RU2580139C1 - Method of distribution of chilled fish from fishing areas at fish processing plants - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: fishing and fish farming.

SUBSTANCE: method involves the extraction and loading of live fish from fishing gear using fish pumps in refrigerated containers, cooled to a temperature of -1°C, and transportation to shore fish processing enterprise. Refrigerated container is made with an elastic insulating covering and hermetically sealed for the loading and unloading of fish. Pit in the bottom of the container is a circulation pump for mixing with fish ice-containing suspension which had previously been filled container. Simultaneously with the start of receipt of a fish in the container include a circulating pump. After filling the container neck sealed and transported him afloat by a tugboat.

EFFECT: invention provides a more efficient use of time fishing vessel, since the delivery of chilled fish provides lift and production vessel continued fishing.

2 cl, 1 tbl, 4 dwg

Description

The invention relates to a technology for transporting and storing chilled pelagic fish: Pacific herring (clupea harengus), sardine Iwashi (sardinops sagax melanosticta), saury (cololabis saira) at cryoscopic temperature.

An increase in the shelf life of caught fish, such as Pacific herring (clupea harengus), sardine Iwashi (sardinops sagax melanosticta), saury (cololabis saira), is mainly influenced by the temperature regime of the cooling medium, designed to preserve its quality during storage, as in stationary conditions, and during its transportation. An important condition is also the rate of decrease in the body temperature of the fish to cryoscopic (cryoscopic temperature is the temperature at which crystallization of tissue juices begins, which for most marine fishing objects is -1 ° C), and the time period for transporting chilled fish to fish far from fishing grounds is equally important processing enterprises.

A known method of transporting fish from fishing areas to processing plants in frozen form. The method involves the extraction of fish by fishing vessels equipped with refrigeration equipment, which allows it to be frozen and transferred frozen to transport refrigerated vessels for further transportation to coastal fish processing enterprises. [Firyulin M.I., Firyulin A.M. Refrigeration industry of the fishing industry of Kamchatka. Questions of the history of the fishing industry of Kamchatka. Issue 1, 1999; Kamentsev V.M. et al. Stages of development of the fishing fleet of Russia. Bulletin of the Kaliningrad Sea Fishing Port // By order of the Russian Committee for Fisheries. 2008. © http://kmrp.ru; V.A. Belyaev, V.B. Eruhimovich. "Khabarovsk Territory in the structure of the fishery complex of the Far East." Izvestia TINRO, 2005].

The disadvantage of this method is associated with a significant loss of nutritional value of fish during freezing [Lapshin V.D. On the freezing and cooling of biological tissue. Proceedings of Dalrybvtuz. 2010; Lapshin V.V., Kim I.G., Korovina Yu.A. Methods of freezing aquatic organisms. conference "Actual problems of the development of biological resources of the oceans." Dalrybvtuz. 2010], high labor intensity and fuel consumption during its transportation to the shore.

During the freezing of fish, a decrease in the temperature of its cellular juices from cryoscopic (-1 ° C) to -5 ° C leads to freezing of about 80% moisture, which, in turn, leads to a sharp increase in the concentration of cellular juices and leads to protein denaturation, this protein in denatured form is rapidly hydrolytic decomposition [Zaitsev V.P. Refrigeration equipment. M. 1962. 344 s]. Thus, freezing by itself, no matter how qualitatively organized, although it slows down the speed of chemical reactions and microbiological processes, it nevertheless significantly reduces the nutritional value of biological tissue.

In addition to the loss of quality, this method is characterized by significant costs for the implementation of the processes of freezing, storing fish in frozen form on refrigerated vessels. For example, a transport refrigerator with a specific fuel consumption determined on the basis of a ship’s cargo capacity of 1,500 tons, a transport shoulder of 1,000 miles (taking into account the length of the forward and return journeys, the distance traveled by the vessel during the voyage is 2,000 miles), the speed of the vessel is 13 knots, and the main power an engine of 3,000 hp makes 46 kg of diesel fuel when transporting 1 mile 1 ton of cargo. It is quite expensive.

