RU2547763C2 - Method of analysis of composition of meadow grass on height of test plot over edge of small river - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method comprises allocation on the small river or its tributary visually on the map or in-situ of plot of floodplain meadow. Then, on this plot downstream the small river or its tributary in specific areas at least three cross-sections of measurement in the transverse direction are marked. Along each cross-section at least three test plots are marked on each side of the small river or its tributary. After marking the height of location of the centre of each test plot is measured from the surface of the small river or its tributary, and then patterns of influence of the height of location of the test plots above the water edge on the performance of samples of grass are identified. Also assessment is made of the impact of the distinctive orographic features of relief and natural and man-made objects located inside and outside the selected plot. At each cross-section of measurements the specific sites are determined on changing the altitude. Then, using a level unit the altitude differences are measured between the centres of the test plots and the river edge. For the analysis of the species composition of the grass at a characteristic place of cross-section of measurements a peg is placed and then a square frame is stacked to form the peg as the centre. And without cutting grass the test plot becomes virtual. Then, on the virtual test plot inside a square frame the number of species of grass is counted, and recorded in the table with a common list on the rows of this table of all kinds of grass and herbaceous plants that at least once are found on the allocated plot of the small river. In the columns under the numbers of virtual test plots the unit is put in case of the presence of this species of grass and herbaceous plant and leave the cell of the table empty in case of the absence of the plant species, so the measurements are performed consistently of the presence of grass species in all virtual test plots. After that the units are summarised on the columns of the table and the number of species of plants in each virtual test site is calculated, and then by dividing the present number of plant species on the total number of species for all rows in the table the relative occurrence of species of grass on each virtual plot is calculated. Then the wave patterns of change in the relative occurrence of species are identified depending on the height of the virtual test site above the water edge by statistical modelling.

EFFECT: method enables to improve the accuracy of accounting the presence of species of grass and herbaceous plants, taking into account the measurement with the level unit of height of location of the plots without cutting the grass.

5 cl, 5 dwg, 3 tbl, 1 ex

Description

The invention relates to measuring the quality of various species complexes of grasses and herbaceous plants, mainly in floodplain meadows, and can be used in environmental monitoring of areas with grass cover. The invention also relates to landscapes of small rivers with meadow vegetation and can be used to assess the species diversity of grass by the presence of individual plant species, depending on the height of the virtual location, that is, without cutting, the trial site.

A known method of testing a sample of grass plants according to the patent of the Russian Federation No. 2389015, including placing the sample in a vessel in parts with an increase in its mass, moreover, before cutting the aerial part of the grass, the contours of the site at the place of sampling of grass plants are noted, after cutting the grass from the entire site, the sample is immediately weighed on the scales near the site, and after the first weighing, the grass sample is placed for natural drying in a dry and calm place, then after drying the grass sample is weighed.

The disadvantage is that the method involves the indivisibility of the sample into individual elements according to the species composition, and this does not allow the analysis of the sample according to the species composition of grass and grass plants.

There is also a known method of testing grass cover on a floodplain of a small river according to patent No. 2384048, which includes a section of a floodplain meadow with grass cover on a small river or its tributary, either on the map or in situ, then mark on this section along the course of a small river or its tributary in characteristic places at least three cross-sections of measurements in the transverse direction within the water protection zone, at least three test sites are marked along each section on each side of the small river or its tributary; after marking, the height of the price is measured pa each sampling site on the surface of a small river or its tributary, and after the detected patterns influence the height of the test plots on the water's edge on indicators grass samples and assessing the impact distinguishing orographic features of relief and located inside and outside the selected area of natural and man-made objects.

The disadvantages are the impossibility of taking into account the presence of species of grass and herbaceous plants at test sites without cutting plants and the uncertainty in the laws of the influence of the height of the test site without cutting grass on species diversity when distributing grass species among these test sites.

EFFECT: increased accuracy of accounting for the presence of species of grass and herbaceous plants, taking into account level measurements of the height of these sites without cutting grass.

