RU2684163C1 - Device for testing the effect of excitation of constant emf in a conductor placed in a transverse rotating magnetic field - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: physics.SUBSTANCE: invention relates to electromagnetism physics and is intended to test excitation hypothesis of constant electromotive force in conductor placed in transverse to it rotating magnetic field of permanent magnet. Device for checking effect of excitation of constant EMF in conductor, placed in transverse rotating magnetic field, consists of toroidal magnetic conductor driven into rotation with angular velocity ω, inside which diametrically located two identical permanent magnets of rectangular shape are fixed to it, facing each other by dissimilar magnetic poles. In the gap between magnetic poles with magnetic induction B and with length L there is a conductor parallel to axis of rotation of magnets (that is, orthogonal to magnetic induction vectors). Ends of the conductor are connected to a measuring device, for example a microammeter fixing the arising electric current J, the value of which is proportional to the product B ω L, and the sign is determined by the direction of rotation of the magnets according to the "right hand" rule. Author of the application does not pretend to recognize his authorship of the new physical effect, and only offers a device for possible detection of this effect.EFFECT: technical result consists in enabling verification of hypothesis on excitation of constant EMF in conductor, placed in transverse rotating magnetic field of permanent magnet.1 cl, 2 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the physics of electromagnetism and is intended to test the scientific hypothesis of the excitation of a constant electromotive force in a conductor placed in a rotating magnetic field transverse to it of a permanent magnet.

, и оно приобрело следующий вид:It is known that a vortex electric field is excited around the trajectory of a direct permanent magnet moving in space. This was experimentally established by the author and described in his works [1-3] by analogy with the excitation of a vortex magnetic field around the trajectory of a moving electric charge, which is well known since ancient times. This discovery of the author made it possible to refine the second Maxwell equation by an additional term

, and it acquired the following form:

where v is the speed of the permanent magnet with induction B _O.

When considering the Faraday paradox (the rotation of a conductive disk with a radial current together with a magnet attached to it - see Fig. 1), an idea arises of the so-called “unsupported” motion of a closed mechanical system. If Newton’s third law is observed, then it remains to be considered that the opposing force with respect to the driving disk with the magnet, the Lorentz force relies on the magnetic field itself, which is assumed to be stationary. From this we can make an assumption (scientific hypothesis) that when using a rotating magnetic field created by a rotating permanent magnet with magnetic poles facing each other, in a conductor placed in such a magnetic field orthogonal to it, i.e., it is collinear to the axis of rotation of the magnet, there will be a constant E.D.S., the magnitude and sign of which is determined by the angular velocity ω of rotation of the magnet and the direction of its rotation.

Testing this hypothesis empirically is possible on the basis of the inventive device, which has no analogue in the well-known scientific and technical literature.

The purpose of the claimed device is to provide the ability to test a new scientific hypothesis about the excitation of a constant E.D.S. in a conductor placed in a transverse rotating magnetic field of a permanent magnet.

This goal is achieved in a device for checking the effect of excitation of a constant E.D.S. in a conductor placed in a transverse rotating magnetic field, consisting of a toroidal magnetic circuit driven into rotational motion with an angular velocity o, inside of which are diametrically located two identical permanent magnets of rectangular shape, facing each other with opposite magnetic poles, and in the gap between with magnetic poles with magnetic induction B and its length L, a conductor is placed parallel to the axis of rotation of the magnets (that is, orthogonal to the magnetic induction vectors), the ends to They are connected to a measuring device, for example, a microammeter that detects the emerging electric current J, the magnitude of which is proportional to the product B ω L, and the sign is determined by the direction of rotation of the magnets according to the “right-hand” rule.

Note: The magnetic induction vector from the N pole to the S pole enters the palm of the right hand, the thumb indicates the direction of rotation of the magnetic circuit with a pair of direct permanent magnets, then the direct current arising in the conductor is directed along all other fingers of the palm.

In fig. 1 considered a model illustrating the Faraday paradox, which is understandable and does not require special explanations. In fig. 2 shows a diagram of the inventive device, it contains the following elements:

1 - a toroidal magnetic circuit with a height L. Its rotation is indicated by a curly arrow,

2 - a pair of identical direct permanent magnets of rectangular shape fixed diametrically to the body of the toroidal magnetic circuit 1 and facing each other with opposite magnetic poles; between the latter a magnetic gap is formed with magnetic induction B in it and the height of this gap L,

3 - measuring conductor located in the magnetic gap collinear to the axis of rotation of the magnets 2 with a magnetically conducting toroid 1 and orthogonal to the magnetic induction vector B,

4 - measuring microammeter detecting the emerging direct current J.

Consider the operation of the claimed device.

