RU2544642C1 - Four-stroke internal combustion engine - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: engines and pumps.

SUBSTANCE: invention can be used in engine building. A four-stroke internal combustion engine includes crank shaft 10 with a drive sprocket, a gas distribution system made in head (8) of cylinders, a fuel-and-air mixture inlet system, a combustion product exhaust system, at least one cylinder (1) with a piston installed in it and a combustion system with ignition plug (1) installed on each end face of the cylinder. The gas distribution system is made in the form of two distribution shafts (14) and (15) with driven sprockets (28) and (30), which are installed in cylindrical bores in head (8) of cylinders and kinematically connected via circuit (31) to crank shaft (10). The first and the second distribution shafts (14) and (15) provided with axial channels and radial inlet and outlet holes, the number of which corresponds to the number of cylinders. Opposite each piston in the head of cylinders there is at least one inlet and outlet hole. Openings connect at regular intervals the working cavity of each cylinder (1) to fuel-and-air mixture inlet system (12), which is performed with the first distribution shaft (14), and combustion product exhaust system (13), which is performed with the second distribution shaft (15). In the side section of circuit (31) there installed is the first chain tension device (33) with manual adjustment of its tension. In the section of chain (31) between distribution shafts (14) and (15) there installed is the second chain tension device (35) with a controlled drive. Driven sprockets have the same diameter and are larger by two times than diameter of the drive sprocket.

EFFECT: simplification of the design.

9 cl, 6 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of engine building, specifically relates to a gas distribution mechanism of an internal combustion engine.

Known internal combustion engine, for example, according to A.S. USSR No. 544759, IPC 2 E02B 27/00, comprising a gas distribution system for an internal combustion engine, for example an exhaust. This system contains the main pipeline and nozzles movably mounted on it, while in order to increase the efficiency of using wave effects on the pipeline and nozzle, windows are made and at least one of the sides of the window on the pipeline is oriented at an angle to the side of the nozzle for measurement at a relative rotation of the positions of the parts of windows. In this case, the main part of the gas generation mechanism remains complex and contains valves, springs, pushers and a camshaft kinematically connected with the crankshaft.

Known internal combustion engine according to A.S. USSR No. 1236128, IPC F02B 27/00. This engine comprises a resonant pressurization system comprising an inlet pipe with two diametrically opposite longitudinal windows connected to cylinders with mismatching phases of the intake, and a movable nozzle mounted on the inlet pipe and made with two diametrically opposite reflective windows, the first side of which is oriented at an angle to the side the corresponding longitudinal window, and in the place of application of the reflective windows to the longitudinal holes, a passage hole is made, while for the purpose of improving To improve the amplitude-phase parameters of pressure fluctuations and reduce pump losses, the movable nozzle is made with two additional reflective windows, the second side of the main reflective windows parallel to the first side, the additional reflective windows coincide in shape with the main reflective windows, and the ratio of the total cross-sectional area of the passage openings to the cross-sectional area of the inlet pipe is 2 ... 2, 5.

The disadvantages are the same as the previous counterpart.

Also known is an internal combustion engine according to the patent of Russian Federation No. 2008457, MCP 5 F02 and 27/00, which contains an exhaust system that includes an exhaust pipe that is movably mounted on the nozzle pipe, the exhaust pipe and nozzles being provided with longitudinal and inclined slots, respectively. A piston is mounted in the exhaust pipe with axial displacement, and a cone-shaped recess is made in the piston bottom.

Known internal combustion engine of the classical scheme used for cars VAZ-2101, VAZ-2103, etc., described in the book D.V. Kozheykina “How to fix a car yourself”, “Frigate”, Chelyabinsk, 1992, p. 8. This engine contains a crankshaft, a gas distribution system made in the cylinder head, an air-fuel mixture intake system and an exhaust system of combustion products, at least one cylinder with a piston installed in it.

Disadvantages: design complexity and low efficiency.

A four-stroke internal combustion engine is known from the Internet site http: //www.motosvit/com, (prototype) in Appendix 1.

The disadvantages of the prototype: structural complexity and low reliability of the gas distribution mechanism containing a large number of parts, including the camshaft, valves, springs, valve seals, valve clearance control system. This complicates the adjustment of the gas distribution mechanism, leads to wear of the parts of the mechanism. Deterioration of valve stems and their seals, for example, leads to disruption of gas distribution, oil getting into the combustion chamber of the engine and smoky exhaust during its combustion, and, as a result, environmental degradation.

