RU2557709C1 - Method for prediction of clinical course of bronchitis in calves - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: chemistry.SUBSTANCE: invention refers to veterinary science and can be used for the prediction of the clinical course of bronchitis in calves. That is ensured by measuring body temperature, heart rate and respiration rate per a minute. That is ensured by calculating a respiratory disturbance index (RDI) as a relation of the respiration rate per a minute following a 30-second expiratory induced breath holding to the rest respiration rate per a minute. A Hildebrandt index is calculated as a relation of the heart rate to respiration rate per a minute. The derived data are analysed. If the body temperature is 37.5÷39.6°C, the heart rate is less than 100 per a minute, the respiration rate is less than 40 per a minute, the RDI is more than 1.4, whereas the Hildebrandt index is more than 1.8, the animal's absolute recovery or the benign clinical course of the disease is predicted (a favourable prognosis, prognosis bona). If the body temperature is more than 39.5°C, the heart rate is 90÷120 per a minute, the respiration rate is 40÷60 per a minute, the RDI is 1.2÷2.5, whereas the Hildebrandt index ranges within 1.7÷3.1, a probability of the unfavourable clinical course of the disease is predicted (a doubtful prognosis, prognosis dubia). If the body temperature is 39.5°C, the heart rate is more than 100 per a minute, the respiration rate is more than 60 per a minutes, the RDI is less than 1.2, whereas the Hildebrandt index is more than 1.8, the animal's partial recovery or the malignant clinical course of the disease is predicted (an unfavourable prognosis, prognosis bona).EFFECT: method offers the prospect of the objective prediction of the clinical course of bronchitis in calves, including of the potential development of the complications, namely bronchial pneumonia, that in turn enables specifying a therapeutic approach and controlling the clinical effectiveness.2 tbl, 2 ex

Description

The invention relates to veterinary medicine and can be used to predict the course of bronchitis in calves.

Bronchitis is an inflammation of the mucous and submucous membranes of the bronchi. Mass distribution of bronchitis in cattle is observed at specialized farms and complexes for calf feeding and raising heifers in violation of veterinary-sanitary and zoohygienic requirements for keeping and feeding animals. With the course, acute and chronic bronchitis are distinguished. Depending on the localization of the inflammatory process - macrobronchitis, when the inflammatory process is localized in large bronchi, microbronchitis, when small bronchi are involved in the process, and diffuse bronchitis, when inflammation spreads throughout the bronchial tree. Depending on the nature of the inflammatory exudate, bronchitis can be catarrhal, fibrinous, purulent, putrefactive and hemorrhagic [Anokhin B.M. Internal non-contagious diseases of farm animals / B.M. Anokhin, V.M. Danilevsky, L.G. Zamarin, H.Z. Ibragimov, I.M. Karput, I.P. Kondrakhin, A.V. Korobov, L.M. Obukhov, Φ.F. Porokhov, V.S. Slugin, N.A. Sudakov, V.A. Telepnev; Ed. V.M. Danilevsky. - M .: Agropromizdat, 1991. - S. 134-139].

Forecast (from the Greek. Prognosis - prediction, prediction) - prediction of the development and outcome of the disease, based on knowledge of the laws of the pathological processes and objective data. The prognosis of the course and outcome of the disease is essential for determining therapeutic tactics. The content of the prognosis may be favorable (prognosis bona) when a full recovery or a benign course of the disease is expected, dubious (prognosis dubia) when an unfavorable course of the disease is not excluded, and unfavorable (prognosis mala) when an incomplete recovery or malignant course of the disease is expected [Smirnov A.M. Clinical diagnosis of internal non-communicable diseases of farm animals / A.M. Smirnov, P.Ya. Konopelko, V.S. Postnikov, I.M. Belyakov, G.L. Dugin, R.P. Pushkarev, V.S. Kondratiev, N.A. Urazaev. - L .: Kolos. Leningra. Department, 1981. - S. 26-134]. The prognosis of the course and outcome of the disease can also be very poor (prognosis pessima) or directly indicating the inevitability of a fatal outcome (prognosis letalis), however, with regard to bronchitis in calves, these types of prognosis are extremely rare.

With a favorable course of bronchitis, when etiological factors are eliminated and treatment is carried out, the body, using compensatory mechanisms (increased respiration, activation of cardiovascular activity, mobilization of cellular and humoral protective factors, etc.), copes with pathological changes and recovery occurs. With an unfavorable course of the disease, the inflammatory process spreads to the lung tissue, bronchopneumonia develops.