, поворачивается на угол Ψ:In the theory of electromagnetism as applied to optics, the Faraday effect is known. The longitudinal magneto-optical Faraday effect is the magneto-optical effect, which consists in the fact that during the propagation of linearly polarized light through an optically inactive substance located in a magnetic field, a rotation of the plane of polarization of light is observed. Theoretically, the Faraday effect can also be manifested in vacuum in magnetic fields of the order of 10 ¹¹ –10 ¹² G [4, 5]. Linearly polarized radiation passing through an isotropic medium can always be represented as a superposition of two right- and left-polarized waves with the opposite direction of rotation. In an external magnetic field, the refractive indices for circularly right- and left-polarized light become different (n ₊ and n _- ). As a result, when a linearly polarized radiation passes through the medium (along the magnetic field lines), its circularly left- and right-polarized components propagate with different phase velocities, acquiring a path difference that linearly depends on the path length. As a result, the plane of polarization of linearly polarized monochromatic light with a wavelength λ that passed through the medium

, rotated by an angle Ψ:

In the region of not very strong magnetic fields, the difference (n ₊ - n _- ) linearly depends on the magnetic field strength, and in general the angle of Faraday rotation is described by the relation:

where ξ is the Verdet constant, the proportionality coefficient depending on the properties of the substance, the wavelength of light and temperature, and N is the magnetic field strength.

Also known is the inverse Faraday effect [6-8], originally called by the author as the “Light-magnetic effect”, which consists in the unipolar magnetization of some transparent dielectrics under the action of a plane wave of coherent monochromatic light with circular or elliptical polarization, and the absolute value of the magnetization vector J is a linear function of the vibration frequency ν and the energy flux density u of light, and is also determined by the polarization structure of the latter (phase difference δ between two mutually orthogonality light wave components) and physical properties used dielectric (valued coefficient k), and the direction of magnetization vector or coincides with the direction of propagation of electromagnetic waves, or opposite to it, depending on the direction of rotation of polarization plane of light; so that the magnetization J of transparent dielectrics is calculated according to the expression:

In an earlier work of the author [9], the theory of magnetization of materials (dielectrics and metals) under the action of the magnetization of a rotating electric field transverse to the vector is considered, so that the Light-magnetic effect (the Inverse Faraday effect) is a particular case of magnetization in rotating electric fields on the basis of which theory of polarization transformation of electromagnetic radiation in anisotropic media and examples of its practical application in technology and astrophysics are given [10-22].

Based on the analysis and comparison of physical laws, we can conclude that the direct and inverse effects, such as the Faraday effect and the inverse Faraday effect (light-magnetic effect), the magnetization of ferromagnets during their rotation - the Barnett effect and its inverse Einstein-de Haas effect - appear torque in a ferromagnet when it is magnetized, the motion of a conductor with current in a transverse magnetic field according to the rule of the "left hand" and excitation in a conductor moving in a transverse magnetic field induction according to the right-hand rule according to the Faraday law on electromagnetic induction as applied to engine-generator systems, etc. Thus, it may be true that the magnetization of materials in rotating electric fields, as a direct effect, allows the occurrence of electric polarization in the conductor (the appearance of a constant EMF in it) under the action of a rotating magnetic field on it, the induction vector In which lies in a plane (rotates in it) orthogonal to a conductor or a group of collinearly spaced conductors in a magnetic gap of length L (Fig. 2), as the opposite effect.

The simplest device to verify the detected effect is shown in Fig. 2. In contrast to the consideration of the "Faraday paradox" - see fig. 1, for which the principle of reciprocity of motion does not apply, that is, the rotation of the disk relative to a fixed magnetic field excites E.D.S. between the axis of rotation of the disk and its edge, and during the rotation of the magnet relative to the stationary disk, in the latter such does not occur, but in this device (Fig. 2) the magnetic field rotates in the magnetic gap (together with it), that is, there is a gradient of the magnetic field strength along the rotation angle at each moment of time, which is absent when considering the rotation of the magnet relative to a fixed disk, as in the Faraday experiment with a uniform magnetic field penetrating the entire disk as a whole (there is no angular gradient).

By analogy with the movement of an electric charge, which forms the appearance of a vortex magnetic field around the trajectory of the charge (electric current in the conductor), a vortex electric field arises around the trajectory of the motion of a direct direct magnet, which was proved experimentally by the author [1-3]. It also has direct and reverse effects linking the laws of electromagnetism. Such a connection also takes place, for example, when considering electromagnetic waves. Therefore, the hypothesis of excitation of E.D.S. in a conductor placed in a transverse magnetic field transverse to it, it seems quite real, which is subject to verification.

