RU2556981C2 - Method of distribution of species of meadow grass by weight of freshly cut sample - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to environmental monitoring of areas with grass cover. The method comprises allocation on the small river or its tributary visually on the map or in-situ of the site of floodplain meadow with grass cover. The marking on the allocated site along the flow of the small river or its tributary is carried out in characteristic places of at least three cross-sections in the transverse direction. The marking along each cross-section is carried out of at least three test sites on each side of the small river or its tributary. On each test site a frame is placed with the inner sides of least 0.50×0.50 m. Then, flush with the surface of the soil the aerial parts of certain plants or their portions are cut in the form of several plants of the same species present at the test site. Then, the cut portions of the plants are laid in separate piles on the species of grass. After cutting all the blades of grass from all the test site the piles of grass are immediately weighed on a portable scale. After weighing the piles of grass are thrown away. Weighting procedure with throwing the weighted plants is repeated at each test site on the allocated area. Then the total weight of freshly cut grass is calculated by species of grass. At each separate test site the weight of the sample of the freshly cut grass is calculated as the sum of the weights of separate piles by species of grass. The total weight of the plant species is calculated as the sum of all the piles of cut grass on species from all test sites. Then, on the certain species of plants for all test sites the rank scale of the grass species is made on the freshly cut mass. The ranks are arranged with increase in the total weight on the site. Assessment of the species composition of the grass cover is carried out by statistical modelling by identifying the mathematical models of mass change of cut grass on the site and on a separate test site depending on the rank of species of grass and herbaceous plants.

EFFECT: technology enables to increase the accuracy of accounting of the presence of species of grass and herbaceous plants, with simultaneous simplifying the evaluation process of species composition.

8 tbl, 3 cl, 9 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the measurement of quality indicators of various species complexes of grass and grass plants on freshly cut samples, mainly in floodplain river bed meadows, and can be used in environmental monitoring of areas with grass cover. The invention also relates to landscapes of small rivers with meadow vegetation and can be used in assessing the species diversity of grass by the distribution of plant species by raw weight of samples.

A known method of testing a sample of grass plants according to the patent of the Russian Federation No. 2389015, including placing the sample in a vessel in parts with an increase in its mass, moreover, before cutting the aerial part of the grass, the contours of the site at the place of sampling of grass plants are noted, after cutting the grass from the entire site, the sample is immediately weighed on the scales near the site, and after the first weighing, the grass sample is placed for natural drying in a dry and calm place, then after drying the grass sample is weighed.

The disadvantage is that the method involves the indivisibility of the sample into individual elements by species composition, and this does not allow the analysis of the sample by the species composition of grass and herbaceous plants by the presence of species.

There is also a known method of testing grass cover on a floodplain of a small river according to patent RU No. 2384048, comprising isolating a section of a floodplain meadow with a test grass cover on a small river or its tributary, then at least three of these areas along a small river or its tributary in characteristic places are marked hydrometric gauges in the transverse direction within the water protection zone, along each hydrometric gauge mark at least three test sites on each side of a small river or its tributary, and after cutting the grass reveal the law Nost grass samples.

The disadvantage is the impossibility of taking into account the presence of species of grass and herbaceous plants at test sites.

EFFECT: increased accuracy of accounting for the presence of species of grass and herbaceous plants, simplification of the analysis of the species composition without taking measurements, increasing the functionality of comparing grass samples by the distribution of species at different test sites with cutting them and weighing the grass samples in the wet state.

This technical result is achieved by the fact that the method of distributing meadow grass species by the mass of freshly cut samples, including isolating on a small river or its tributary visually on a map or a natural site of a floodplain meadow with grass cover, then on this section along a small river or its tributary in characteristic places mark at least three sections in the transverse direction, along each section mark at least three test sites on each side of a small river or its tributary, and then reveal patterns of sample measurements You, characterized in that a frame with the inner sides of at least 0.50 × 0.50 m is laid on the selected test site, then the aerial parts of individual plants or their portions are cut flush with the soil surface in the form of several plants of the same species present on the test site , and each portion is laid out in separate heaps by type, after cutting all the blades of grass from the entire test site, the heaps of grass are immediately weighed on a portable scale, and after weighing the heaps of grass are thrown away, then the procedure is repeated for the next th test site and so does the cutting from all test sites on a selected section of a small river, then the total masses are calculated, and on each individual test site, the mass of the entire sample is calculated as the sum of the masses of individual piles, and the heaps themselves are formed from cut portions of individual types of grass, in addition, the sum of all heaps of cut grass by species from all trial plots gives the total mass of this plant species, then for individual plant species for all test plots make up a rank scale of grass species for freshly cut masses e, and the ranks are placed as the total mass in the plot increases, and then mathematical models of the change in mass in the plot and in a separate test site are identified depending on the rank of the types of grass and grass plants.

Additionally, the number of species at each test site is counted, while on the entire selected area of the floodplain meadow, the same test sites are allocated with dimensions of at least 0.50 × 0.50 m, but in total, providing an area of at least 4 m ² , while the minimum number of trial sites equal to 3 alignment (6 sites = 18 pcs., then according to the prototype their total area in the minimum case will be equal to 18 × 0.50 × 0.50 = 4.50 m ² , which is more than the required area of 4.00 m ² analysis of the species composition of grassy and herbaceous plants, with heaps immediately zveshivayutsya on portable scales with a scale of 1 g

Additionally, the number of types of grass is counted inside the frame and entered into the table with a general list along the lines of this table of all types of grass and herbaceous plants found at least once on all test plots, in the columns by the numbers of test plots put the mass of a bunch of freshly cut grass of each species, put zero in the cell of the table in the absence of a plant species from the species list, measure the presence of grass species at all test sites, then sum the freshly cut mass of heaps along the lines of the species table structure and calculate the total weight of the grass species in all test areas.