The objectives of the invention, which coincide with the technical result, is to increase the efficiency and its reliability, simplify the design and improve the environment.

The solution to these problems was achieved in a four-stroke internal combustion engine containing a crankshaft with a drive sprocket, a gas distribution system made in the cylinder head, an air-fuel mixture intake system, an exhaust system of combustion products and at least one cylinder with a piston installed in it and an ignition system with a spark plug mounted on each end of the cylinder, the fact that according to the invention the gas distribution system is made in the form of installed in cylindrical bores in the head of the cylinder Ndrov and kinematically connected by a chain with a crankshaft of two camshafts with driven sprockets: the first and second with axial channels and radial inlet and outlet openings, the number of which corresponds to the number of cylinders, at least one inlet and outlet window is made against each piston of the cylinder head, periodically communicating the working cavity of each cylinder with the air-fuel mixture intake systems that the first camshaft performs and the exhaust system of the combustion products the second camshaft is installed on the side of the chain, the first chain tensioner is installed with manual adjustment of its tension, the second chain tensioner with a controlled drive is installed on the chain section between the camshafts, and the driven sprockets are made of the same diameter and twice the diameter of the driven sprocket.

Spark plugs can be made laser, and a block is connected into the ignition system, connected by an optical fiber to the spark plug. The engine may comprise a control unit. The engine may include a crankshaft speed sensor and a crankshaft angle sensor, connected by electrical communication with the control unit. The axis of the camshafts can be made parallel to each other and the axis of the crankshaft.

Camshafts can be made of ceramic. Camshafts can be mounted on ceramic plain bearings.

The engine may comprise an angular position sensor of the first camshaft and an angular position sensor of the second camshaft. The angular position sensor of the first camshaft and the angular position sensor of the second camshaft can be electrically connected to the control unit.

The invention is illustrated in the drawings of FIG. 1 ... 6, where:

in FIG. 1 shows an end view,

in FIG. 2 shows a section aa,

in FIG. 3 shows a longitudinal section of an internal combustion engine in BB, the first version,

in FIG. 4 shows a longitudinal section of the engine on BB, the second version,

in FIG. 5 shows a diagram of the engine with additional sensors, section CC,

in FIG. 6 shows the sequence diagram of the engine.

The internal combustion engine (hereinafter referred to as the engine) comprises (Fig. 1 ... 6) at least one cylinder 1 and a piston 2 installed therein.

The following is a two-cylinder engine. Each piston 2 has compression and oil scraper rings 3 and 4, respectively. The cylinders 1 are made integral with the housing 5 having a pan 6 for oil 7. Above the cylinders 1 is a cylinder head 8, between them a gasket 9 is installed.

The engine has a crankshaft 10, a gas distribution system 11, made in the cylinder head 8.

The invention extends its rights to a single-cylinder engine, as well as to engines with any number of cylinders and with any arrangement thereof, for example with a V-shaped arrangement of cylinders.

The gas distribution system 11 includes an air-fuel mixture intake system 12 and an exhaust system 13, and two camshafts: a first camshaft 14 and a second camshaft 15. The shafts 14 and 15 are cylindrical (without cams).

Both camshafts 14 and 15 have the same design and are installed in parallel with each other and with the crankshaft 10. Both camshafts are made with axial channels 16, radial inlet and outlet openings, 17 and 18, respectively. Camshafts 14 and 15 function as fuel-air intake systems mixture 12 and exhaust 13.

In addition, the inlet system of the air-fuel mixture 12 includes inlet windows 19 made in the cylinder head 8 and exiting into the combustion chambers 20, and the exhaust system 13 includes exhaust windows 21 made in the cylinder head 8.

The pistons 2 are connected to the crankshaft 10 by connecting rods 22 in which the pins are mounted 23. The connecting rods 22 have connecting rod bearings 24. The crankshaft 10 is mounted on the main bearings 25 and sealed with seals 26. Oil channels 27 are made inside the crankshaft 10.

The gas distribution system 11 includes a drive sprocket 28 and two driven sprockets 29 and 30 connected by a chain (or belt) 31. The diameter of the driven sprockets 29 and 30 is 2 times the diameter of the drive sprocket 28. For two turns of the crankshaft 10, the camshafts 14 and 15 make only one revolution. Due to the lack of pushers, there is no need to lubricate them, which reduces the ingress of oil into the combustion chambers of 20 cylinders 1 and improves the environmental performance of the engine.