A known method of transporting fish in a refrigerated state to a coastal fish processing enterprise at a temperature not lower than 0 ° C, which is achieved by cooling it with flake ice, which has a melting point of 0 ° C. Chilled fish storage time is 24 hours [GOST 814-96. Chilled fish], which allows transporting fish within 500 nautical miles. Moreover, if the fish is cooled to a temperature of 0 ° C within 1 hour after catch, then it can be stored at this temperature for 3 days [Prescription for the quality of fish and fish products. Kingdom of Norway Fisheries Directorate. 1999]. At the same time, the transport insulated vessel approaches directly the fishing gear, which can contain up to several thousand tons of fish, and with its own cargo devices loads it into its cargo rooms in the amount of about 1000 tons. At the same time as fish, flake ice is delivered to the cargo spaces of the vessel. This operation is carried out manually, and therefore, this method has a high complexity. Specific fuel consumption, determined on the basis of the cargo capacity of the vessel is 1,500 tons, the transport shoulder is 1,000 miles (taking into account the length of the forward and return paths, the distance traveled by the vessel per voyage is 2,000 miles), the speed of the vessel is 10 knots, and the power of the main engine is 1,000 hp ., is 20 kg of diesel fuel per 1 mile 1 tonne of cargo. Costly.

The closest is the method of transporting chilled fish, according to which fish from fishing gear of a fishing vessel are pumped to refrigerated tanks, where it is cooled to a cryoscopic temperature (-1 ° C) and the same vessel independently transports the chilled fish to fish processing enterprises remote from the fishing region [ S. Arason "Advanced chilling techniques for pelagic fish - full scale results." University of Iceland, 2010].

According to this method, the water-fish mixture from the fishing gear of the trawler is pumped into the tanks through a separator, which removes the water until it is contained in the mixture 10 ... 20%, depending on the breed of fish, and distributes the fish among the tanks depending on the size range. A high level of mechanization allows the pelagic trawler with a cargo capacity of 500 ... 1000 m ³ to cost a crew of 10-15 people. One of the largest pelagic trawlers in the world, the Icelandic Fagraberg, with a cargo capacity of 3200 m ³ , has a crew of 18 people, while the loading and unloading operations are determined by the capacity of the pumps, which reaches 600 m ³ / h.

The disadvantage is that pelagic trawlers have an excessively high power of the main power plant (GEM). Such a high power of the power plant of the pelagic trawler is due not only to the need to ensure high speed during trawling, but also to the selection of power for energy supply of the refrigeration unit. Specific fuel consumption, determined on the basis of the cargo capacity of the vessel is 1,500 tons, the transport shoulder is 1,000 miles (taking into account the length of the forward and return paths, the distance traveled by the vessel per voyage is 2,000 miles), the speed of the vessel is 20 knots, the power of the main engine is 7,500 hp ., is 75 kg of diesel fuel per 1 mile 1 tonne of cargo.

In addition to the high specific fuel consumption, this method has a disadvantage associated with the loss of fishing time by the vessel for the process of transporting fish to a coastal fish processing enterprise.

The objective of the invention is the maximum possible increase in the shelf life of fish with the lowest possible reduction in its quality due to the maximum possible reduction in the time of cooling the fish to cryoscopic temperature, while reducing costs.

To solve this problem, we propose: a method of delivering chilled fish from fishing areas to fish processing enterprises, including the extraction of live fish from fishing gear using fish pumps and loading into refrigerated containers, cooling to a temperature of -1 ° C and transportation to a coastal fish processing enterprise, according to which the fish is loaded into a refrigerator-mounted elastic container with a hermetically sealed neck for receiving and unloading fish and is insulated equipped with a circulation pump located in the pit of the container in its lower part for mixing fish with an ice-containing suspension with a temperature of -1 ° C, prepared by the ratio “ice: sea water” - 50:50, which is pre-filled with a container, When the fish enter the container, they turn on the circulation pump, after filling the container, the neck is sealed and transported afloat by means of a tugboat. The refrigerator container is made of durable elastic polymer fabric with a heat-insulating coating of polyurethane foam.

For clarity:

in FIG. 1 shows an image of a fishing gear with a catch under the side of a producing vessel;

in FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of an articulated system for holding the neck of a refrigerated elastic container (REC) in a working position relative to the side of the vessel;

in FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a system for maintaining a uniform temperature field in a refrigerated elastic container (REC);

in FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of the processes for producing and using an ice-containing suspension (LS) in the coordinates t-ξ.

The specific laboriousness of transporting cargo in a refrigerated elastic container (REC), determined on the basis of its cargo capacity of 1,500 tons, a transport shoulder of 1,000 miles (taking into account the length of the forward and return journeys, the distance covered by the tugboat per flight is 2,000 miles), the crew of the tugboat is 5 people and the speed of the tug, equal to 7 knots, is 1 person * hour / t:

UT = (2000/7) * 5/1500 = 1 person * hour / t.