This technical result is achieved by the fact that the method of analyzing the species composition of meadow grass from the height of the test site above the edge of a small river, including the allocation on the small river or its tributary visually on a map or in-situ section of a floodplain meadow, then on this section along the course of a small river or its tributary in characteristic places mark at least three cross sections of measurements in the transverse direction, mark at least three test plots on each side of a small river or its tributary along each section, and after marking measure the height of the center of each test site from the surface of a small river or its tributary, and then identify patterns of influence of the height of the test sites above the water edge on the performance of grass samples, and also assess the impact of distinctive orographic features of the relief and natural and man-made located inside and outside the territory of the selected area objects, characterized in that at each measuring site, characteristic places are distinguished by a change in height, then, using the level, height differences between prices are measured Trams of test sites and a river edge, to analyze the species composition of grass at a characteristic location of the measuring site, a peg is hammered and then a square frame is laid to form the center in the form of a peg, and without cutting the grass, the test site becomes virtual, then the number of species is counted on the virtual test site inside the square frame grasses and are entered in a table with a general list along the lines of this table of all types of grassy and herbaceous plants found at least once in a selected section of a small river, and in the column ah, according to the numbers of virtual test sites, they put a unit in the presence of this type of grass and grass plant and leave the table cell empty in the absence of a plant type, measure the presence of grass species in all virtual test sites in sequence, then units are summed by the table columns and the number of species is calculated plants at each virtual test site, and then dividing the available number of plant species by the total number of species for all rows of the table, the relative hydrochloric frequency of species of grass in each virtual site, then the statistical simulation reveal the wave patterns of change in the relative occurrence of species depending on the height of the virtual test platform above the water's edge.

At each alignment, characteristic places are distinguished by changing heights, and hollows and protrusions of the wave profile of the terrain are taken as characteristic places at each measurement alignment.

Using the level, the height differences between the centers of the virtual test sites are measured according to the method from the "middle", while the level is installed on the alignment at approximately the same distance to the observed points as the centers of the virtual test sites with pegs, in the center of the virtual test site, a geodesic is installed on the peg from above rail, then measurements are taken over the edge of the water surface of a small river in this measurement range.

Prior to the measurements by inspection of the entire selected area, a general list of all types of grass is established, and then, for identification of individual species, a general table of species is compiled in rows by selecting identifiable plant species from the atlas or other information sources, with a pre-prepared general species composition of all possible types of grass and grass plants on this site or along the entire length of a small river significantly speeds up the work.

Statistical modeling reveals the wave patterns of the relative occurrence of species in the entire selected area of the floodplain meadow of a small river, depending on the height of the virtual test site above the water edge according to the general formula:

, $$B_i=A_i\cos \left(\pi H/p_i-a_{8i}\right)$$

, $$B={\displaystyle \sum _{i=\mathrm{one}}^m{B}_i}$$

, $$B_i=A_i\cos \left(\pi H/p_i-a_{8i}\right)$$

,

, $$p_i=a_{5i}+a_{6i}{H}^{a_{7i}}$$

, $$A_i=a_{\mathrm{one}i}{H}^{a_{2i}}\exp \left(-a_{3i}{H}^{a_{\mathrm{four}i}}\right)$$

, $$p_i=a_{5i}+a_{6i}{H}^{a_{7i}}$$

,

where B is the relative occurrence of plant species, with 0≤B≤1,

B _i - the relative occurrence of the species composition of plants on each virtual test site for each component of the equation,

A _i - the amplitude (half) of the vibrational disturbance of the species composition from the height (y axis) over the edge of the water surface of a small river,

p _i - half oscillation period (x axis) of the species composition, m,

H - the height of the virtual test site above the water edge, m,

a ₁ ... a ₈ - model parameters obtained after identification according to the statistical data of measurements on a specific selected area of the floodplain meadow of a small river,

i is the number of the component in the general formula,

m is the number of components in the equation by the condition of an acceptable identification error of 5%.

The essence of the technical solution lies in the fact that water nutrition of plants occurs according to the height difference between the water edge and the trial site, and this circumstance is dominant in the species composition of grass and grass plants. At the same time, the regularity of the influence of the virtual height, that is, without cutting the grass sample, and therefore without subsequent weighing and drying, does not significantly affect the distance across and along the river, or the nature of the anthropogenic impact on the meadow phytocenosis.

The essence of the technical solution also lies in the fact that the revealed general regularity of the influence of the height of the studied plant community allows one to ecologically evaluate the drying up of a small river, that is, a decrease in its water surface level, on the coastal meadow phytocenosis. In recent decades, due to the destruction of vegetation, most streams and streams in the country have dried up, and small rivers are constantly reducing their full-flow and surface water levels. This leads to the degradation of floodplain meadows, the loss of their productivity.

The essence of the technical solution also lies in the fact that studying the behavior of the grass coastal cover depending on the height of the grass above the water edge of a small river opens up practically new possibilities for the reclamation of pastures and hayfields by controlling the height of the grass cover above the water edge:

a) increasing the full flow of small rivers, streams and streams by increasing the activity of vegetation over the entire catchment area;

b) hydraulic engineering construction with optimization at each site of a small river or its inflow, the height of the mosaic in terms of the height of the surface structure of the grass cover;

c) the normalization of nature management on this small river due to the exclusion of values that are clearly not optimal in height of location of the grass above the water surface of the river;

d) a rational change in elevation along the heights of individual plots of the floodplain meadow to increase its total productivity in mowed and dried grass (hay).