A known method for predicting the development of respiratory diseases in newborn calves [RU 2491550 C1, G01N 33/49, 08/27/2013, Bull. No. 24], which involves taking blood from calves within 24 hours after birth, determining the serum calcium and magnesium levels, and calculating the calcium-magnesium ratio. If the serum calcium-magnesium ratio is less than 3.50: 1, the development of respiratory diseases is predicted in calves.

The disadvantages of the method are: the inability to predict the course and outcome of respiratory diseases in calves, a long time from the moment of taking blood to obtain the results of the studies, the need for special facilities, laboratory equipment and highly qualified personnel.

A known method for the diagnosis and prognosis of bronchopneumonia of calves by biochemical test [Kondrakhin I.P. Methodology for diagnosis and prediction of calf bronchopneumonia by biochemical test / I.P. Kondrakhin // Veterinary medicine. - 1997. - No. 12. - S. 43-45], based on the identification of dysproteinemia (hyperglobulinemia and hypoalbuminemia) inherent in bronchopneumonia (pneumonia).

The disadvantages of the method are: the inability to predict the course and outcome of bronchitis in calves, the need for special facilities, laboratory equipment and highly qualified personnel.

The closest in essence to the claimed method is a method for the diagnosis of respiratory failure in calves [Zolotarev A.I. Diagnosis of respiratory failure in calves / A.I. Zolotarev, A.E. Chernitsky, A.M. Samotin, M.I. Retskiy // Veterinary medicine. - 2014. - No. 6. - S. 46-50], based on the determination in calves of the index of respiratory failure (IDN), calculated as the ratio of the frequency of respiratory movements per minute after a 30-second artificial breath holding (apnea) on exhalation to the frequency of respiratory movements per minute at rest. In healthy calves, IDN is 1.1-1.5, with latent respiratory failure - more than 1.5. It is known that with respiratory failure of the first and second degrees, compensation for gas exchange disorders is possible, and oxygen deficiency in the blood is not observed. Respiratory failure of the third degree is accompanied by hypoxia and (or) hypercapnia, can cause a coma and lead to the death of the animal. This method is taken as a prototype.

The main disadvantage of this method is the inability to predict the course of bronchitis in calves.

The technical result of the invention is the prediction of the course of bronchitis in calves.

To achieve a technical result, a method for predicting the course of bronchitis in calves involves determining body temperature, heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (NPV) per minute, calculating the respiratory failure index (IDN) as a ratio of respiratory rate per minute after 30-second artificial breath holding on exhalation to the respiratory rate per minute at rest, calculation of the Hildebrandt index as the ratio of heart rate to NPV per minute, analysis of the data and prediction of full recovery an animal or benign course of the disease (favorable prognosis, prognosis bona) at a body temperature of 37.5 ÷ 39.6 ° C, heart rate less than 100 per minute, NPV less than 40 per minute, IDN values more than 1.4 and Hildebrandt index more than 1, 8, predicting the possibility of an unfavorable course of the disease (doubtful prognosis, prognosis dubia) at a body temperature of more than 39.5 ° C, heart rate 90 ÷ 120 per minute, NPV 40 ÷ 60 per minute, IDN values 1.2 ÷ 2.5 and Hildebrandt index 1.7 ÷ 3.1, prediction of incomplete recovery of an animal or malignant course of the disease (poor prognosis, pr ognosis mala) at a body temperature of more than 39.5 ° C, heart rate of more than 100 per minute, NPV of more than 60 per minute, IDN values of less than 1.2 and the Hildebrandt index of less than 1.8.

Thermometry is a mandatory method of clinical research. It allows you to assess the condition of the animal, monitor the course of the disease, monitor the effectiveness of treatment, and identify any complications that have arisen. The normal body temperature in cattle is in the range of 37.5 to 39.5 ° C.

Heart rate (pulse) in cattle varies from 50 to 80 per minute. Depending on the pathological condition, there may be an increase or slowdown in the pulse. An increase in heart rate (tachycardia) is noted with fever, collapse, heart weakness, heart defects, acute myocarditis, anemia, etc. An increase in heart rate of 2.5 times or more is an unfavorable prognostic sign. Slowing of the pulse (bradycardia) occurs with hypothermia, vagotonia, decreased tone of the sympathetic nervous system, increased intracranial pressure, digitalis poisoning, uremia, toxemia, in the recovery stage after infectious diseases, with exhaustion, diseases of the peritoneum and internal organs, etc.