The rank scale of grass species is made up of freshly cut mass, and the ranks are ranked as the total mass of the plot increases, while the zero rank is given to the species of plants that are absent on the plot or at this test site, then this rank scale is taken as an explanatory variable, and for the plot and test sites.

Statistical modeling identifies mathematical models in the form of the sum of trends and wave patterns of mass change in the area and on a separate test site, depending on the rank of species of grass and grass plants according to the formula

where m is the estimated mass of the sample of freshly cut grass, g,

m _i - mass according to the components of the equation, g,

R is the mass rank of the plant species in a given section of the floodplain meadow of a small river, R = 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., and R = 0 is given to a species of grass or grass plant that does not exist in this section,

A _i - the amplitude (half) of the fluctuation of the mass of raw grass, g,

p _i is the half-period of the fluctuation of the rank of mass in plant species,

α ₁ ... α ₈ are the parameters of the equation obtained after identification by statistical data of measurements of the mass of the crude sample of grass,

i is the number of the component of the general equation,

n is the number of trend equations and wave components.

The essence of the technical solution lies in the fact that the relief is completely excluded from consideration and the distribution of the mass of freshly cut grass comes first. However, it needs a new distribution scale, which is created from the sum of all the masses of raw samples cut from the same sample sites. This amount is ranked as the total mass increases. In this case, a zero rank is given to species of plants that are absent in a given area, site, or on a given test site. Then this rank scale is taken as an explanatory variable for both the site and individual test sites.

The essence of the technical solution also lies in the fact that portions of grass are cut off at the test site for the individual plant species present at the trial site, and they are laid out separately. As they are cut, individual heaps of grass are formed by species. After cutting all the blades of grass from the entire test site, the heaps of grass are immediately weighed on a portable scale. After weighing all the heaps by type of grass, the cut grass is thrown away. Next, the procedure is repeated at the next test site.

At a separate test site, the mass of the entire sample is calculated by the sum of the masses of the individual heaps, and the heaps themselves are formed from cut portions of individual types of grass. The sum of all heaps of cut grass by species from all test sites of the same size gives the total mass of this plant species. Then, according to these masses of heaps for individual types of plants, a rank scale of grass species by freshly cut mass is compiled.

A positive effect is achieved by the fact that there is a significant increase in the accuracy of measuring the mass of individual heaps and the total amount by type of grass, simplifying the process of experimenting with determining the mass of a particular type of plant at each test site. And then the mathematical analysis of vibrational adaptation according to the obtained results of field measurements. In this case, laboratory experiments are not required.

The novelty of the technical solution lies in the fact that for the first time a well-known physical quantity — the mass of a sample for individual plant species — was applied to compose an explanatory variable for the same mass according to rank distribution, with a rank scale of its own for each section of a small river, and the ranks are given with an increase in the total mass types of grass at all test sites on freshly cut grass.

The proposed technical solution has significant features, novelty and a significant positive effect. No materials discrediting the novelty of the technical solution were found.

Figure 1 shows a diagram of a selected area with three measuring stations along the stream of the small river Managa: 1-18 - numbers of test sites; figure 2 shows a square frame for the formation of a test site measuring 0.50 × 0.50 m with the remaining root part of the plants after cutting the sample of fresh grass; figure 3 sequentially shows the graphs of the model for the first four components of the change in mass for plant species throughout the plot; in Fig.4 - the same in Fig.3 for additional wave components; figure 5 shows graphs sequentially for the first four components of the change in mass by species of plants on the first test site; in Fig.6 - the same in Fig.5 for additional wave components with an amplitude of more than 1 gram; in Fig.7 - the same in Fig.5 for additional oscillations with an amplitude of less than 1 gram; on Fig shows the residues after all the components for the distribution of species in the wet mass of grass throughout the plot and on the first test site; figure 9 shows graphs of changes in mass at the first test site for the types of grass without zero values for the missing species.

A method for distributing meadow grass species by weight of a freshly cut sample comprises the following steps.

First, grass cover is visually examined in the given floodplain meadow territory and places with measuring stations and test plots relative to them across the small river are marked. At the same time, at least three sections and at least three test sites are marked on each side of the small river. Over the course of a small river or its tributary, bends and other forms of channel formation of a small river or its tributary are taken as natural characteristic places.

In the studied floodplain meadow, at least three sections are marked in the transverse direction with the distances between them along the course of the small river or its tributary no more than 100 times the width of the water mirror in the summer low water, and the test plots are located at intervals of at least 10 m from each other and from edge of the water mirror of coastal test sites. At least three test plots on each side of the small river or its tributary are marked along each measurement site, and the numbering of test plots is carried out from the left bank to the right when the observer is facing the stream of the small river or its tributary.

First, by examining the entire selected area, a general list of all types of grass is eye-glazed. For the identification of all species, a methodological manual is prepared by selecting plant species from the atlas or from other sources of information. Such pre-prepared species composition of all possible types of grass and herbaceous plants on this small river significantly speeds up the work.

The contours of a site measuring 0.50 × 0.50 are marked with a peg in the center of it. For laying, a frame is made with internal sides 0.50 × 0.50 m, for example, of wooden battens knocked together with nails. It is laid on the grass around the peg.