Camshafts 14 and 15 should be made of heat-resistant steel or ceramic and mounted on ceramic bearings 32.

Near the lateral section of the chain 31, a first chain tensioner 33 is installed, which has a manual drive 34, and in the area between the camshafts 14 and 15, a second chain tensioner 35 with a controlled drive 36 is installed.

In addition, the engine is equipped with an ignition system, which contains spark plugs 37 according to the number of cylinders 1, connected by an optical fiber 38 to the pump unit 39. Spark plugs 37 are preferably laser-made. They, while consuming less power, give short-term discharges of enormous power (tens of kW). For this, the spark plugs 37 are connected by an optical fiber 38 to a pump unit 39.

The engine may be equipped with a control unit 40, which is electrically connected 41 to a pump unit 39.

A cavity 42 is provided between the cylinders 1 and between the housing 5 and the cylinders 1 for cooling the cylinders 1. The spark plugs 37 may have fins 43. The air-fuel mixture intake system 12 includes an inlet pipe 44 and a throttle valve 45.

The engine cooling system includes a discharge pipe 46, a pump 47, an intermediate pipe 48, a radiator 49, and a supply pipe 50.

In addition, the engine can be equipped with a crankshaft speed sensor 51, a crankshaft angular position sensor 52, a crankshaft speed sensor 53 (for detecting an even or odd crankshaft revolution) and an angular position sensor for the first camshaft 54, an angular position sensor for the second camshaft 55 connected by electrical connections 41 to the control unit 40.

The use of laser ignition systems, for example, on a microchip laser, will allow a short-term development of a discharge power of tens of kW with low energy consumption, since it is possible to realize an energy pulse duration of several ns in them.

In addition, the engine may be equipped with an angular position sensor throttle valve 56 and a vacuum sensor behind the throttle valve 57. Sensors 56 and 57 are connected by electrical connections 41 to the control unit 40 (Fig. 5). This will allow you to adjust the ignition timing when working with a minimum load at high speeds of the crankshaft 10 to save fuel.

The engine operation diagram is shown in FIG. 6. Line 58 shows the energy pulses of the laser spark plug 37. It can be seen that the first pulse is supplied in the compression phase until it is completed, and then pulses are periodically applied during the expansion phase and, possibly, until it is completed.

ENGINE OPERATION

The engine operates as follows.

The air-fuel mixture is supplied from the inlet pipe 44 through the air-fuel mixture intake system 12 (Fig. 3) through the axial channel 16, the radial inlets 17 and the exhaust windows 19 of the first camshaft 14. The first piston 2 is located at the top dead center of TDC and starts to move down, working in the air intake mode. The air-fuel mixture enters the combustion chamber 20 of the first cylinder 1. The exhaust system 13 of the first cylinder 1 is closed at this time. At the same time, for the second cylinder 1, the inlet window 19 is closed. The combustion products from the second cylinder 1 enter the exhaust system 13 through the exhaust port 21 and the radial outlet 18. After the crankshaft 10 completes half a turn, the air-fuel mixture is compressed in the combustion chamber 20 and the control unit 40 sends an electrical signal via electrical connection 41 to the pump unit 39, in which laser radiation is generated, which, through the optical fiber 38, delivers a first series of pulses to the candle 37 to ignite the air-fuel mixture.

The crankshaft speed sensor 51 monitors the rotational speed of the crankshaft 10, the angular position sensor of the crankshaft 52 constantly measures the angular position of the crankshaft 10 and, depending on these indicators, the control unit 40 gives commands to the pump unit 39 to supply a pulse to the spark plugs 37 (laser ignition).

In addition, the angular position sensor 54 and 55, respectively, of the camshafts 14 or 15 determines the true angular position of the crankshafts 14 and 15, which may, firstly, not correspond to the angular position of the crankshaft 10, and secondly, diverge from each other, for example when pulling the chain 31 or slipping relative to the sprockets 28, 29 and 30 and the control unit 40 makes a correction to the ignition timing in accordance with the true position of the camshafts 14 and 15, and not in accordance with the position of the crankshaft 10. Cr In addition, by applying a signal to the controlled drive 36 of the second tensioner 35 and moving it towards increasing or decreasing the tension of the chain portion 31 between the camshafts 14 and 15, it is possible to introduce a mismatch in the operation of these camshafts to further optimize the gas distribution phases and, therefore, increase the efficiency engine. This will significantly increase the efficiency of the engine.