The NPV in cattle ranges from 12 to 25 per minute. Change in NPV is determined mainly by the level and intensity of metabolism, which in turn depends on the species, age, breed, constitutional characteristics of animals and their physiological state. A pathological change in respiratory rate manifests itself in the form of rapidity (tachypnea, polypnoea) or decrease (oligopnea). Increased breathing is observed in diseases accompanied by an increase in body temperature, with irritation of the respiratory center by toxins circulating in the body, with a decrease in the respiratory surface of the lungs (pneumonia, gangrene, alveolar emphysema), with damage to the blood and circulatory system (anemia, cardiovascular failure) etc. Respiratory depression may be due to inhibition of the respiratory center with functional and organic brain damage, hypocalcemia, ketosis, intoxication, atonal state.

The Hildebrandt index, calculated as the ratio of heart rate to NPV per minute, is an indicator of the coordination of the heart and lungs [Zarytovskaya N.V. Predictive model of individual health of older students / N.V. Zarytovskaya, A.S. Kalmykova, A.A. Khripunova // International Journal of Applied and Basic Research. - 2013. - No. 4. - S. 46-51].

IDN, calculated as the ratio of NPV per minute after a 30-second artificial respiratory retention (apnea) to NPV per minute at rest, allows calves to detect latent respiratory failure and evaluate the functional state of the respiratory system. In healthy calves, IDN is 1.1-1.5, with latent respiratory failure - more than 1.5.

The method is as follows.

In calves with bronchitis, body temperature is measured, heart rate and NPV per minute are determined, IDN calculated as the ratio of NPV per minute after 30-second artificial respiration holding (apnea) to NPV per minute at rest, and the Hildebrandt index calculated as heart rate to NPV per minute.

At a body temperature of 37.5 to 39.6 ° C, heart rate less than 100 per minute, respiratory rate less than 40 per minute, IDI values of more than 1.4 and Hildebrandt index of more than 1.8, calves have a favorable prognosis of bronchitis, that is, a complete forecast is expected animal recovery or benign course of the disease.

At a body temperature of more than 39.5 ° C, heart rate from 90 to 120 per minute, NPV from 40 to 60 per minute, IDN values from 1.2 to 2.5 and Hildebrandt index from 1.7 to 3.1 in calves the course of bronchitis is doubtful when an unfavorable course of the disease is not ruled out.

At a body temperature of more than 39.5 ° C, heart rate of more than 100 per minute, NPV of more than 60 per minute, IDI values of less than 1.2 and the Hildebrandt index of less than 1.8 in calves, the prognosis of the course of bronchitis is poor, that is, incomplete recovery of the animal is expected or course of the disease.

The invention can be used to predict the course of bronchitis in calves both in large livestock complexes and in small farms, is essential for determining therapeutic tactics and monitoring the effectiveness of treatment of bronchitis in calves.

A method for predicting the course of bronchitis in calves is illustrated by examples.

Example No. 1

The rationale for the application of the method

In Voronezhpishcheproduct LLC, Novousmansky District, Voronezh Region, 170 calves of 0.5-1.5 months of age were selected: 152 with respiratory pathology, of which 108 calves with macrobronchitis, 25 calves with microbronchitis, 20 calves with bronchopneumonia, and 18 clinically healthy animals. In calves, body temperature was measured, heart rate and NPV per minute were determined, IDN, calculated as the ratio of NPV per minute after 30-second artificial respiration holding (apnea) to NPV per minute at rest, and the Hildebrandt index, calculated as the ratio of heart rate to NPV per minute. The results of the studies are presented in table 1.

From table 1 it is seen that with microbronchitis and bronchopneumonia, the calves had a higher body temperature, and with macrobronchitis they did not significantly differ in comparison with clinically healthy animals. In all calves with respiratory pathology, heart rate and NPV were significantly higher than in clinically healthy individuals. Depending on the severity of the disease (macrobronchitis, microbronchitis, bronchopneumonia), the NPV significantly changed. According to IDN, the groups of calves of patients with macrobronchitis (IDN was 57.1% higher, P <0.05) and bronchopneumonia (IDN was lower by 28.6%, P <0.05) statistically significantly differed from clinically healthy animals, according to the index Hildebrandt - calves with microbronchitis (the rate was lower by 30.3%, P <0.05), and animals with bronchopneumonia (lower by 48.5%, P <0.05). The combination of indicators - body temperature, heart rate, NPV, IDN and Hildebrandt index - allows not only to distinguish clinically healthy calves, but also to differentiate macrobronchitis, microbronchitis and bronchopneumonia.