A frame with internal sides of at least 0.50 × 0.50 m is laid on the selected test site, then the aboveground parts of individual plants or their portions are cut off flush with the soil surface in the form of several plants of the same species present on the test site. Each portion is laid out in separate handfuls by type. After cutting all the blades of grass from the entire test site, the heaps of grass are immediately weighed on a portable scale, and after weighing the heaps of grass are thrown away.

Next, the procedure is repeated at the next test site and so is the cutting off from all test sites on a dedicated section of a small river.

Then calculate the total mass.

Moreover, at each individual test site, the mass of the entire sample is calculated as the sum of the masses of the individual heaps, and the heaps themselves are formed from cut portions of individual types of grass.In addition, the sum of all heaps of cut grass by species from all test sites gives the total mass of this type of plant. Then, for individual types of plants for all test sites, they compose a rank scale of grass species by freshly cut mass.

Moreover, the ranks are placed as the total mass in the plot increases, and then mathematical models of the change in mass in the plot and in a separate test site are identified depending on the rank of the species of grass and grass plants.

Additionally, the number of species at each test site is counted, while on the entire selected area of the floodplain meadow, the same test sites are allocated with dimensions of at least 0.50 × 0.50 m, but in total, providing an area of at least 4 m ² , while the minimum number of trial sites equal to 3 alignment (6 sites = 18 pcs., then according to the prototype their total area in the minimum case will be equal to 18 × 0.50 × 0.50 = 4.50 m ² , which is more than the required area of 4.00 m ² analysis of the species composition of grassy and herbaceous plants, with heaps immediately zveshivayutsya on portable scales with a scale of 1 gram.

Additionally, the number of types of grass is counted inside the frame and entered into the table with a general list along the lines of this table of all types of grass and herbaceous plants found at least once at all test sites. In the columns according to the numbers of the trial plots put the mass of a handful of freshly cut grass of each species, put zero in the table cell in the absence of the plant species from the species list. So, measurements are made of the presence of grass species at all test sites, after which the freshly cut mass of heaps is summarized according to the lines of the species composition table and the total mass of grass of this species is calculated for all trial sites.

The rank scale of grass species is made up of freshly cut mass, and the ranks are ranked as the total mass of the plot increases, while the zero rank is given to the species of plants that are absent on the plot or at this test site, then this rank scale is taken as an explanatory variable, and for the plot and test sites.

Statistical modeling identifies mathematical models in the form of the sum of trends and wave patterns of mass change in the area and on a separate test site, depending on the rank of species of grass and grass plants according to the formula

where m is the estimated mass of the sample of freshly cut grass, g,

m _i - mass according to the components of the equation, g,

R is the mass rank of the plant species in a given section of the floodplain meadow of a small river, R = 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., and R = 0 is given to a species of grass or grass plant that does not exist in this section,

A _i - the amplitude (half) of the fluctuation of the mass of raw grass, g,

p _i is the half-period of the fluctuation of the rank of mass in plant species,

a ₁ ... a ₈ are the parameters of the equation obtained after identification by statistical data of measurements of the mass of the crude sample of grass,

i is the number of the component of the general equation,

n is the number of trend equations and wave components.

Example. The object of study is land on the territory of the Azanovsky tribal plant of the Medvedevsky district of the Mari El Republic with vegetation in the grassy floodplain of the Managa River (Fig. 1).

Managa is the left tributary of Malaya Kokshagi, the length of the river is 27 km, the catchment area is 194 km ² . The section along the Managa River is located from the northeast to the southwest. Floodplain - for grazing and haying.

Measurement technique. We have chosen the method of test sites, in the study of grass is the adoption of test sites with dimensions of 0.5 × 0.5 m and an area of 0.25 m ² . To comply with constant conditions, sampling in a floodplain meadow is proposed to be carried out during the period of grass maturation.

To quantify the vegetation, first of all, it is necessary to determine the species composition of the biocenosis, to identify the nature of the distribution of plants by fresh weight in the samples. This makes it possible to find out the annual variability, change of species, and the stability of the species composition of the meadow.

The placement (selection) of test areas in space for geobotanical research methods can be typical or random.

In a typical selection, the determination of the location of the test site is more or less subjective, after a visual study of the entire population of vegetation. Typical selection is used for qualitative research, which saves time at the field research stage.

The studies were conducted in July 2011. First, the coastline of the small Managa River and the grass cover in the floodplain meadow were visually examined on both sides, then the locations of eighteen test plots of the floodplain meadow with the test grass cover before haying were field-mapped.

Three sections were selected along the river and three samples from each section on both sides. The location of the test sites is given in figure 1. At the selected first target, at a distance of 90 m from the water's edge, we denote the first test site measuring 0.50 × 0.50 m with a peg in the center.

To simplify the process of establishing a test site, a square template was made of wooden slats. We apply a template with an internal cross section of 0.25 m ² to the sample area chosen for sampling grass and then we cut and record plant species.

The obtained data are entered in a journal, in which the number of the alignment, the numbers of the registration sites, the mass of freshly cut samples after weighing directly near the site are indicated. Moreover, we carry out weighing by plant species, and calculate the total mass of samples at the test site by summing up all available grass species.

We carry out the same actions for the rest of the test sites, and enter all the measured data in a log.

