not provide, select corrective control variables, and the corrective control variables change according to the law of technical optimum, exponential law or linear law or the law of change of controlled variables is made up of temporary sections;

6) the appropriate working machines carry out controlled effects on the production processes of agricultural crops, moreover, changing the operating modes of these machines is carried out in accordance with the laws of changing the selected corrective control;

7) with a given time interval, assess the state of the crop by a variable order or another indicator selected as an indicator of the functional state, check the convergence of the forecasts of changes in the values of the variable order and external control, while if the real values of the controlled variables and the values of these variables calculated according to predictive dependencies, differ, make the correction of the laws of change of the variable order and external control, and adjusting the forecast ziruyuschikh dependencies of the variable order and external control carry out iterative changes in the final values of the corresponding controlled variables;

8) based on the adjusted forecast dependencies of changes in a variable order and control parameters, corrective control is specified;

9) the appropriate working machines carry out controlled effects on the production processes of agricultural crops, moreover, the change in the operating modes of these machines is carried out in accordance with the adjusted laws of change in corrective control.

The essence of the invention is illustrated in the drawing, which shows a General diagram of the device.

The device comprises a variable order sensor 1, a timer 2, a variable order exergy calculation unit 3, a memory unit 4, a forecast block 5, a control logical switch 6, external control sensors, namely, an ambient temperature sensor 7, an air temperature sensor 8, a humidity sensor soil 9, control keys 10, 11, 12, 13.

The output of the variable order sensor 1 and the first output of timer 2 are connected respectively to the first and second inputs of the variable order exergy calculation block 3. The first output of the variable order 3 exergy calculation block is connected to the input of the memory block 4, the output of which is connected to the first input of the forecast block 5. The second the output of the exergy calculation unit of variable order 3, the second output of the timer 2, the output of the ambient temperature sensor 7, the output of the soil temperature sensor 8, the output of the soil moisture sensor 9 are connected respectively to the second, the third, fourth, fifth and sixth inputs of the forecast block 5, the output of which is connected to the input of the control logical switch 6. The inputs of the control keys 10, 11, 12, 13 are connected respectively to the first, second, third, fourth and fifth outputs of the control logical switch 6. The control keys 10, 11, 12, 13 are associated with working machines that affect the production processes of the crop.

Retrospective values of the variable order and control parameters that determine the optimal values of the control parameters are placed in the memory unit 4. In addition, the memory unit 4 contains tests of the physiological state of the crop. The information of the memory block 4 is used by the forecast block 5 when choosing the parameters of the corrective control to compare changes in the power of the exergy of a variable order during the implementation of the control and to ensure high efficiency of the processes.

The device operates as follows.

When performing technological processes of cultivating crops at intervals determined by timer 2, using sensors of ambient temperature 7, air temperature 8, soil moisture 9 monitor the parameters of external control (temperature, humidity, soil, reclamation potential), and using a variable order sensor 1 monitor the state of the crop. The value of the variable order measured by the sensor of variable order 1 is converted by the unit of calculated exergy of variable order 3, transferred to the memory unit 4 and the forecast block 5. The values of the external control parameters measured by the sensors of the ambient temperature 7, soil temperature 8, soil moisture 9, are fixed forecast block 5.

At intervals determined by timer 2, the law of change of the variable order and parameters of the external control is formed. For this, forecast block 5 uses information about changes in variable order and external control for the entire monitoring period, namely information from a variable order sensor 1 processed by a variable order exergy calculation unit 2, ambient temperature sensors 7, air temperature 8, soil moisture 9. At the same time, it is determined which of the dependencies, namely, the law of technical optimum, the exponential or linear law, adequately describes the change in the controlled variables, and choose this dependence as an order to change the parameters of the variable order and external control, or the law of variation of controlled variables describe the temporal areas, which are listed according to the fair.

In addition, at time intervals determined by timer 2, forecast block 5 makes forecast scenarios of changes in controlled variables; for this, the dependencies selected to describe the controlled variables are extrapolated, which describe changes in the order variable and external control parameters. At the same time, forecast block 5 evaluates whether the predicted values of external control at the existing type provide the specified productivity of the cultivated agricultural crop, stability and high technical and economic indicators of technological processes, and if they do not, select corrective control variables, and the corrective control variables are changed according to the law of technical optimum, exponential law or linear law, or the law of change of controlled variables are from temporary sites.

Carry out controlled impacts on the production processes of the crop, and the change in the operating modes of these machines is carried out in accordance with the laws of change of the selected corrective control. For this, at time intervals determined by timer 2, information from the forecast block 5 is transmitted to a managed logical switch 6, which includes control keys 10, 11, 12, 13, and the corresponding working machines carry out controlled effects on crop production processes, and changing modes the work of these machines is performed according to the laws of change of the selected corrective control.