The essence of the technical solution also lies in the fact that experiments to determine the species composition of grass can be carried out without weighing and without natural drying. This allows you to lay permanent test sites. They only have to count the number of types of grass.

A positive effect is achieved by the fact that the total number of species in the composition of all the studied 18 test sites shows the presence of a clear wave adaptation of the grass cover in terms of its species composition due to a change in the height above the water surface of a small river. Grass biodiversity is highly and mathematically highly dependent on this height. The identification of the mathematical relationship with the height of the relief above the edge of the water of a small river allows us to determine the effect on the species composition in terms of the occurrence of species at different test sites. At the same time, this opens up a new direction in science - this is the hydrobiology of land on the example of grass cover, since we fully believe that regardless of the point on the land of planet Earth, the regularity of the influence of the height of a location on a certain part of the grass cover will affect the species-specific climate composition of grass.

The novelty of the technical solution lies in the fact that for the first time the laws of the species distribution are proved, depending on the main parameter of the coastal relief - the height of the grass above the edge of the water surface of a small river. Moreover, such a criterion is finally found that does not depend on the anthropogenic impact on the abundance of species of grass and herbaceous plants in different parts of the floodplain meadow. Because the very abundance and composition of the group of grass species clearly depends on the height of the mosaic of the floodplain meadow, which has approximately the same height.

The proposed technical solution has significant features, novelty and a significant positive effect. No materials discrediting the novelty of the technical solution were found.

Figure 1 shows a diagram of a selected area with three measuring stations along the stream of the small river Managa: 1-18 - numbers of test sites; figure 2 shows the profiles of the three sections of the selected section of a small river; figure 3 presents a graphical depiction of the relief of the selected area of the floodplain meadow on the Managa River; figure 4 sequentially shows graphs of the deterministic model and the additional two wave equations for the influence of the height of the test site above the water edge on the rate of occurrence of plant species, as well as residues from this model (2); figure 5 shows an additional five wave functions and residues after nine components of the biotechnological function.

The method for analyzing the species composition of meadow grass from the height of the virtual test site above the water edge of a small river contains the following steps.

First, the grass cover is visually examined in the given floodplain meadow area and places with measuring ranges and virtual test sites relative to them across the small river are marked. At the same time, at least three sections and at least three virtual test sites are marked on each side of the small river. Over the course of a small river or its tributary, bends and other forms of channel formation of a small river or its tributary are taken as natural characteristic places.

In the studied floodplain meadow, at least three hydrometric sections are marked in the transverse direction with the distances between them along the course of the small river or its inflow not more than 100 times the width of the water mirror in the summer low water, and the test sites are located at intervals of at least 10 m between each other and from the edge of a water mirror of coastal test sites. At least three test sites on each side of the small river or its tributary are marked along each gauge gauge, and the numbering of test sites is carried out from the left bank to the right when the observer is facing the stream of the small river or its tributary.

The contours of the virtual, that is, not used to cut the grass sample, but used only to count the number of types of grass inside, areas of 0.50 × 0.50 are marked with a peg in the center of it.

For laying, a frame is made with internal sides 0.50 × 0.50 m, for example, of wooden battens knocked together with nails. It is laid on the grass around the peg, and after counting all types of grass on this site, they switch to another virtual site, marked with a peg.

The dimensions of the square test plots are taken with stacking in characteristic places of the selected section of the frame sequentially with the inner sides of at least 0.50 × 0.50 m, and the number of laying of the frame in the characteristic places of the selected section of the floodplain meadow is taken so that the sum of all laying of the frame, i.e. of all virtual test sites, the area was not less than 4 m ² . Moreover, the determination of the species composition of the grass is carried out without cutting the grass from a virtual test site and without measuring the distances across and along the small river.

Instead of a large site measuring 2.00 × 2.00 m in size, to test the number of species in the entire selected area of the floodplain meadow, trial plots with a minimum size of 0.50 × 0.50 m are allocated, but together they provide an area of at least 4 m ² , with this minimum number of test sites is 3 alignment × 6 sites = 18 pcs., then according to the prototype their total area in the minimum case will be equal to 18 × 0.50 × 0.50 = 4.50 m ² , which is more than the required area of 4, 00 m ² .

The use of laying the same frame allows you to lay permanent test sites, which are marked in the center with pegs, and measuring the composition of meadow grass is carried out several times during the growing season of the entire grass cover.

At each measurement site, characteristic places are distinguished by a change in height. Then, using the level, the height differences between the centers of the test sites and the river edge are measured. To analyze the species composition of the grass, a peg is hammered in a characteristic location of the measurement site and then a square frame is laid to form the center in the form of a peg, and without cutting the grass, the trial site becomes virtual.