Prior to the measurements by inspection of the entire selected area, a preliminary general list of all types of grass is established, and then, for identification of individual species, a general table of species is compiled in rows by selecting identifiable plant species from the atlas or other information sources. Moreover, a pre-prepared general preliminary species composition of all possible types of grass and grass plants in a given area or along the entire length of a small river significantly speeds up the work when identifying a species from a particular plant at a specific test site.

Then, on a test site, inside a square frame centered in the form of a peg, grass samples are cut in portions, and in each portion sorted by species. After cutting the grass in many portions and sorting each portion by type, the weight of each type of plant is weighed. By the number of types of grass available on the test site, the measured mass of raw grass of this species is entered in the table. The table is initially printed with empty cells with a general list of rows for all 32 species of grass and herbaceous plants found at least once in a selected area of a small river. If it additionally arises at the last test sites to supplement the general preliminary list of plant species with a new species, then the table is extended by rows. And in the columns according to the numbers of the trial sites, they put the mass of freshly cut grass samples after sorting by species. At the same time, the table cell is left empty in the absence of a plant species. So consistently measure the presence of grass species at all test sites.

After cutting the grass by plant species, it is delivered under a canopy for natural drying or simply thrown away if the distribution of plant species by weight of raw grass is estimated by the proposed method.

Test sites on the right bank of the Ronga river (No. 4-6, 10-12 and 16-18) are located at the place where livestock were grazed regularly. Test sites of the left bank (No. 1-3, 13-15) are not used and are not subjected to any anthropogenic impact, and test sites (No. 7-9) are located on the site of the former hay meadow.

The territory has a pronounced relief, and there are different sections of the floodplain meadow with different anthropogenic influences. But this difference was not significant and the rank distribution of plant species was revealed by statistical modeling in the CurveExpert-1.40 software environment (http://www.curveexpert.net).

Wet mass measurements by plant species. When analyzing the species composition economically and botanically, several groups of plants were noted in the floodplain of the Managa River. The systematic composition of the plants of the accounting sites is presented in table 1.

Table 1 The systematic composition of plants accounting sites No. p / p Title Latin name one Yarrow Achillea millefolium 2 Anise ordinary Anisum vulgare 3 Veronica Oak Veronica chamaedrys four Meadow geranium Geranium pratense 5 Meadow dandelion Taraxacum pratense 6 Plantain lanceolate Plantago lanceolata 7 Soddy pike Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv 8 Timothy grass Phleum 9 Wild strawberry Fragaria vesca 10 Common reed Phragmites australis eleven Cuff Alchemilla 12 Coltsfoot Tussilago farfara 13 Blackberry cockerel millet fourteen Meadow cornflower Centaurea jacea fifteen Burdock Arctium lappa 16 Common reed Calamagrosti 17 Sagebrush Artemisia absinthium eighteen Gulavnik medicinal Sisymbrium officinale 19 Wheat grass creeping Agropyrum repens

No. p / p Title Latin name twenty Forget-me-not small-colored Myosotis micrantha Pall. 21 Yellow Melilotus officinalis Melilotus officinalis 22 Goose foot Potentilla anserina L. 23 Creeping buttercup Ranunculus repens 24 Belous sticking out 25 Weedy Klopovnik 26 Common chicory Cichorium intybus 27 Meadow foxtail 28 I spat for many years Lolium perenne 29th Red clover Trifolium pratense thirty Bonfire bonfire Bromus inermis Leyss. 31 Field bindweed Convolvulus arvensis 32 Hypericum perforatum Hypericum perforatum

We did not separate the types of grass into separate groups, but take their entire composition for this section of a small river. In this case, any type of grass (grassy or grassy) falls into the general list.

Therefore, instead of names, we use only numbers in order. Moreover, the numbering of plant species was arbitrary. The ranking distribution by weight will put them in their places.

Therefore, the presence of all 32 species of grass and herbaceous plants in the test section of the small river is shown in Table 2 with their weight by weight of uncut cut grass over all 18 test sites.

The last column gives the mass of the whole sample, calculated as the sum of the mass of 18 parts on the pitchfork of the plants of the whole raw sample. And in the second column, the rank of the distribution of the total mass according to the growth of its values is given.

In this case, the zero rank is given to the zero mass of the sample of species of grass and grass plants that do not exist on this site.

Then the rank shows that at zero there is a large unknown set of grass and grass plants known to science that are not contained in the territory of this test site, even if it is small in size. As a result, the scale consists of known and unknown types of grass.

The rank is set once in the hierarchy of mass values of the entire sample (last column of table 2).

If the preliminary list is made more complete than all available plant species in the selected area of the floodplain of a small river, then those species are set that have the total mass of freshly cut grass turned out to be zero in the sum of all the trial plots.

But you can remove the extra lines and then, as shown in Table 2, all zero species of plants are removed and then the smallest value of the mass is set to rank one (for example, line No. 25 “Weed Klopovnik”). Then, as the mass of the total sample increases, the rank increases. And finally, the last rank is given the highest mass value (for example, line No. 10 “Common reed”). This forms a rank scale, which becomes common for all test sites in the selected area.