The proposed technical solution will allow more clearly to apply pulses to the spark plugs 37 and adjust the ignition timing depending on the speed of the crankshaft 10. In addition, when pulling the chain 31 or slipping relative to the driven sprockets 29 and 30, the timing of the ignition timing is corrected. If necessary, using a controlled drive 36 act on the second tensioner 35 by a signal from the control unit 40. In this case, the camshafts 14 and 15 are mismatched, for example in the idle mode.

The presence of a laser ignition system will make it possible to clearly and repeatedly supply pulses to spark plugs 37, starting from the ignition timing (up to TDC) and until the completion of the expansion cycle, which will increase the completeness of fuel combustion and, as a result, increase the efficiency of a four-stroke engine and reduce harmful emissions substances into the atmosphere. This is illustrated in FIG. 6. The order of the cylinders 1 is as follows: Suction - Compression - Stroke - Release. Pulses 58 to the spark plugs 27 are supplied starting from the ignition timing (up to the TDC) and until the stroke is completely completed. The application of the invention allowed:

1. To increase engine efficiency by 5 ... 7% due to more precise operation of the gas distribution mechanism.

2. Reduce the cost of energy consumed by the ignition system, especially when using laser spark plugs.

3. To simplify the engine gas distribution system by reducing the number of parts, such as valves, pushers, springs.

4. To increase the reliability and service life of the system by eliminating the influence of adjustments and wear of parts of the valve mechanism. The use of two camshafts and their use as systems for the intake of air-fuel mixture and exhaust exhaust will reduce cyclic thermal loads on the camshafts, since they operate at constant thermal loads.

5. Improve the manufacturability of the engine. It is easy to mass-produce engines with such a simple circuit.

6. Reduce the size and weight of the engine by simplifying the gas distribution mechanism.

7. Simplify and facilitate engine assembly.

8. Refuse lubrication of the camshaft when performing ceramic.

9. To increase the environmental friendliness of the engine by eliminating the ingress of oil into the cylinders through the valve stems (since they are absent) and more complete combustion of fuel when using laser spark plugs and applying a series of pulses to them.

10. Ensure full automation of the process of intake, exhaust and ignition of fuel in the cylinder chambers by the control unit and adjust the ignition depending on the engine operation mode by using sensors for the rotational speed and angular position of the crankshaft and the angular position of two camshafts. When idling at high revolutions of the crankshaft, the rarefaction sensors behind the throttle and the angular position sensor of the throttle will allow for fuel economy. The controlled mismatch of the two camshafts will further improve engine efficiency.

11. To ensure the efficiency of the engine when it is running with a low load at high speeds of the crankshaft.

Claims (9)

1. A four-stroke internal combustion engine comprising a crankshaft with a drive sprocket, a gas distribution system made in the cylinder head, an air-fuel mixture intake system, an exhaust system of combustion products and at least one cylinder with a piston installed therein, and an ignition system with an spark plug, installed on each end of the cylinder, characterized in that the gas distribution system is made in the form of installed in cylindrical bores in the cylinder head and kinematically connected by a chain with a stake with a camshaft of two camshafts with driven sprockets: the first and second with axial channels and radial inlet and outlet openings, the number of which corresponds to the number of cylinders, at least one inlet and outlet window is made against each piston in the cylinder head, periodically communicating the working cavity of each a cylinder with an air-fuel mixture intake system that the first camshaft performs and a combustion exhaust system that the second camshaft performs l, on the side chain portion of the first chain tensioner is set with manual adjustment of its tension in the area between the camshafts chain - second chain tensioner with a controllable drive and driven sprockets are made of the same diameter and twice the diameter of the drive sprocket. 2. The engine according to claim 1, characterized in that the spark plug is made of a laser, and a block is connected to the ignition system, connected by an optical fiber to the spark plug. 3. The engine according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that it contains a control unit. 4. The engine according to claim 3, characterized in that it comprises a crankshaft rotational speed sensor and a crankshaft angle sensor connected by electrical communication with the control unit. 5. The engine according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the axis of the camshafts are parallel to each other and to the axis of the crankshaft. 6. The engine according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the camshafts are made of ceramic. 7. The engine according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the camshafts are mounted on ceramic plain bearings. 8. The engine according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that it comprises a sensor for the angular position of the first camshaft and a sensor for the angular position of the second camshaft. 9. The engine of claim 8, wherein the angular position sensor of the first camshaft and the angular position sensor of the second camshaft are electrically connected to the control unit.

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