Then, on the virtual test site inside the square frame, the number of types of grass is counted and entered into a table with a general list along the lines of this table of all types of grassy and herbaceous plants found at least once in a selected section of a small river. And in the columns, according to the numbers of virtual test sites, they put a unit in the presence of this type of grass and grass plant and leave the table cell empty in the absence of the plant type. So sequentially measure the presence of grass species in all virtual test sites.

After that, the units are summarized according to the columns of the table and the number of plant species is calculated on each virtual test site, and then by dividing the available number of plant species by the total number of species, the relative occurrence of grass species on each virtual site is calculated for all rows of the table. After that, statistical modeling reveals wave patterns of changes in the relative occurrence of species depending on the height of the virtual test site above the water edge.

At each alignment, characteristic places are distinguished by changing heights, and hollows and protrusions of the wave profile of the terrain are taken as characteristic places at each measurement alignment.

Using the level, the height differences between the centers of the virtual test sites are measured according to the method from the "middle", while the level is installed on the alignment at approximately the same distance to the observed points as the centers of the virtual test sites with pegs, in the center of the virtual test site, a geodesic is installed on the peg from above rail, then measurements are taken over the edge of the water surface of a small river in this measurement range.

Prior to the measurements by inspection of the entire selected area, a general list of all types of grass is established, and then, for identification of individual species, a general table of species is compiled in rows by selecting identifiable plant species from the atlas or other information sources, with a pre-prepared general species composition of all possible types of grass and grass plants on this site or along the entire length of a small river significantly speeds up the work.

Statistical modeling reveals the wave patterns of the relative occurrence of species in the entire selected area of the floodplain meadow of a small river, depending on the height of the virtual test site above the water edge according to the general formula:

, $$B_i=A_i\cos \left(\pi H/p_i-a_{8i}\right)$$

, $$B={\displaystyle \sum _{i=\mathrm{one}}^m{B}_i}$$

, $$B_i=A_i\cos \left(\pi H/p_i-a_{8i}\right)$$

,

, $$p_i=a_{5i}+a_{6i}{H}^{a_{7i}}$$

, $$A_i=a_{\mathrm{one}i}{H}^{a_{2i}}\exp \left(-a_{3i}{H}^{a_{\mathrm{four}i}}\right)$$

, $$p_i=a_{5i}+a_{6i}{H}^{a_{7i}}$$

,

where B is the relative occurrence of plant species, with 0≤B≤1,

B _i - the relative occurrence of the species composition of plants on each virtual test site for each component of the equation,

A _i - the amplitude (half) of the vibrational disturbance of the species composition from the height (y axis) over the edge of the water surface of a small river,

p _i - half oscillation period (x axis) of the species composition, m,

H - the height of the virtual test site above the water edge, m,

a ₁ ... a ₈ - model parameters obtained after identification according to the statistical data of measurements on a specific selected area of the floodplain meadow of a small river,

i is the number of the component in the general formula,

m is the number of components in the equation by the condition of an acceptable identification error of 5%.

Example. The object of study is land on the territory of the Azanovsky tribal plant of the Medvedevsky district of the Mari El Republic with vegetation in the grassy floodplain of the Managa River (Fig. 1)

The subject of the study is the regularities of the influence of the distance across and along the river, as well as the height from the water edge on the species composition of the grass cover.

Managa is the left tributary of Malaya Kokshagi, the length of the river is 27 km, the catchment area is 194 km ² . The section along the Managa River is located from the northeast to the southwest. Floodplain - for grazing and haying.

The authors chose the method of test sites, when studying grass, the adoption of test sites with dimensions of 0.5 × 0.5 m and an area of 0.25 m ² . To comply with constant conditions, sampling in a floodplain meadow is proposed to be carried out during the period of grass maturation.

To quantify vegetation, it is first necessary to determine the species composition of the biocenosis, to identify the nature of the distribution of plants by area. This makes it possible to find out the annual variability, change of species, and the stability of the species composition of the meadow.

The studies were conducted in July 2011. The following instruments were used: a level for measuring elevations above the water surface of the small Managa River.

First, the coastline of the small Managa River and the grass cover in the floodplain meadow were visually examined on both sides, then the locations of eighteen test plots of the floodplain meadow with the test grass cover before haying were field-mapped.

Inspection of the entire selected area eyeballs establish a general list of all types of grass. For the identification of all species, a methodological manual is prepared by selecting plant species from the atlas or from other sources of information. Such pre-prepared species composition of all possible types of grass and herbaceous plants on this small river significantly speeds up the work.