table 2 Measurement data of freshly cut grass mass at trial sites in 2011 No. p / p Grade R The mass of samples of fresh grass according to the numbers of test sites 0.50 × 0.50 m, g m, g one 2 3 four 5 6 7 8 9 10 eleven 12 13 fourteen fifteen 16 17 eighteen one 27 23 fourteen 0 13 33 23 0 0 0 40 13 24 0 0 32 53 eighteen 21 307 2 28 27 12 0 fifteen 26 22 0 46 40 0 0 0 26 25 25 0 21 24 309 3 26 13 0 0 0 thirty fifteen fifteen 0 38 0 0 0 38 41 0 68 0 22 280 four 29th 39 0 97 17 25 eighteen 0 43 0 49 0 0 40 0 26 0 fourteen 0 368 5 25 0 0 0 0 27 fifteen 26 33 0 12 27 10 34 fifteen fifteen 0 23 0 237 6 8 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 26 7 21 0 16 0 0 0 eleven 19 0 0 25 0 fifteen 0 0 0 0 0 29th 115 8 19 0 0 0 0 0 13 27 0 36 twenty 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 96 9 22 26 0 0 10 0 12 eleven 0 45 0 0 0 0 27 17 0 0 0 148 10 thirty 21 28 0 12 29th 0 38 48 34 28 10 31 53 0 44 0 fifteen 25 416 eleven 16 31 0 0 eleven 0 10 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 61 12 13 0 0 0 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 44 13 fifteen 0 eleven 0 fourteen 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 eleven 0 57 fourteen 24 twenty 0 0 19 0 0 23 0 0 0 23 0 0 29th 29th 70 0 0 213 fifteen one 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 16 23 0 0 83 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 fourteen 0 49 0 0 0 8 28 182 17 17 0 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 27 0 0 0 0 8 0 78 eighteen 9 0 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 19 eighteen 0 fifteen 0 0 0 0 0 thirty 39 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 84 twenty 5 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 21 four 0 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 22 10 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 23 2 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 24 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 25 one 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 26 twenty 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 fifteen 0 0 0 eighteen 69 0 0 102 27 four 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 28 eleven 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 40 29th 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 thirty 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 25 31 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 13 0 0 0 41 32 fourteen 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 45 0 0 0 0 45

It turned out that after the drought of 2010 in 2011 there was a jump in the number of species. Therefore, in 2012, the same array of 32 plant species was adopted, but several species have already received zero value by weight of raw grass, and the ranking distribution itself has changed by type of grass. However, this is another scientific and technical solution. Thus, according to long-term measurements, a common set of grass species can be compiled, of which each year the number of species in the rank scale will change.

However, the ranking distribution by increasing the mass of raw grass by species does not depend on other factors (topography and anthropogenic factors), and therefore distribution patterns are sought for all 18 test sites in general, or for 18 test sites separately. But at the same time there will be the same set of 32 types of herbs.

Simulation results. After measuring the mass of individual types of grass, then the samples as a whole and on individual test sites, modeling reveals wave patterns of change in the mass of the raw sample depending on the rank of the mass of the plant species according to the formula

where m is the estimated mass of the sample of freshly cut grass, g,

m _i - mass according to the components of the equation, g,

R is the mass rank of the plant species in a given section of the floodplain meadow of a small river, R = 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., and R = 0 is given to a species of grass or grass plant that does not exist in this section,

A _i - the amplitude (half) of the fluctuation of the mass of raw grass, g,

p _i is the half-period of the fluctuation of the rank of mass in plant species,

a ₁ ... a ₈ are the parameters of the equation obtained after identification by statistical data of measurements of the mass of the crude sample of grass,

i is the number of the component of the general equation,

n is the number of trend equations and wave components.

The same equation applies to mass for individual test sites, that is, for columns 1-18 of table 2.

To show the proposed method, here are two models:

a) the regularity of the rank distribution m = f (R) (Figs. 3 and 4) by plant species (by rank from table 2) in general for all 18 test sites, that is, for the entire selected area of the floodplain of a small river;

b) the pattern of distribution of the mass of raw grass by types of grass on the first test site (Fig.5, 6 and 7) in the form of a biotechnical pattern m ₁ = f (R).

And for the rest of the test sites, the method is implemented similarly.

The model of the rank distribution m = f (R) is determined by the parameters given in matrix form in table 3.

In total, 12 components turned out, of which 10 became wave functions. In this case, the first and second components relate to the trend, that is, to the trend of changes in mass depending on the rank of the herb and herb.

The first component shows exponential growth and indicates that species diversity by mass can increase. However, as you know, there is a productivity limit in these climatic conditions.

Therefore, with an increase in the area of the selected area, braking will begin and the first component will begin to change as the second according to the biotechnical law.

To prove this, more extensive experiments are needed. The second component shows the stress excitation of the species composition shown in table 1.

Table 3

Components of the rank distribution of the total mass of plant species

No. i Oscillation amplitude Half cycle and shear oscillation Coeff. Correl. a _1i a _2i a _3i a _4i a _5i a _6i a _7i a _8i one 0,0073115 3,20988 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,9998 2 10.38641 0.68557 0.093271 one 0 0 0 0 3 1,17150e-18 31,35665 9,12664 0.56694 192,36429 -20,46513 0.65354 -2.14617 four 0,040490 2,33539 0,078243 1,06930 4,25834 -0,00058236 2,30001 2,06444 5 29,23962 0.92691 4,53154 0,068161 2,54349 -0,00083872 1.90602 4.66753 0.4858 6 0.00012234 3,51339 0,00061378 2,37397 5,63170 -0,00026050 2,53257 2,59150 0.6120 7 -6.36344e8 6,64918 21,66972 0.20967 18.37508 -10.01645 0.12721 -5.77249 0.4910 8 8.51675e-5 18,06091 1,13055 0.96855 0.97091 0,00040212 1,67569 2.77602 0.9153 9 -3.16084e10 13.94166 30.75777 0.26113 0.58704 0.93329 0.044086 -0.67129 0.8390 10 35.58229 0 2,02925 one 2.24102 -0.21496 one 0,081124 0.4751 eleven 0,0018801 1,95030 0.63541 3,43588e-5 0,055196 0.013468 1,07959 -0.42841 0.9429 12 4,53529e-14 20,64068 1.84656 0,99994 16,25830 0.68320 0,99988 -4.19209

This excitement is due to the fact that each season an optimal temperature and humidity regime occurs with sufficient illumination for a certain group of plant species. They develop faster, adapting the entire population of species to external growing conditions.