Example No. 2

The rationale for the effectiveness of the method

In Voronezhpishcheproduct LLC, Novousmansky District, Voronezh Region, 151 calves of 0.5-1.5 months of age were selected with a clinical diagnosis of bronchitis. Animals were kept under clinical observation for 10 days: body temperature was measured, heart rate and NPV per minute were determined, IDN calculated as the ratio of NPV per minute after 30-second artificial respiration holding (apnea) on expiration to NPV per minute at rest, and the Hildebrandt index, calculated as the ratio of heart rate to NPV per minute, took into account the state of visible mucous membranes, sensitivity of the larynx, trachea and intercostal spaces during palpation, the presence and nature of wheezing, shortness of breath, cough, nasal discharge, assessed the severity I and outcome of the disease.

During the initial examination, all calves were divided into three groups, depending on the clinical condition. The first group included animals (n = 64) with body temperature from 37.5 to 39.6 ° C, heart rate less than 100 per minute, NPV less than 40 per minute, IDI values of more than 1.4 and Hildebrandt index of more than 1.8. According to the claimed method, the prognosis of the course of bronchitis in calves of this group was favorable, a complete recovery of animals or a benign course of the disease was expected. The second group included calves (n = 49) with a body temperature of more than 39.5 ° C, heart rate from 90 to 120 per minute, NPV from 40 to 60 per minute, IDN values from 1.2 to 2.5 and Hildebrandt index from 1.7 to 3.1. According to the claimed method, the prognosis of the course of bronchitis in animals of this group was doubtful, an unfavorable course of the disease was not ruled out. The third group included calves (n = 38) with a body temperature of more than 39.5 ° C, heart rate of more than 100 per minute, NPV of more than 60 per minute, IDN values of less than 1.2 and Hildebrandt index less than 1.8. According to the claimed method, the prognosis of the course of bronchitis in animals of this group was unfavorable, the incomplete recovery of the animal or the malignant course of the disease was expected. The results of clinical observation of calves are presented in table 2.

From table 2 it is seen that in calves of the first group with a favorable prognosis of bronchitis, a mild course of the disease was noted in 100% of cases, self-recovery was observed in 25% of the animals. In the second group with a dubious prognosis of bronchitis, 65.3% of calves reported a moderately severe course of the disease, in 34.7% of animals a severe course with a complication of bronchopneumonia. In the third group with an unfavorable prognosis of bronchitis, a severe course of the disease with a complication of bronchopneumonia was noted in all calves.

From this example it can be seen that the inventive method allows to objectively predict the course of bronchitis in calves and to predict the complication of the disease in the form of bronchopneumonia.

Thus, the proposed method for predicting the course of bronchitis in calves according to the results of determining body temperature, heart rate and NPV per minute, IDN, calculated as the ratio of NPV per minute after 30-second artificial breath holding (apnea) on expiration to NPV per minute at rest, and Hildebrandt index, calculated as the ratio of heart rate to NPV per minute, is characterized by high sensitivity, simplicity and reliability, can reduce material and time costs for clinical and laboratory studies, can be used for prog nosing the course of bronchitis both in large livestock complexes and in small farms, is essential for determining therapeutic tactics and monitoring the effectiveness of treatment of bronchitis in calves.

Claims (1)

A method for predicting the course of bronchitis in calves, including determining body temperature, heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (NPV) per minute, calculating the respiratory failure index (IDN) as the ratio of the respiratory rate per minute after a 30-second artificial breath holding expiration to the respiratory rate per minute at rest, calculation of the Hildebrandt index as the ratio of heart rate to NPV per minute, analysis of the data and prediction of the complete recovery of the animal or benign about the course of the disease (favorable prognosis, prognosis bona) at a body temperature of 37.5 ÷ 39.6 ° C, heart rate less than 100 per minute, NPV less than 40 per minute, IDN values more than 1.4 and Hildebrandt index more than 1.8, forecasting the possibility of an unfavorable course of the disease (doubtful prognosis, prognosis dubia) at a body temperature of more than 39.5 ° C, heart rate 90 ÷ 120 per minute, NPV 40 ÷ 60 per minute, IDN values 1.2 ÷ 2.5 and Hildebrandt index 1.7 ÷ 3.1, prediction of incomplete recovery of an animal or malignant course of the disease (poor prognosis, prognosis mala) at a body temperature of more than 39, 5 ° C, heart rate of more than 100 per minute, NPV of more than 60 per minute, IDN values of less than 1.2 and Hildebrandt index of less than 1.8.