RU2568659C1 - Apparatus for investigating rotary movement of magnetic field during mutual displacement of magnetic poles - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: physics.

SUBSTANCE: apparatus for investigating rotary movement of a magnetic field during mutual displacement of magnetic poles, particularly mutual displacement with a different angular velocity and in different directions without changing the distance between said poles, consists of a pair of toroids which are magnetised at their flat faces and are directed towards each other coaxially with opposite magnetic poles, which are mechanically linked to two synchronous reversible motors connected to two frequency-tuned alternating current generators. One or more rectangular frames made of a thin conductor are placed in the magnetic gap between the magnetic poles of one of the sides of the rectangular frame such that conductors of said side are orthogonal to the magnetic induction vector in the magnetic gap, and also orthogonal to the angular velocity vector of mutually rotating magnetised toroids. Leads of the frames are connected in series to a measuring device, for example a dc voltmeter, which measures emf arising in said parts of the conductors of the frames.

EFFECT: investigating distribution of angular velocities of a rotating magnetic field in different sections of a magnetic gap during mutual displacement of magnetic poles relative to each other.

4 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the physics of rotation of a magnetic field created between two magnetized and coaxially mounted ferromagnetic toroids, the poles of which on their flat faces facing each other, are opposite and independently rotate relative to each other.

The domain structure of ferromagnetic materials was discovered in the experiments of G.G. Barkhausen (N.G. Barkhausen, 1919). During the slow magnetization of a ferromagnetic sample in a measuring coil worn on the sample, he detected current pulses in the coil circuit due to an abrupt change in the magnetization M of the sample. When the domain boundary, shifting with increasing magnetic field H, encounters an obstacle (for example, foreign inclusion), it stops and remains stationary with a further increase in the field. With a certain increase in the value of the field, the boundary overcomes the obstacle and abruptly moves further, to the next obstacle, already without increasing the field. Due to such delays, the magnetization curve of a ferromagnet is stepwise. This proved the domain structure of ferromagnets [1].

The magnetic lines of force of magnetized ferromagnets related to magnetically solid materials (SmCo ₃ , NdFeB, etc.) can be considered “frozen” into these domains, which form the so-called domain chains inside ferromagnets, and outside the magnetic field lines that are an external magnetic field - are located in space depending on the medium content and the location of the magnetic poles relative to each other, come from the surface domains of one pole (north N) and are closed on the surface domains of the other pole (south S). If the permanent magnet moves as a whole, the entire configuration of the magnetic field lines also moves (school experience in physics with a magnet and iron filings). In DC direct current motors, a rotating magnetic field occurs during sequential transistor switching of the pairs of stator magnetic poles to a direct current source, and a rotor made in the form of a direct permanent magnet is carried away by the angular displacement of this magnetic field. In this case, the magnetic field lines between the magnetized rotor and the corresponding magnetized pair of stator magnetic poles are “frozen” into these poles, which determines the occurrence of a rotational moment acting on the rotor. A similar picture takes place in the operation of DC collector motors, as well as in asynchronous and synchronous AC motors, as well as in stepper motors.

One of the effects characteristic of liquid and gaseous media with high conductivity and moving across the magnetic field (for example, liquid metals and plasma), when the particles of the medium are rigidly connected to each other; we can say that magnetic field lines are “frozen” into the medium, moving with it [2, 3].

The effect of “freezing” of magnetic field lines into pairs of surface domains of magnetic poles of different polarity was considered in the author’s works [4, 5] when implementing brushless DC motors (unipolar machines without sliding contacts) and studying the spectra of electrical signals recorded in inductors, magnetic associated with the magnetic circuit, including a permanent magnet, one of the magnetic poles of which in such a magnetic circuit moves or rotates relative to the other, stationary, pole. Moreover, in addition to recording the spectrum of signals caused by breakdowns of magnetic field lines from one domain to another, the effect of magnetic friction manifests itself due to the tendency of magnetic field lines “frozen” into the corresponding pairs of surface domains to shorten their length, preventing one pole of the magnet from moving relative to the other (without changing the distance between the poles!).

It is of practical and theoretical interest to consider the motion of a magnetic field formed by permanent magnets when they move relative to each other without changing the distance between the interacting magnetic poles, in particular when one magnetic pole rotates relative to another. The study of the motion of a rotating magnetic field in different sections of the space between the magnetic poles parallel to these poles (also mutually parallel) of a permanent magnet (electromagnet) will allow us to construct a magnetic field model and develop new types of multi-turn unipolar machines without sliding contacts. The solution to this problem is the purpose of the claimed device.