To increase arising in the conductor 3, placed in a magnetic gap between two magnets 2 of length L E.D.S. a value proportional to the product B with L, you can use not one conductor, but a group of conductors in the form of a coil, the working parts of which are located in the magnetic gap contactlessly with respect to the magnetic poles rotating together with the toroidal magnetic circuit 1, which ensures the complete absence of interaction of the magnetic field with the other parts such a coil, concentrating the magnetic field only in the magnetic gap. Then the resulting E.D.S. will be proportional to the product n In ω L, where n is the number of turns in the coil. Since such a coil is stationary, for rotation of the magnetically conductive toroid 1 together with two direct magnets 2 it is necessary to use, for example, a belt drive between the toroid 1 and the drive motor (not shown in Fig. 2), and secure the toroid between the three rotation rollers located under angles of 120 ° to toroid 1 (also not shown in Fig. 2), which is trivial. An even greater result can be achieved by using the second magnetically conducting toroid with a pair of magnets located in the same plane so that the second half of the working turns of the coil will be inside the magnetic gap of the second of the same device, but rotating in the opposite direction to double the excited E.D. FROM.

Since the magnitude of the emerging E.D.S. in the conductor (or coil) is determined by the factor ω - the angular velocity of rotation of the magnetic field, then to achieve a significant increase in this E.D.S. It is possible, using not mechanical rotation of the magnets, but with the help of two pairs of electromagnets (quadrupole) fixedly arranged, forming two orthogonally oriented magnetic fields in the region of their interaction, the windings of which are supplied with alternating voltage frequencies ω / 2π with the same amplitude, but with a phase shift of π / 2, namely the voltage:

Other modifications of the claimed device are possible, however, the simplest device for performing the layout is the device shown in Fig. 2.

. Согласно теории, электроны в металлах ведут себя как электронный газ, во многом похожий на идеальный газ. Электронный газ заполняет пространство между ионами, образующими кристаллическую решетку металла. Эти свободные электроны хаотически движутся в различных направлениях с большой тепловой скоростью v_T ≈ 10⁵ м/с, на много порядков превышающей скорость v_D ≈ v_T дрейфового движения электронов в форме электрического тока в проводнике при приложении к нему электрического поля с напряженностью поля Е. Скорость дрейфа электронов, как известно, дается формулой:It is important to understand what happens in a metal conductor under the action of a transverse rotating magnetic field. As you know, metals have free electrons. So, in copper, the concentration of free electrons is the highest, which determines the high conductivity of copper, and is

. According to the theory, electrons in metals behave like an electron gas, in many ways similar to an ideal gas. Electronic gas fills the space between the ions forming the crystal lattice of the metal. These free electrons randomly move in different directions with a high thermal velocity v _T ≈ 10 ⁵ m / s, many orders of magnitude higher than the velocity v _D ≈ v _{T of the} drift motion of electrons in the form of an electric current in a conductor when an electric field with a field strength E The electron drift velocity, as is known, is given by the formula:

кул. - заряд электрона, S - сечение проводника, и по этой формуле для медного проводника сечением 1 мм², по которому течет ток J=10 А, дает для средней скорости v_D упорядоченного движения электронов значение 7,35 мм/с. Сила Лоренца, действующая на электрон и прямо пропорциональная его скорости и угла ее вектора по отношению к вектору магнитной индукции В вращающегося магнитного поля при его дрейфовом движении ничтожно мала из-за малости этой дрейфовой скорости. Но сила F_T Лоренца, действующая на электроны, движущиеся хаотически с тепловой скоростью v_T порядка 10⁵ м/с, пропорциональна произведению вида:Where

cool is the electron charge, S is the cross section of the conductor, and according to this formula for a copper conductor with a cross section of 1 mm ² , along which a current J = 10 A flows, gives an average electron velocity v _{D of the} order of 7.35 mm / s. The Lorentz force acting on an electron and directly proportional to its velocity and the angle of its vector with respect to the magnetic induction vector B of a rotating magnetic field during its drift motion is negligible due to the smallness of this drift velocity. But the Lorentz force F _T acting on electrons moving randomly with a thermal velocity v _{T of the} order of 10 ⁵ m / s is proportional to a product of the form:

where the angle α is a random equiprobable value in the range 0≤α≤4π steradian. The missing factor in expression (7) has the dimension of the mean free path of an electron during its chaotic motion. This force F _T creates an ordered orientation of the motion of electrons, partially violating their randomness the more intensively, the greater the induction B, and part of which, with its movement carried away by the magnetic field, creates an electric field orthogonal to the plane of rotation of the magnetic field.

Another possible explanation for the effect is the formation of a toroidal vortex electric field, so that near the axis of rotation of the magnetic field the electric lines of force of the vortex are unidirectional, which creates E.D.S. in the conductor.