Three sections were selected along the river and three samples from each section on both sides of the river. The location of the test sites presented in figures 1 and 2.

To simplify the process of establishing a test site, a square template was made of wooden slats. For a virtual site samples selected at a characteristic location along the measuring line across the river, the reference area was first marked with a peg in its center. Then we impose a template with an internal section of 0.25 m ² and after that we carry out the registration of plant species by simple listing from the general list of species. The obtained data are recorded in a journal, which indicates the number of the alignment, the numbers of the registration sites, the height to the center of the test site from the water edge.

We carry out the same actions for the remaining test sites and targets and enter all the measured data in a log.

Moreover, the species composition of the grass is determined without cutting the grass from the virtual test site and without measuring the distances across, along and along the height of the virtual test site. The number of types of grass is counted on them inside the frame and entered into a table with a general list along the lines of this table of all types of grassy and herbaceous plants found at least once on any virtual trial site. And in the columns, according to the numbers of virtual test sites, they put a unit in the presence of this type of grass and grass plant and leave the table cell empty if there is no plant species from the species list. So sequentially measure the presence of grass species in all virtual test sites.

Next, to determine the height of the test site, we perform geodetic work, as a result of which we determine the excess-difference in height of the points of the terrain using a level and two rails. There are various types and methods of leveling: leveling in the way "from the middle", "forward". We choose the “from the middle” method.

We establish the level on the alignment, approximately at the same distance to the observed points. We bring the level to the working position on a circular level with the help of lifting screws. In the center of the test site we install pegs on which the rails are mounted on top. We sight the telescope on the back rail and when combining the two ends of the cylindrical level, we take the count on the black side of the rail, then red. After that, we point the pipe to the front rail and take readings on it on the two black and red sides.

Remaining at the station, we calculate the values of the measured excesses on both sides of the rail. When moving to the next station, the rail at the front point becomes the back.

A schematic image of the profile of the sections is presented in figure 2.

Test sites on the right bank of the Ronga river (No. 4-6, 10-12 and 16-18) are located at the place where livestock were grazed regularly. The relief can be described as mild. Test sites of the left bank (No. 1-3, 13-15) are not used and are not subjected to any anthropogenic impact, and test sites (No. 7-9) are located on the site of a hay meadow. The territory has a pronounced relief (figure 3), and there are different sections of the floodplain meadow with different anthropogenic influences. But this difference turned out to be insignificant, and the influence of height was revealed by statistical modeling in the CurveExpert-1.40 software environment (http://www.curveexpert.net).

Therefore, the presence of all 32 species of grass and herbaceous plants is shown completely in Table 1. The numbering of the species was arbitrary.

Table 1 The presence of herbaceous and herbaceous plants at trial sites in 2011 Name of grass The presence in the samples by type of grass and site numbers 0.50 × 0.50 m one 2 3 four 5 6 7 8 9 10 eleven 12 13 fourteen fifteen 16 17 eighteen 1. Yarrow one one one one one one one one one one one one 2. Anise ordinary one one one one one one one one one one one one 3. Veronica oak one one one one one one one one one 4. Meadow geranium one one one one one one one one one one 5. Meadow dandelion one one one one one one one one one one one 6. Plantain lanceolate one one 7. Soddy pike one one one one one one 8. Timothy grass meadow one one one one 9. Wild strawberries one one one one one one one 10. Common reed one one one one one one one one one one one one one one 11. Cuff one one one one 12. Coltsfoot one one 13. Blackberry cockerel millet one one one one 14. Meadow cornflower one one one one one one 15. Burdock one 16. Common reed one one one one one 17. Wormwood one one one one 18. Medicinal medicine one 19. Wheat grass creeping one one one 20. Forget-me-not small-colored one 21. Melilotus officinalis yellow one 22. Goose foot one 23. Creeping buttercup one 24. Belous sticking out one 25. Weedbug one 26. Chicory one one one 27. Meadow foxtail one 28. I spat for many years one one 29. Clover red one 30. Bonfire one 31. Field bindweed one one 32. Hypericum perforatum one Number of species 10 10 2 10 6 10 8 5 7 7 8 7 6 8 10 3 9 8

Summary data for individual test sites, for the entire set of plant species, are given in Table 2. It gives all three influencing variables (distance along and across, as well as the height above the water edge) and a dependent indicator - the relative occurrence of species of grass and herb plants in virtual trial sites.