The remaining wave components show adaptation at one or another energy level of development and growth of different types of grass and grass plants.

Thus, all 12 components together show a one-time (simultaneous) picture of the dynamic equilibrium between plant species. This in the future will allow, during tests several times during the growing season, to determine the dynamics of mass by the variety of plant species. In other words, the practical possibility of modeling Gams cycles in the entire set of plant species studied is quite possible.

The residues are much smaller than the error in measuring the mass of raw grass in ± 0.5 g (Fig. 8), therefore, further we stop the identification of the asymmetric wavelet signal.

Table 4 shows the simulation data on the mass distribution of plant species at the first test site.

For other sites, the process of identifying wave equations is similar, therefore, we are not given here. At the same time, the rank scale remains the only one obtained from the total mass of all 18 samples, and this opens up new theoretical possibilities for explaining the adaptation of species diversity at points in the terrain.

The residuals became much less than the error in measuring the mass of raw grass in ± 0.5 g (Fig. 8), therefore, further we stop the identification of the asymmetric wavelet signal.

In total, 16 components turned out, that is, on a small area of 0.25 m ^{2, the} species composition became smaller (100 × 10/32 = 31.25%), and the modeling sensitivity increased by 16/12 = 1.33 times compared to the entire plot an area of 31500 m ² .

Table 4

The components of the rank distribution of the mass of plant species on the first site

No. i Oscillation amplitude Half cycle and shear oscillation Coeff. Correl. a _1i a _2i a _3i a _4i a _5i a _6i a _7i a _8i one 4,06492e-5 3.96302 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.9415 2 -1,11518e-6 0 -14.92198 0.019882 30.67158 -25.96078 0.015295 -1.76402 3 3,83986e-60 104.7660 10.09853 0,99945 14,49427 -0.94531 1.00348 -5.39219 four -0.32715 1,16377 0 0 2,36467 -0.028562 one -1.58332 5 1,51983e-104 116.87351 2,42612 1.26466 1.29333 -0.0070573 1,06028 1,48098 0.7498 6 195.08758 7,59599 4,20310 one one 0 0 0 0.6168 7 0.77808 0.54830 0,037546 one 94,43942 -3.42139 one 2,04402 0.5935 8 0,060578 5,32262 2,04138 0.61484 10,88170 -0.22885 1.05496 1,63635 0.7258 9 -0.040826 3.29285 0.38943 one 8,72733 -3.79745 0.17770 -3.61267 0.5814 10 0.11735 0 -0.058775 one 271.06878 -152,70910 0.11875 -1.98679 0.1464 eleven -0.13108 0 -0.084116 one 5,02968 -0.017724 0.48429 1,12411 0.6251 12 1,15300e9 10,72950 26.07506 0.24068 0.59919 0,074415 0.60576 1,98021 0.6985 13 -0.20616 0.31503 0,00092467 2,01746 10,67463 1,73355e-5 2,98888 0.29246 0.5351 fourteen -3.77320e-20 19,82815 0.63303 1,06122 4,33569 -0,00078700 2.15198 0.24657 0.8504 fifteen -0.41366 0 0,026636 1,50481 0,053719 0,42096 0.64871 1,62853 0.6660 16 -1.15640e-20 24,19586 1.38803 1,00005 4,23890 -0.10292 0,99925 -3.70678 0.7593

Each section of the small river section has dimensions: along the length of the river 50 m, and along the width of the small river 30 m. Therefore, all the sections are the same in size and have an area of 1500 m ² or 15 ar (hundred square meters). The total area of the studied area allocated on the small Managa River is 150 × 210 = 31500 m ² or 3.15 ha.

The total productivity in terms of wet weight is 208.8 centners or 20.88 tons. And on dry hay, productivity is only 9390 kg (93.9 centners or 9.39 tons). During its growth since the beginning of the growing season, moisture in the grass has reached a mass level of 20.88-9.39 = 11.49 tons.

Moreover, in dry hay, the adequacy of modeling is lower due to the influence of a very large number of natural, natural-technical and natural-anthropogenic factors. The moisture content is affected by an even greater number of external factors (changes in the water level in the river, precipitation, etc.). Therefore, additional special studies are needed on hay and moisture in raw grass. In addition, the proposed method involves only the first weighing of a sample of raw grass, which can then be thrown away.

This greatly saves time and resources on test behaviors. In this case, only portable scales with the division of the mass scale of one gram are needed. Therefore, the method allows to significantly expand the area along the river.

From the data in Table 4, it is noticeable that the trend includes only one indicative law without stressful excitation of the entire population, since it has become only 10 members by plant species. But then it becomes clear that the zero mass values of the missing plant species have a physical and biological basis: under these growing conditions, only those species that are successful appear, and the rest are in standby mode. For another year, other growing conditions may appear, and in connection with this a new set of plant species appears. But at the same time, the wave character of adaptation of the entire species composition to the specific growing conditions at the sites remains.