This goal is achieved in a device for studying the rotational motion of a magnetic field, consisting of a pair of magnetized ferromagnetic toroids with magnetic poles on their flat faces, oriented coaxially with unlike magnetic poles, which are mechanically connected with two synchronous reversible motors connected respectively to two tunable in frequency to alternators, as well as from one or more rectangular frames of thin conductor, one side of which x they are placed in the magnetic gap between the opposite poles of the magnetized ferromagnetic toroids, while the conductors of this side are orthogonal to the magnetic induction vector in the magnetic gap, as well as to the angular velocity vector of rotation of these toroids, the conclusions of one or more rectangular frames are connected in series to the detecting emf .from. in these parts of the frame conductors of the measuring instrument.

The emergence of emf in the indicated sides of the frames located in the magnetic gap between the rotating magnetized toroids orthogonal to both the vector of magnetic induction and the vector of linear rotation speed at the installation site of such a side from the set of conductors, it is explained by the law on electromagnetic induction of M. Faraday according to the formula E = B LN ω _M R (B), where B is the magnetic flux density in the magnetic gap (T), L is the width of the magnetized toroids or, equivalently, the length of the side of the frame placed in the magnetic gap (m), N is the number of turns in one or more tionary connected framework, R - the mean radius magnetized toroids _{R = (R MIN + R MAX} ) / 2 (m), ω _M - angular speed of rotation of the magnetic field at the location of said side of the frame - the analyzed parameter (rad / s). E.s. occurs in the conductors of the frame only in the case of a rotating magnetic field at the installation site of the measuring part (side) of the fixed frame. Based on the principle of relativity, it does not matter for the excitation of the emf in a conductor, whether the conductor moves in a fixed magnetic field or moves a magnetic field relative to a fixed conductor. This principle is used in the claimed technical solution.

The device and the principle of its operation are clear from a consideration of the presented drawings. In fig. 1 shows a block diagram of the device, and in fig. 2, 3, and 4 — various versions of the rotation of magnetized toroids (with different angular velocities and in two possible directions) and the resulting emfs recorded by a direct current measuring voltmeter.

The inventive device contains the following elements and blocks:

1 - the first magnetized toroid,

2 - the second magnetized toroid,

3 - the first synchronous motor mechanically connected with the axis of rotation of the first magnetized toroid 1 with the possibility of reversing rotation,

4 - the second synchronous motor mechanically connected with the axis of rotation of the second magnetized toroid 2 with the possibility of reversing the rotation,

5 - the first frequency-tunable alternator,

6 - the second frequency-tunable alternator,

7 - the first rectangular frame of a thin conductor, one side of which is placed in a magnetic gap between the coaxially mounted first 1 and second 2 magnetized toroids with opposite opposite magnetic poles facing each other,

8 - the second rectangular frame installed in another arbitrary place of the magnetic gap similar to frame 7, connected in series with frame 7,

9 - measuring DC voltmeter.

Figures 2 ... 4 indicate a priori the expected values of the emf values recorded by a voltmeter 9 (different in magnitude and sign) at different angular velocities and directions of rotation of the magnetized toroids 1 and 2 when placing frames 7 and 8 in the middle of the magnetic gap and motionless. These emf values are determined by the angular rotational speeds ′ Ω ₁ and ′ Ω _{2 of the} axes of synchronous motors 3 and 4, respectively.

Consider the operation of the inventive measuring device.

Based on the assertion that the magnetic field lines are “frozen in” into the surface domains of the magnetic poles, we should consider the magnetic field in the outer space, in particular, in the magnetic gap between the magnetized toroids 1 and 2 with opposite opposite magnetic poles (N and S) facing each other, as a certain quantized medium with the properties of a virtual viscous fluid. A simple physical analogy is to consider the motion of a fluid at various points in a pipe section. It is known that in the center of the cross section the fluid flow rate is maximum and decreases towards the pipe walls. Directly on the pipe walls, in general, the liquid does not move, as if adhering to the pipe wall. The distribution of flow velocities along the radius of the pipe can be considered linear. Following this analogy, we will assume that the angular velocity of rotation of the magnetic field ω _M in an arbitrary section of the magnetic gap along the x coordinate (Fig. 2 ... 4), where 0 <x <H, H is the distance between the faces of the magnetized toroids facing each other 1 and 2, turns out to be a variable determined by the x coordinate and the angular velocities ′ Ω ₁ and ′ Ω _{2 of the} axes of the synchronous motors, respectively 3 and 4. If the assumption made by the author about the physical nature of the magnetic field as a quantized medium with virtual viscous properties is valid we assume that the angular velocity ω _{M of the} rotating magnetic field in the middle section x = N / 2 of the magnetic gap can be calculated as ω _M = (′ Ω ₁ + ′ Ω ₂ ) / 2, taking into account the sign of the direction of velocities ′ Ω ₁ and ′ Ω ₂ . So, if ′ Ω ₁ = ′ Ω ₂ , then ω _M = ′ Ω ₁ , and in this case in all other sections it remains unchanged in magnitude and direction, since there is no mutual displacement of one magnetic pole relative to another. If | -′Ω ₁ | = ′ Ω ₂ , then there is no rotating magnetic field in the section x = H / 2, which does not excite the emf in the conductors of frames 7 and 8, as shown in Fig. 3. If the magnetized toroids rotate with different angular velocities ′ Ω ₁ and ′ Ω ₂ and in opposite directions, then the value and sign at ω _{M are} determined by the relations and signs of the quantities ′ Ω ₁ and ′ Ω ₂ , as can be seen in Fig. four.