table 2 Summary of measurements and calculations for trial sites in 2011 Trial Number Explanatory variables Number of species N, pcs. Dependent indicator The distance across the river L, m Distance along the river L _in , m Height from water edge H, m Relative occurrence of species B Absolute modeling error Relates. error one 0 0 2.14 10 0.3125 0,0015338 0.49 2 thirty 0 2.01 10 0.3125 -0.00693628 -2.22 3 60 0 1.92 2 0.0625 -0,000290556 -0.46 four 121.5 0 2.32 10 0.3125 0,00711288 2.28 5 151.5 0 2.07 6 0.1875 0,000369696 0.20 6 181.5 0 1.25 10 0.3125 -0,000321447 -0.10 7 0 fifty 1.10 8 0.2500 0.00530314 2.12 8 thirty fifty 1.07 5 0.1563 -0.00213261 -1.36 9 60 fifty 1.03 7 0.2188 0.00130972 0.60 10 121.7 fifty 1.15 7 0.2188 -0.00209562 -0.96 eleven 151.7 fifty 1.32 8 0.2500 -0.00103531 -0.41 12 181.7 fifty 1.50 7 0.2188 -0,000920773 -0.42 13 0 one hundred 1.84 6 0.1875 -0.00137725 -0.73 fourteen thirty one hundred 2.00 8 0.2500 0.0110614 4.42 fifteen 60 one hundred 2.14 10 0.3125 0,0015338 0.49 16 121.3 one hundred 1.99 3 0.0938 -0.00571237 -6.09 17 151.3 one hundred 2.23 9 0.2813 -0.00262433 -0.93 eighteen 181.3 one hundred 2.26 8 0.2500 0,00682092 2.73 Total 134 0.2328 0.01159881 -0.37

The relative occurrence of grass species is calculated using the formula B = N / 18 for each virtual test site. Only such a relative indicator allows you to compare different areas with a different number of test sites. Then, in any case, the indicator varies within 0≤B≤1.

At 18 sites, 134 filled cells are found by the presence of this type of grass. Theoretically, all 32 × 18 = 576 cells can be filled. Then the coefficient of correlative variation in the number of grass species is 134 / (32 × 18) = 134/576 = 0.2328.

This indicator is universal and can be used to compare different sections on the same river and even on different rivers.

It is necessary to determine which factor of the three relief parameters influences the occurrence of species in 18 trial plots, the greatest influence (in correlation coefficient).

Modeling showed that the correlation coefficients are equal to:

- the influence of the distance across the river 0,0447;

- the influence of the distance along the river 0.1193;

- the influence of the height of the test site above the water edge of a small river 0.5545 (according to the deterministic model in figure 4).

Thus, the tightness of factor relationships between distances and the species occurrence rate is less than 0.3. Therefore, they can be excluded.

The trend (figure 4) of the influence of height refers to the average tightness of factorial connection. It is determined by an equation of the form

$$\begin{array}{l}B=0.39111\exp \left(-0.46603H\right)+\\ +\mathrm{0,19967}{H}^{172.07734}\exp \left(-\mathrm{51,04423}{H}^{\mathrm{1,24190}}\right).\left(\mathrm{one}\right)\end{array}$$

But we know that additions to wave functions will raise the level of correlation. Therefore, we supplement the trend with waves of indignation.

Figure 4 also shows graphs of two fluctuations of adaptation and the general model according to the equation (obtained by the capabilities of the software environment):

$$B=B_{\mathrm{one}}+{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="B"\; filenames="00000017.png,00000018.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">B</figure-callout>}}_2+{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="3"\; label="B"\; filenames="00000017.png,00000018.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">B</figure-callout>}}_3+B_{\mathrm{four}},\left(2\right)$$

B ₁ = 0.18572 exp (0.057497H),

B ₂ = 0.28696H ^172.79114 exp (-50.99026H ^1.24190 ),

B ₃ = A ₁ cos (πH / p ₁ -3.49888),

A ₁ = -0.067583 exp (0.0023916H ^8.83183 ),

p ₁ = 0.21721 + 0.068327H ^1.26487 ,

B ₄ = A ₂ cos (πH / p ₂ + 6.16527),

A ₂ = 7.9241910 ^-8 H ^123.57105 exp (-16.81392H ^2.06999 ),

p ₂ = 0.17469-0.010684H ^2.12996 .

The correlation coefficient is 0.9563.

Further, without combining with model (2), five more wave functions were obtained (all of them are shown in Fig. 5).

Therefore, the correlation coefficient will increase significantly, and it can be argued that the occurrence of species of grass and herbaceous plants on test sites of 0.50 × 0.50 m in size, depending on the height of their location above the edge of the small Managa River, is proven.

Next, we consider the possibility of generalizing patterns. We adhere to the concept of Descartes about the need to use an algebraic equation of a general form directly as a finite mathematical solution of unknown integral equations.

For generalization, a new class of wave functions was proposed.