Then, fixing the relief and other growing conditions, it will be possible to study the adaptive ability of the entire species composition not only to the relief, but also to the annual hydrometeorological indicators.

Table 5 gives the calculated indicators of the adequacy of the models by rank, which are taken according to the vector of preorder of preference “worse → better”. The larger the total mass for all samples in a small river, the better for the species composition of plants.

Table 5 Relative error in the rank distribution of grass species Name of grass Grade R Throughout the floodplain On the first platform

, г

, g m, g ε, g Δ,%

, g m, g ε, g Δ,% 1. Yarrow is common. 27 307 307 -0.03 -0.01 23 23 -0.09 -0.40 2. Anise. Ordinary 28 309 309 -0.01 0.00 27 27 -0.09 -0.33 3. Veronica oak 26 280 280 -0.12 -0.04 13 13 0.29 2.20 4. Meadow geranium 29th 368 368 0.02 0.00 39 39 -0.12 -0.31 5. Meadow dandelion 25 237 237 0,07 0,03 0 -0.08 6. Plantain lanceolate 8 26 26 0.10 0.40 0 -0.05 7. Soddy pike 21 115 115 0,03 0,03 0 -0.08 8. Timothy grass meadow 19 96 96 -0.01 -0.01 0 -0.03 9. Wild strawberries 22 148 148 -0.04 -0.03 26 26 0.02 0.06 10. Common reed thirty 416 416 0,03 0.01 21 21 -0.18 -0.87 11. Cuff 16 61 61 -0.06 -0.09 31 31 0.09 0.28 12. Coltsfoot 13 44 44 0.02 0.05 0 -0.17 13. Blackberry cockerel millet fifteen 57 57 0,03 0.05 0 -0.07 14. Meadow cornflower 24 213 213 0.10 0.05 twenty twenty 0.12 0.59 15. Burdock one 10 10 0.00 0.01 0 0.00 16. Common reed 23 182 182 -0.05 -0.03 0 0.06 17. Wormwood 17 78 78 -0.06 -0.08 0 -0.06 18. Medicinal medicine 9 26 26 -0.08 -0.30 0 0.05 19. Wheat grass creeping eighteen 84 84 0.06 0,07 0 -0.02 20. Forget-me-not small-colored 5 22 22 -0.03 -0.14 0 -0.01 21. Melilotus medicament, yellow four 19 19 -0.01 -0.05 0 -0.01 22. Goose foot 10 32 32 0.04 0.13 32 32 -0.07 -0.22 23. Creeping buttercup 2 13 13 0.00 -0.04 13 13 0.00 0.01 24. Belous sticking out 6 23 23 -0.01 -0.04 0 -0.02 25. Weedbug one 10 10 0.00 0.01 0 0.00 26. Chicory twenty 102 102 -0.04 -0.04 0 -0.01 27. Meadow foxtail four 19 19 -0.01 -0.05 0 -0.01 28. I spat for many years eleven 40 40 -0.03 -0.07 0 -0.08 29. Clover red 3 16 16 -0.02 -0.10 0 0.01 30. Bonfire 7 25 25 -0.06 -0.23 0 0.01 31. Field bindweed 12 41 41 0.01 0,03 0 0.12 32. St. John's wort is perforated. fourteen 45 45 -0.05 -0.11 0 0.15

From the data of table 5 it can be seen that the model according to the parameters from table 3 receives the maximum relative error of only 0.40%.

It is much more difficult with a specific test site, in example No. 1. With a common scale with ranks R, two approaches are obtained:

- firstly, to adopt a common scale, and then the maximum relative error at zero points turns into infinity (empty cells are left in table 5);

Table 6 Sample weight No. p / p Grade R No. 1 one 27 23 2 28 27 3 26 13 four 29th 39 9 22 26 10 thirty 21 eleven 16 31 fourteen 24 twenty 22 10 32 23 2 13

- secondly, to accept the jackal without zeros, and then zero values can be discarded (Fig.9) and then re-identified by non-zero data in table 6.

Starting from rank 10, all mass values at sample site No. 1, in comparison with the total mass of all samples, are mixed up, that is, as if they do not obey the general law. This is affected by the second wave component.

Table 7 gives the parameters of the new model.

The exclusion of zeros from the source data table led to a decrease in the number of components of the private model from 16 to 5, i.e., a decrease in the volume of the statistical model without zeros occurred 3.2 times. Therefore, it is recommended to draw up shortened tables of initial data for each trial site according to the type of table 6. This simplifies the process of identifying wave components.

The trend was unchanged by exponential law.

But fluctuations in abundance sharply decreased: the seventh (Fig.6) became the second (Fig.9) and this circumstance indicates that this fluctuation becomes decisive in adapting the total species composition of 32 grass species to the growing conditions on the first test site.

Table 7

Components of the rank distribution of the mass of plant species on the first site (when considering only the available plant species by mass)

No. i Oscillation amplitude Half cycle and shear oscillation Coeff. Correl. a _1i a _2i a _3i a _4i a _5i a _6i a _7i a _8i one 2,92097 0.6814 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.9737 2 3.65286e7 4,26865 16.08902 0,18030 129,48710 -4.98863 0.93319 -6.06902 3 5,43140e-11 10,44398 0.26240 1,07921 1,31800 -0,00024246 1,60044 4,12793 0.9439 four 3,43218 4,68045 6,10067 0.31326 18,40238 -0.0019223 2,49624 -5.32413 0.7021 5 1,17282e-94 86,87595 0.88174 1,32845 3,11821 -0.14821 0.58114 3,62870 0.9894

The graph of the second in figure 9 shows that up to rank 26 there is a deterministic change in the wet weight of the sample. And then strong excitement begins.