The inventive device will establish a new physical phenomenon that will expand the limits of our knowledge and will be practically applicable in technology and scientific experiment. This effect is the opposite of the rotational electrodynamic effect [9] and is equivalent to the effect of unipolar induction [1], established experimentally by the author.

Literature

1.O.F. Smaller, Method of exciting unipolar induction, Internet, tele-conf site, XIII International Conference "Actual Problems of Modern Science", section No. 5, "Problems of Physics ...", publ. 02/19/2014;

2.O.F. Smaller, Brushless DC generator, Internet, site "Knowledge Base", publ. 10/25/2013;

3.O.F. Smaller, DC generator, RF Patent No. 2528435, publ. in No. 26 of 09/20/2014;

4. The Faraday Effect, Physical Encyclopedia, vol. 5, p. 275.

5. Ya.B. Zeldovich, A.L. Buchachenko, E.L. Frankevich, Magneto-spin effects in chemistry and molecular physics, Usp. Fiz. Nauk, 1988, v. 155, no. one;

6.O.F. Smaller, Light-magnetic effect, application for discovery, M., certificate No. 715 of 06/30/1965, reg. No. 32-OT- 4540; as well as the phenomenon of magnetization of materials in rotating electric fields, Application for opening No. 32-OT-3703 of 04/15/1964, Moscow;

7. P. Pershan, Van der Ziel, Malmström, Inverse Faraday Effect, Report at the IV International Conference on Quantum Electronics in Puerto Rico 06/28/196565, as well as in the collection of articles "Nonlinear Optics", review article P .V. Khokhlova. 1966, Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, and Usp. Fiz. Nauk, 88, No. 1, p. 177, 1966;

, а также Phys. Rev. Lett., 15, 190, 1965;8. Physics of Quantum Electronics, ed. Kelley, Lax, Tannenwald, 1966, p. 3, Pershan, vd Ziel,

as well as Phys. Rev. Lett., 15, 190, 1965;

9.O.F. Smaller, Rotational electrodynamic effect, application for discovery, M., certificate No. 708 of 05/29/1965, reg. No. 32-OT-4488, Novosibirsk State University, reissued and finalized by the author in 1975 - application for opening, M., reg. No. 32-OT-9012 dated 06/25/1975 (Design Bureau of Technical Cybernetics LPI named after M.I. Kalinin);

10.O.F. Smaller, Law of conservation of polarization of electromagnetic waves, application for opening reg. No. BB-155, MAANO, Moscow, priority dated November 17, 2003;

11.O.F. Smaller, the Law of conservation of polarization of electromagnetic waves, Internet, site "Knowledge Base", publ. 07/27/2013;

12.O.F. Smaller, Generation of microwaves in anisotropic media by the action of an optical shock wave, report at the V All-Union Seminar on Optoelectronics, Institute of Control Problems V.A. Trapeznikov Academy of Sciences of the USSR, M., 04/22/1975;

13.O.F. Smaller, A method for generating electrical oscillations and a device for its implementation, USSR Author's Certificate No. 1380476, 1983, from GOI im. S.I. Vavilova;

14.O.F. Smaller, Investigation of the optical properties of substances (crystals) based on the inverse Faraday effect, report at the All-Union Symposium on Spectroscopy, Novosibirsk Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 09/06/1966;

15.O.F. Smaller Detector of amplitude-modulated oscillations, RF Patent No. 2287891, publ. in the bull. No. 32 dated November 20, 2006;

16.O.F. Smaller, Device for measuring the parameters of dielectrics, Copyright certificate. USSR No. 1371223, 1978;

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19.O.F. Smaller, Device for the diagnosis of optically active media, Author's certificate. USSR No. 521455.1969;

20.O.F. Smaller, Method for the precision measurement of small angles of rotation of the plane of polarization of coherent radiation, ed. “Science”, Optics and Spectroscopy, No. 5, 1970:

21.O.F. Smaller, System for automatically adjusting the frequency of dispersed lasers, RF Patent No. 2490788, publ. in the bull. No. 23 of 08/20/2013;

22.O.F. Smaller, AFT system of dispersed lasers, Report, Allbest.ru, the Knowledge Base website, 03/10/2014.

Claims (1)

Device for checking the effect of constant excitation in a conductor placed in a transverse rotating magnetic field, consisting of a toroidal magnetic circuit, driven into rotational motion with an angular velocity ω, inside of which are diametrically arranged two identical permanent rectangle magnets, facing each other with opposite magnetic poles, and in the gap between a magnetic conductor with magnetic induction B and its length L is placed a conductor parallel to the axis of rotation of the magnets, that is, orthogonal to the magnetic induction vectors, the ends of the cat cerned connected to the measuring device, e.g. microammeter, fixing an electric current J, whose magnitude is proportional to the product VωL and the sign determined by the direction of rotation of the magnets according to the rule "right hand".

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