At time intervals determined by timer 2, the forecast block 5 evaluates the state of the crop using a variable order or another indicator selected as an indicator of the functional state and the values of external control, evaluate the convergence of the forecasts of changes in the values of the controlled variables, while if the real values of the controlled variables and the values of these variables, calculated according to the predictive dependencies, are different, they adjust the laws of change of the order variable and external management until the convergence of forecasts of changes in controlled variables is satisfactory.

Carry out controlled impacts on the production processes of the crop, and the change in the operating modes of these machines is carried out in accordance with the amended laws of change. To do this, based on the adjusted forecast dependencies of changes in the variable order and control parameters, the changes in the corrective control and the corresponding working machines of the corrective control are specified.

Consider an example of the practical application of the proposed method.

The most important parameter characterizing the potential efficiency of crop photosynthesis is the exergy of optical radiation (the useful energy that a crop absorbs for its survival, development and crop formation). This parameter should be used as an order variable. For the crop to use the potential possible exergy of optical radiation in relation to photosynthesis, it is necessary to ensure the maximum possible values of the exergy of soil fertility, technogenic energy, which are selected as control parameters. Physiologically and economically rational values of exergy for each type of cultivated crops and recommendations for exergy to soil fertility and technogenic energy are established empirically (Table 1).

The processes of absorption and use of energy of solar radiation occur almost the entire period of growth and development of crops. At different phases of development, the intensity of these processes is different and depends on many factors, in particular, on the soil and water potential of the soil, climatic conditions of the development stage, etc. So, at the beginning of the development of crops, the possibilities of using the energy of optical radiation are limited, because the culture did not reach normal development and the sizes of photosynthetic surfaces of plant fragments are not fully formed. The accumulation of exergy of optical radiation can be described by an exponential law consisting of two sections:

,

,

where ε _∞ , ε _∞2 are the final values of the exergy of optical radiation with respect to photosynthesis of plants, respectively, at the end of the growth stage, at the end of the development process; α ₁ , α ₂ - coefficients characterizing the dynamics, respectively, of the stages of growth and development; t is time.

Estimated energy efficiency indicators for the production of spring wheat grain (Moskovskaya-35 grade) for soil and meteorological conditions in the Moscow Region (data from the Meteorological Observatory of Moscow State University, average values for the period 1971-1978) with a yield of 40 centner / ha obtained by the Field Experimental Station of the Institute of Soil Science and Photosynthesis Academy of Sciences of the Russian Federation, the exergy accumulated in the grain is 5.02 MJ / m ² , the cost of the exergy of technogenic energy is 1.56 MJ / m ² . Natural exergy - exergy of land fertility amounted to 162.4 MJ / m ² . At the same time, the exergic efficiency indicator for technogenic energy expenditures was 3.22, and the efficiency coefficient for using the exergy of land fertility is 3.09%, which indicates great potential for increasing the yield. In practice, in the Moscow region, the yield of this crop is lower. Accordingly, less and indicators of energy efficiency. For example, in the soil and climatic conditions due to Zaoksky, Moscow Region, whose lands are located next to the Field Station of the Institute of Soil Science and Photosynthesis, during the same period, with the same value of the exergy of soil fertility, a grain yield of spring wheat of the Moskovskaya-35 variety of 18.5 c / ha. The costs of the exergy of technogenic energy on agrotechnology (which was adopted without forecast calculations for compliance with the environmental conditions of the earth) amounted to 1.98 MJ / m ² . In this case, the exergy coefficient for the use of exergy of the fertility of the earth was about 1.4, and the indicator for the use of technogenic energy was only 1.1.

In accordance with these data, when formalizing the law of changing the variable order and its prediction according to the actual characteristics of the processes: ε _∞2 = 3.1, ε _∞ is determined by control during the processes and usually does not exceed 1/3 ε _∞2 , for example, ε _∞ = 0.9. Since the required value of the order variable is not achieved, corrective control is chosen, for example, a change in the exergy of fertility of the earth, and ε _∞2 = 3.1, ε _∞ = 0.9 are introduced into the predicted values of the variable order.

Claims (1)

A device for automatic control of crop cultivation processes, comprising a variable order sensor, a variable order exergy calculation unit, a timer, a memory unit, external control sensors, namely, an ambient temperature sensor, an air temperature sensor, a soil moisture sensor, a control logical switch, four control keys characterized in that a prediction block is introduced into the device, wherein the output of the memory block is connected to the first input of the prediction block, the second output of the calculation block I have exergy of variable order, the second timer output, the output of the ambient temperature sensor, the output of the soil temperature sensor, the output of the soil moisture sensor are connected respectively to the second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth inputs of the forecast block, the output of which is connected to the input of the control logical switch.

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