In the case where 'Ω = 0 and _1' Ω _2> 0, i.e. when only rotates magnetized toroid 2, the angular velocity of the rotating magnetic field in the middle of the magnetic gap is equal to ω = _M 'Ω _2/2.

In the general case, when a magnetized toroid is stationary (an analog of the motor stator), and a magnetized toroid rotates with an angular velocity ′ Ω ₂ (an analog of a motor rotor), then the angular velocity of rotation of the magnetic field ω _M (x) in different sections of the magnetic gap of width H can be calculated by the formula ω _M (x) = ′ Ω ₂ (1-x / H) for ′ Ω ₁ = 0. This can be verified experimentally by moving the frames in the magnetic gap along the x axis. This ratio is used in the construction of multi-turn unipolar machines containing a magnetized rotor and a stator with a winding, part of the turns of which are located in the magnetic gap closer to the rotor, and the other opposite part is shielded by the stator body from the action of a magnetic field. In this case, the flow of direct current in such a stator winding (fixed) causes Lorentz forces, the reaction of which (reaction forces) is applied to the rotor and stator as sources of a magnetic field in the magnetic gap. The counter force component applied tangentially to the rotor is F _P = F cos ² [π (Н-х) / 2Н], where F = В LI is the Lorentz force acting on a conductor of length L with current I placed in it, crossed to a magnetic field with induction B. So, if such a conductor is in the middle of the magnetic gap, that is, at x = H / 2, then F _P = F / 2, and the angular velocity of rotation of the magnetic field ω _M is equal to half the speed of rotation of the rotor engine. In turn, the rotation of the magnetic field twice lower than the rotation of the rotor causes, respectively, and a half lower value of the emf. induction E ₁ = В L ω _М R = В L ′ Ω ₂ R / 2. If the number of turns of the working stator winding is equal to N, then the resulting counter-electric power. is equal to E = NE ₁ and in the steady state mode of rotation of the rotor when the motor is connected to a direct current source with voltage U, the equality U = E + I r is fulfilled, where r is the active resistance to direct current of the working stator winding.

The creation of such engines (without a collector and sliding contacts) is extremely promising according to the criteria of reliability, simplicity of design and service life. The absence of transient processes characteristic of DC collector and valve DC motors, can significantly increase the speed of work up to the construction of gyroscopic DC motors. This is combined with the important advantage of DC motors with a large starting torque and smooth adjustment of the rotor speed and a change in the value of the applied voltage U from the DC source. Such engines can find wide industrial application in electric vehicles and in the development of traction engines for electric locomotives in railway transport, in machine tools and in a wide range of consumer goods.

The inventive device will affirm the validity of the hypothesis put forward by the author, which is important in the physical understanding of the nature of the magnetic field.

Literature

1. Landau LD, Lifshits EM, On the theory of dispersed magnetic permeability of ferromagnetic bodies [1935], Landau LD Sobr. Proceedings, t. 1, M., 1969.

2. Moffat G. Excitation of a magnetic field in a conducting medium. Per. from English., M., 1980; Electro-gas-dynamic flows, M., 1983.

3. Bochkarev N.G. Magnetic fields in space, M., 1985.

4. Smaller O.F. Brushless DC motor, RF Patent No. 2391761, publ. in the bull. No. 16 dated 06/10/2010.

5. Smaller O.F. A device for measuring the spectrum of the induction signal in a magnetically coupled system, RF Patent No. 2467464, publ. in the bull. No 32 on 11/20/2012.

Claims (1)

A device for studying the rotational motion of a magnetic field, consisting of a pair of magnetized ferromagnetic toroids with magnetic poles on their flat faces, oriented coaxially to each other with unlike magnetic poles, which are mechanically connected to two synchronous reversible motors connected respectively to two variable frequency tunable alternators current, as well as from one or more rectangular frames of thin conductor, one side of which they are placed in a magnetic Zor between unlike poles magnetized ferromagnetic toroids, the conductors orthogonal to this side of the magnetic induction vector in the magnetic gap, as well as the vector angular velocity of the toroids, the conclusions of one or more rectangular frames are connected in series to the recording arising emf in these parts of the frame conductors of the measuring instrument.

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