Specific fuel consumption, determined on the basis of the cargo capacity of the vessel is 1,500 tons, the transport shoulder is 1,000 miles (taking into account the length of the forward and return journeys, the distance traveled by the vessel per voyage is 2,000 miles), the tug speed is 7 knots, the main engine power is 500 hp ., amounts to 14 kg of diesel fuel for transportation per 1 mile 1 ton of cargo:

URT = (2000/7) * 0.15 * 500/1500 = 14 kg / t * mile,

where 0.15 is the specific consumption of diesel fuel, kg / hp * hour.

The table below shows comparative data on the effectiveness of various methods of transporting fish from fishing areas.

The technical result of the invention is to reduce the cooling time of fish to cryoscopic temperature (-1 ° C) and, accordingly, increase its quality during storage, reduce the complexity of the transportation process and increase the efficiency of using the fishing time of the vessel, since the delivery of chilled fish is carried out by a tugboat, and a fishing vessel continues fishing.

The method is as follows.

The fish in the living state is pumped into the REC, pre-filled with an ice-containing suspension (LS), prepared by the ratio of ice: sea water - 50:50. Moreover, the REC capacity is determined by the number of fish in the fishing gear. Since pelagic fish have been mastered with a pelagic trawl of up to 1000 tons or more in one note [http://ruspelagic.ru/promysel_pelagicheskih_v_severnoy_а http://nordicmarine.net/katalog?mode=product&product_id=l738000] and since the ratio of drug / fish is 1 / 1 http://nordicmarine.net/katalog?mode=product&product_id=1738000], then the capacity of the REC is determined by the value of 2000 m ³ .

A fish having an initial temperature of + 15 ° C, getting into the REC, is in contact with drugs and reduces its temperature to -1 ° C. Moreover, this method can significantly reduce the time to reduce the temperature of the fish to -1 ° C compared to cooling it with sea water in refrigerated tanks on pelagic trawlers due to powerful refrigeration units.

The size of the crystals that make up the ice-containing suspension determines the intensity of heat removal from the fish during melting. This phenomenon has been well studied and described in detail by many researchers. The heat transfer coefficient when using drugs reaches values of 5000 W / m ² K and more, which exceeds the intensity of heat removal from fish when it is in direct contact with boiling freon and approaches the intensity of heat removal by boiling ammonia. Such a high heat transfer rate is due to the high melting rate of crystals, determined by their sizes ranging from 5 to 50 microns [Pronk P. Fluidized Bed Heat Exchangers to Prevent Fouling in Ice Slurry Systems and Industrial Crystallizers. Delft University of technology. 2006]. The reason for the influence of crystal sizes on their melting rate and, ultimately, on the heat removal rate lies in the essence of the Biot and Fourier numbers (Fo). The intensity of heat removal from fish (heat transfer coefficient α) due to cold sea water at any modes of its movement relative to the heat exchange surface does not exceed 3500 W / m ² K, while the temperature of sea water supplied to refrigerated tanks is -1 ° С, while the temperature of the ice-containing suspension at an ice content of 50% reaches a value of -5 ° C, and the intensity of heat removal from fish, as mentioned above, reaches a value of 5000 W / m ² K.

Filling of the REC with fish is achieved, as mentioned above, by fish pumps, the productivity of which reaches a value of 500 m ³ / h and above. In this case, the fishing vessel is located between the wallet fishing gear and the REC (Fig. 1), and the neck of the REC is fixed at the bulwark with a special articulated system (Fig. 2).

In the neck, fixed at the bulwark in the open state, the pump loads fish in the amount of 1,500 tons. The water-fish mixture from the fishing gear is pumped through a separator, which removes water to 10% in the mixture. In this case, immediately after the start of loading the fish, as mentioned above, the circulation pump is turned on, which ensures the mixing of drugs with the fish entering the REC, and after cooling the fish to a temperature of -1 ° C, the pump continues to work, but its task from that moment is to ensure in REC a uniform temperature field (Fig. 3).

After loading, the neck is sealed by applying a “mark” knot to it due to the tug of a tug winch, which can also be untied at the destination port by a tug winch by pulling the free end of the cable of the aforementioned knot.

Initially, when a fish enters the REC, its temperature will drop to -1 ° C due to direct contact with drugs. After the fish reaches a temperature of -1 ° C, the decrease in its temperature will practically stop, because in its tissues, an energy-intensive crystallization process will begin, which requires the removal of 335 kJ / kg of thermal energy. In this case, after the fish reaches a temperature of -1 ° C, the temperature head between the fish and the drug, which has an initial temperature of -5 ° C, will significantly decrease, because upon melting of part of the particles of water ice in a drug, its equilibrium temperature rises, as shown in FIG. four.