A signal is a material storage medium. And we understand the information as a measure of interaction. A signal may be generated, but its reception is optional. A signal can be any physical process or part of it. In our example, these are signals from the grass cover in the form of wave patterns. It turns out that a change in the set of unknown signals has long been known, for example, through series of hydrometeorological measurements at many points on the planet's vegetation cover. However, their statistical models have not yet been obtained.

Then we can write any equation as a wavelet signal of the form

$$y_i=A_i\cos \left(\pi x/p_i-a_{8i}\right),\left(3\right)$$

, $$p_i=a_{5i}+a_{6i}{x}^{a_{7i}}$$

, $$A_i=a_{\mathrm{one}i}{x}^{a_{2i}}\exp \left(-a_{3i}{x}^{a_{\mathrm{four}i}}\right)$$

, $$p_i=a_{5i}+a_{6i}{x}^{a_{7i}}$$

,

where A _i is the amplitude (half) of the wavelet (y axis),

p _i - half oscillation period (x axis),

a ₁ ... a ₈ - model parameters (3) obtained after identification by statistical measurement data,

i is the number of the component in the general model (3).

We rewrite equation (3) in our variables

$$B={\displaystyle \sum _{i=\mathrm{one}}^m{B}_i},\left(\mathrm{four}\right)$$

, $$A_i=a_{1i}{H}^{a_{2i}}\exp \left(-a_{3i}{H}^{a_{4i}}\right)$$

, $$p_i=a_{5i}+a_{6i}{H}^{a_{7i}}$$

, $$B_i=A_i\cos \left(\pi H/p_i-a_{8i}\right)$$

, $$A_i=a_{\mathrm{one}i}{H}^{a_{2i}}\exp \left(-a_{3i}{H}^{a_{\mathrm{four}i}}\right)$$

, $$p_i=a_{5i}+a_{6i}{H}^{a_{7i}}$$

,

where B is the relative occurrence of plant species, with 0≤B≤1,

B _i - the relative occurrence of the species composition of plants on each virtual test site for each component of the equation,

A _i - the amplitude (half) of the vibrational disturbance of the species composition from the height (y axis) over the edge of the water surface of a small river,

p _i - half oscillation period (x axis) of the species composition, m,

H - the height of the virtual test site above the water edge, m,

a ₁ ... a ₈ - model parameters obtained after identification according to the statistical data of measurements on a specific selected area of the floodplain meadow of a small river,

i is the number of the component in the general formula,

m is the number of components in the equation under the condition of a permissible identification error of 5% (see data in Table 2).

According to formula (4) with two fundamental physical constants e (Napier number or time number) and π (Archimedes number or space number), a quantized wavelet signal is formed from within the studied phenomenon and / or process. The concept of a wavelet signal allows us to abstract from the physical meaning of the statistical series themselves and consider only their additive expansion in vibrational perturbations.

The parameters of the formula (4) of the wavelet signals are compactly written in a compact matrix form in table 3.

Table 3

Component Wavelet Models $$y_i=a_{\mathrm{one}i}{x}^{a_{2i}}\exp \left(-a_{3i}{x}^{a_{\mathrm{four}i}}\right)\cos \left(\pi x/\left(a_{5i}+a_{6i}{x}^{a_{7i}}\right)-a_{8i}\right)$$

No. i Oscillation amplitude Half cycle and shear oscillation Coeff. correl. a _1i a _2i a _3i a _4i a _5i a _6i a _7i a _8i one 0.18572 0 -0,057497 one 0 0 0 0 0.9563 2 0.28696 172.79114 50,99026 1,24190 0 0 0 0 3 -0.067583 0 -0.0023916 8.83183 0.21721 0,068327 1,26487 3.49888 four 7,92419e-8 123.57105 16,81392 2.06999 0.17469 -0.010684 2.12996 -6.16527 5 0.35759 0 2,32984 one 0.18265 -0.030104 0.97308 -4.78857 0.4802 6 8671.0387 12,84079 11.92227 0,99531 0.058787 -0,00033934 1,24047 3.54321 0.9019 7 -258.21884 21.85672 10,10426 1.80684 0.17454 0,043927 1,22060 -0.92475 0.6285 8 0,0032464 9,71238 2.90258 1,15200 0.019730 0 0 0.40376 0.3943 9 0,00064609 3,31881 0.17227 one 0,0096252 -1.17577e-8 one -0,00042058 0.5916

From the data of table 2 it can be seen that the maximum relative error of the statistical modeling of the wave biotechnical function is only 4.42%. In addition, the measurement error with a level with a division value of 1 cm (measurement error ± 0.5 cm) is quite sufficient. But it turns out that the level of the water surface of a small river during the growing season changes by tens of centimeters. At the time of measurements, the summer low water of a small river is always observed, that is, the lowest level and thereby the maximum elevation difference between the river and virtual test sites. We hope that this scientific and technical solution will become a pioneer basis for studying the dynamics of the behavior of grassy and herbaceous plants during the growing season.