Moreover, at the zero rank, the oscillation period is 2 × 129.48710≈259 ranks. This is 259/32 = 8.09 times the length of the general series of grass species. By rank 26, the period of vibrational adaptation is reduced to 50.3 ranks. And to rank 32 it becomes equal to only 5.7 ranks. On the following outside the general species composition, provided R≥32, the period of vibrational disturbance becomes negative.

The errors of the model according to the parameters from table 7 are given in table 8.

Table 8 Relative error in the rank distribution of grass species Name of grass Grade R On the first platform

, г

, g m, g ε, g Δ,% 1. Yarrow is common. 27 23 23.0 -0.01 -0.05 2. Anise. Ordinary 28 27 27.1 -0.07 -0.27 3. Veronica oak 26 13 13.1 -0.06 -0.43 4. Meadow geranium 29th 39 39.0 -0.03 -0.08 9. Wild strawberries 22 26 26.1 -0.05 -0.19 10. Common reed thirty 21 21.1 -0.07 -0.35 11. Cuff 16 31 31,0 -0.01 -0.02 14. Meadow cornflower 24 twenty 20.1 -0.05 -0.26 22. Goose foot 10 32 32,0 0.04 0.14 23. Creeping buttercup 2 13 13.1 -0.12 -0.94

The maximum relative error is only 0.94%. Therefore, the elimination of zeros by mass of plant species in the sample gives an increase in the accuracy of the biotechnical regularity with its reduction in the number of components. Moreover, we do not yet know what each of the wave components means heuristically. For a more detailed clarification of the physico-biological picture of the adaptive activity of individual plant species, new experiments are needed.

The present invention improves the functionality of the method due to more detailed types of plants by wet weight, and without reference to the distances along the sections and along the river, and even without measuring the height of the test site above the water edge.

In addition, the method is simplified in execution, since it is not necessary to measure distances along and across the river, as well as to measure the height of the test plots and this makes it possible to conduct annual environmental monitoring of different sections of the floodplain meadow subjected to various anthropogenic influences. The main thing is the change in the fresh mass of grass from the same sample plots according to the general list of species of grass and grass plants.

The method is also simplified due to the fact that it is not necessary to dry grass samples and this allows you to immediately weigh the samples on a portable scale immediately after cutting and immediately discard this sample after weighing. Therefore, there will be only one most important indicator - the weight of the raw sample, depending on the overall rank scale, which is compiled by the sum of the masses of freshly cut grass at the same test sites, and the ranks are arranged according to the increase in the total mass of the cut grass. This simplification greatly expands the possibilities of applying the method to a much larger number of test sites, planned along the river for long sections of a small river. In this case, the relief is completely excluded from the analysis of the distribution of grass species throughout the site or on its individual test sites.

Claims (3)

1. A method for assessing the species composition of grass cover in floodplain meadows, including the allocation on a small river or its tributary visually on a map or in-situ of a section of a floodplain meadow with grass cover, marking on a selected area along the course of a small river or its tributary in characteristic places of at least three sections in the transverse direction, marking along each alignment of at least three test sites on each side of a small river or its tributary, characterized in that a frame with internal sides of at least 0.50 × 0.50 is laid on each test site m, then the aboveground parts of individual plants or their portions are cut off flush with the soil surface in the form of several plants of the same species present on the test site, then the cut plant portions are laid out in separate heaps by type of grass, and after cutting all the blades of grass from the entire trial area of the heap of grass immediately weighed on a portable scale, and after weighing, heaps of grass are thrown away, while the weighing procedure by throwing out suspended plants is repeated at each test site in a selected area, then m calculate the total mass of freshly cut grass by type of grass, and on each separate test site, the mass of the whole sample of freshly cut grass is calculated as the sum of the masses of individual heaps by type of grass, and the total mass of this type of plant is calculated as the sum of all heaps of cut grass by type from all test sites , then, for individual plant species, for all test sites, they compose a rank scale of grass species by freshly cut mass, and the ranks are ranked as the total mass in the plot increases, and the species composition is estimated ravyanogo cover carried out statistical modeling by identifying the mathematical models of changes in the mass of cut grass in the area, and a separate test site depending on the rank of species of grass and herbaceous plants. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the number of species at each test site is additionally counted, while the same size of 0.50 × 0.50 m is performed on the entire selected area of the floodplain meadow, and in the aggregate, the area of all the test sites is not less than 4 m², while the minimum number of test sites is 18 - 6 sites in three sections, and weighing grass heaps is carried out on portable scales with a division price of 1 g. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that for the construction of mathematical models of changes in the mass of freshly cut grass in the plot and on a separate test site, depending on the rank of the types of grass and grass plants, use the formula

where m is the estimated mass of the sample of freshly cut grass, g,
m _i - mass according to the components of the equation, g,
R is the mass rank of the plant species in a given section of the floodplain meadow of a small river, R = 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., and R = 0 is given to a species of grass or grass plant that does not exist in this section,
Ai is the amplitude (half) of the fluctuation of the mass of raw grass, g,
p _i is the half-period of the fluctuation of the rank of mass in plant species,
a _{1 ...} a ₈ are the parameters of the equation obtained after identification by statistical data of measurements of the mass of the crude sample of grass,
i is the number of the component of the general equation,
n is the number of trend equations and wave components.

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