The required amount of drugs that are loaded into the REC in the onshore fish processing enterprise is determined based on the amount of fish that needs to be cooled, its temperature and the ambient temperature, which determines the amount of heat influx in the REC (15 kW). For RECs with a volume of 2000 m ³ (L = 40, B-15, H = 3.5 m), the surface area will be 1500 m ² .

F = 2BHL = 2 * (15 + 3.5) * 40 = 1480 m ²

Q = kFΔt = 0.5 * 1480 * 20 = 14800 W (15 kW)

,

,

where λ is the coefficient of thermal conductivity of polyurethane foam, which is used as a heat-insulating material, 0.025 W / mK.

Thus, the heat loss in the warm season when the REK moves from the ports of Primorye to the southern Kuril region and vice versa, within 12 days, will amount to 15,000 MJ, which is equivalent to melting 50 tons of ice, which is 50% in ice cream.

Q _{HEAT SUPPLY} = Q * τ = 15 * 12 * 24 * 3600 = 15550000 kJ (15000 MJ)

M = Q _{HEAT SUPPLY} / r = 15550000/335 = 46420 kg (50 tons)

To cool 1,500 tons of fish from a temperature of +15 to -1 ° C, 68,000 MJ of thermal energy must be removed from it, which is equivalent to melting 200 tons of ice, which is 50% in ice cream.

Q = c * m * Δt = 3 * 1500000 * 15 = 67500000 kJ

M = Q _HEATER / r = 67500000/335 = 201500 kg (200 tons)

The total amount of ice needed to provide a 12-day flight is 250 tons, respectively, the number of drugs is 500 tons.

∑Q = 50 + 200 = 250 tons

Positive buoyancy of the REC is achieved by the fact that the density of the whole fish is 930-1010 kg / m ³ [Ginzburg A.S. et al. Thermophysical characteristics of food products. - M .: Food. industry, 1985. - 336 p.], while the density of sea water is 1020-1030 kg / m ³ [http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/sea/14006/%D0%9F% D0% BB% D0% BE% Dl% 82% D0% BD% D0% BE% D1% 81% D1% 82% D1% 8C].

This technology can be implemented with higher economic indicators.

The REC-tug system can have an average operating speed of 6 knots or more [http://www.waterbank.com./Newsletters/nws12.html], depending on weather conditions, which will allow delivering fish to processing enterprises in South Primorye from South Kuril fishery area for 5 days. At the same time, the storage time of fish in drugs, according to TU 9261-041-00472124-08, is 20 days [Technical conditions TU 9261-041-00472124-08 "Fish cooled by liquid ice". FSUE VNIRO, 10.11.2008, 33].

Fish delivered to the processing plant within 5 days (taking into account the time of loading and unloading) can be stored for another 15 days, which will allow evenly loading production facilities. Unloading of fish from the REC in the processing plant can be carried out with a VS 3000 pump with a capacity of 200 m ³ / h. The maximum suction height of this type of pump is 9 meters [http.//inventivemarine.com/canavac/, http://www.thmarco.com/en/productos/Fish-umps_9/item/Capsulpumps_html], which allows you to unload the REC with sediment 3.5 meters (dimensions L = 40, B-15, H = 3.5 m) to a height of 18 meters.

The claimed technical solution allows:

- reduce the time of cooling the fish to cryoscopic temperature (-1 ° C) and, due to this, maintain its quality / nutritional value / during storage;

- reduce the complexity of the transportation process;

- increase the efficiency of the use of fishing time of the vessel, since the fishing vessel continues fishing, and the delivery of chilled fish is carried out by a tug.

Claims (2)

1. A method of delivering chilled fish from fishing areas to fish processing enterprises, including extracting live fish from fishing gear using fish pumps and loading them into refrigerated containers, cooling to a temperature of -1 ° C and transporting them to a coastal fish processing enterprise, characterized in that live fish is loaded in a refrigerated elastic container placed outside the vessel with a hermetically sealed neck for receiving and unloading fish and a heat-insulating coating, equipped with a circulation pump located in the pit of the container in its lower part, for mixing fish with an ice-containing suspension, which is pre-filled in the container in the ratio “ice: sea water” - 50:50, and with the start of the fish entering the container, turn on the circulation pump, after filling the neck they seal and transport it afloat by means of a tugboat. 2. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the refrigerator container is made of durable elastic polymer fabric with a heat-insulating coating of polyurethane foam.

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