For all 18 virtual test sites, the influence of the height of the test sites above the surface of the river water on the change in the indicator of the relative occurrence of species in the territory turned out to be highly adequate. But at the same time, it is required with a level to measure the height of the test site above the water edge.

The present invention is simplified in execution, since it is not necessary to measure distances along and across the river, and this makes it possible to conduct annual environmental monitoring of different sections of the floodplain meadow subjected to one or another anthropogenic impact. The main thing is to change the height of the relief. Moreover, as it turned out, different sites with different levels of anthropogenic impact do not affect species diversity, and this makes it possible to study the water protection zone of a small river in different sections allocated along the river from source to mouth.

Claims (5)

 1. A method for analyzing the species composition of meadow grass from the height of the test site above the edge of a small river, including isolating on a small river or its tributary visually on a map or in-situ section of a floodplain meadow, then not marking in this area along the course of a small river or its tributary less than three cross sections of measurements in the transverse direction, at least three test sites are marked along each alignment on each side of a small river or its tributary; after marking, the height of the center of each test site from the top is measured spans of a small river or its tributary, and then identify patterns of influence of the height of the test plots above the water edge on the parameters of grass samples, and also assess the impact of distinctive orographic features of the relief and natural and man-made objects located inside and outside the territory of the selected site, characterized in that at each measurement site, characteristic places are identified by the change in height, then, using the level, the height differences between the centers of the test sites and the river edge are measured, for analysis for the species composition of grass at a characteristic location of the measuring site, a peg is hammered and then a square frame is laid to form a center in the form of a peg, and without cutting the grass, the test site becomes virtual, then on the virtual test site inside the square frame, the number of grass species is counted and entered in the table with the total a list along the lines of this table of all types of herbaceous and herbaceous plants found at least once in a selected area of a small river, and in columns by the numbers of virtual test sites with They take the unit in the presence of a given type of grass and grass plant and leave the table cell empty in the absence of a plant type, so they sequentially measure the presence of grass species in all virtual test sites, then the units are summed by the table columns and the number of plant species in each virtual test site is calculated and then by dividing the available number of plant species by the total number of species for all rows of the table, the relative occurrence of grass species on each wirth is calculated the natural site, after which, by statistical modeling, wave patterns of changes in the relative occurrence of species depending on the height of the virtual test site above the water edge are revealed. 2. The method of analyzing the species composition of meadow grass from the height of the test site above the edge of a small river according to claim 1, characterized in that at each alignment there are characteristic places for changing heights, and hollows and protrusions of the wave profile of the relief are taken for characteristic places at each measurement alignment terrain. 3. The method of analyzing the species composition of meadow grass from the height of the test site above the edge of a small river according to claim 1, characterized in that using the level measure the height differences between the centers of the virtual test sites according to the method from the "middle", while the level is installed on the alignment, approximately at the same distance to the observed points in the form of centers of virtual test sites with pegs, in the center of the virtual test site a geodetic rail is installed on the peg above, then height measurements are made over the edge one surface of a small river in the alignment measurements. 4. The method of analyzing the species composition of meadow grass from the height of the test site above the edge of a small river according to claim 1, characterized in that prior to measuring by inspecting the entire selected area, a general list of all types of grass is established, and then a general table of species is compiled for identification of individual species rows by selecting identifiable plant species from the atlas or other sources of information, moreover, a pre-prepared general species composition of all possible types of grass and herbaceous plants in a given area or along the entire length e small river greatly accelerates. 5. The method of analyzing the species composition of meadow grass from the height of the test site above the edge of a small river according to claim 1, characterized in that statistical modeling reveals wave patterns of the relative occurrence of species in the entire selected area of the floodplain meadow of a small river depending on the height of the virtual test site above the edge water according to the general formula:

where B is the relative occurrence of plant species, with 0≤B≤1,
B _i - the relative occurrence of the species composition of plants on each virtual test site for each component of the equation,
A _i - the amplitude (half) of the vibrational disturbance of the species composition from the height (y axis) over the edge of the water surface of a small river,
p _i - half oscillation period (x axis) of the species composition, m,
H - the height of the virtual test site above the water edge, m,
a ₁ -a ₈ - model parameters obtained after identification from the statistical data of measurements on a specific selected area of the floodplain meadow of a small river,
i is the number of the component in the general formula,
m is the number of components in the equation by the condition of an acceptable identification error of 5%.

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