RU2520143C1 - Method of basic soil conservation treatment on catena - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method comprises ploughing soil as enclosures across the slope to form back ridges and detached intermittent furrows - furrows with jumpers intercepting runoff flow. At that upwards the direct slope having incline not less than 0.015, the width of each previous enclosure B_i is smaller than the width of each subsequent B_i+1, such as B_i-1<B_i<B_i+1, where i is the number of enclosure, growing up the slope, and the width of the i^th enclosure is determined by the formula B_i≈B k_i, where B is the width of the enclosure that is set from the maximum performance condition of the applicable unit that takes into account the length of the pass, the width of the grip of one plough body, the number of bodies and the minimum turning radius of the unit; k_i is the correction factor taking into account inequality of solid and liquid precipitation on the slope and its exposure, absorption and water runoff and defined by the formula $$k_i\approx \frac{\mathrm{2,3}{K}_n{K}_e({е}^{\mathrm{0,1}i}-\mathrm{0,7}{е}^{\mathrm{0,06}i})}{[\mathrm{1,4}+24(J-\mathrm{0,031})]\ln (\mathrm{0,025}L)},$$

where K_n is the coefficient taking into account the soil dry-weight percentage and equal for light soils K_n=1.0, for medium soils - 0.87 and for heavy - 0.7; K_e is the coefficient taking into account the exposure of the slope and location of the enclosure on the slope: in case of the normal precipitation for the flat surface of 600 mm/yr for the upper and middle parts of the slope at its north and south orientation K_e=0.86; north- west, north- east and south- west K_e=0.88; west K_e=0.9, south-east K_e=0.91 and east K_e=1.0. It is taken into account that under the conditions of Nonchernozem belt the lower part of the slope, as a rule, needs drainage; J is the incline of the slope equal to or greater 0.015, but not greater than 0.05; L is the length of the slope equal to or less than 400 m; n is the number of enclosures on a slope (1≤i≤n) defined by the formula $$n\approx \frac{L}{B{K}_n{К}_e[\mathrm{1,4}+24(J-\mathrm{0,031})]}.$$

EFFECT: method enables to reduce soil washout on the lower parts of the slope, to ensure the termination of planar and linear soil erosion, to increase crop yield on the slope, and to prevent siltation of rivers and water reservoirs.

2 dwg, 1 ex

Description

The invention relates to a comprehensive land reclamation of agrolandscapes and can be applied when carrying out dry culture equipment and agricultural use of sloping lands in the Non-Chernozem zone.

Water erosion is divided into planar erosion, consisting in the flushing of soil particles from the surface (arable) layer over large areas, and linear in the form of erosion of the soil to a considerable depth with the formation of holes of different sizes and long ravines. Moreover, erosion is attributed to linear forms of erosion, which cannot be eliminated during normal plowing, cultivation, and sowing of agricultural crops. To eliminate these erosion, soil or soil brought from another location is needed.

Plane water erosion is the destruction of particles on the surface of the soil and their removal through numerous jet streams. These gaps with depths from a few millimeters to several centimeters remain after the flow of melt and rainwater. When cultivating the soil, they are smoothed out without changing the general terrain.

The main reason for water soil erosion is unsystematic plowing of sloping lands. Soil covered with vegetation is less prone to erosion. Vegetation, protecting the soil surface from drops of falling rain, increases the surface roughness and slows down the speed of water flow through it.

All types of tillage on the slopes should be aimed at weakening the surface runoff of melt and storm water. This is achieved by drawing them across the slope (A.S. USSR No. 1297741, class A01B 79/00, 1987; A.S. USSR No. 1429961, class A01B 79/00; Pat. RF No. 2157604, class A01B 79 / 00, 1999). The great advantage of transverse cultivation in comparison with longitudinal one is proved by practically all the research field work carried out: soil erosion during its cultivation across the slope decreases by 2 ... 3 times (G. Cherkasov. Improvement and use of natural fodder land on the slopes of the Central Chernozem region. - Kursk : VNIIZiZPE, 2004. - P.62).

A known method of reducing water plane erosion of soils of sloping lands, including plowing the soil with pens across the slope with the formation of pile ridges and detachable intermittent furrows - furrows with bridges that delay the flow of surface water (Agricultural hydraulic reclamation / A.A. Bogushevsky, A.I. Golovanov, V.A. Kutergin and others, Edited by E.S. Markov. - M .: Kolos, 1981. - P.369; prototype).

A known method of reducing water surface soil erosion does not take into account the change (redistribution) of surface water runoff along the length of a straight slope: water flows from overlying areas to lower ones (Cherkasov A.A. Land reclamation and agricultural water supply. - M.: State Publishing House of agricultural literature. , 1958. - C.220, plot 158; plot 158 is shown in Fig. 1). As a result, the effectiveness of anti-erosion transverse plowing on the lower parts of the slope is reduced. The degree of development of accelerated water planar soil erosion depends on the length and slope of the slope. As the flowing water moves down the slope, the thickness of the layer and the speed of the water, and therefore its manpower increase, so does the soil erosion. So, according to A.N. Kostyakova (A.N. Kostyakov, Fundamentals of Land Reclamation. - M .: State Publishing House of the village of literature, 1951. - P.727), with a 5-fold increase in the length of the slope ( with a slope of 0.03 ... 0.05) the soil washout increases by more than 10 times. With an increase in the length of the slope, the degree of soil erosion increases; the process of erosion can gradually pass into the erosion process.

On the slopes there should be a different approach to tillage than on a plateau: the speed and thickness of the layer of flowing water and its manpower with a direct slope increase with distance from the watershed.

The present invention solves the problem of increasing the effectiveness of the main anti-erosion transverse tillage of sloping lands.

The technical result obtained from the solution of the problem is to reduce soil erosion in the lower parts of the slope, stop flat and linear soil erosion, to ensure expanded reproduction of soil fertility, increase crop yields on the slope and prevent siltation of rivers and water bodies.

The problem stated in the invention is solved in that in the method of the main anti-erosion treatment of soils on the catena, including plowing the soil with pens across the slope with the formation of dump ridges and detachable intermittent grooves - furrows with bridges that impede the flow of surface water, up a straight slope with a slope of at least 0.015, the width of each previous pad B _{i is} less than the width of each subsequent pad B _{i + 1} , i.e.

$$B_{i-\mathrm{one}}<B_i<B_{i+\mathrm{one}},(\mathrm{one})$$

Where

i is the number of the pen, increasing up the slope.

The width of the i-th pen is determined by the formula

$$B_i\approx B{k}_i,(2)$$

Where

B is the width of the paddock, which is established from the condition of maximum productivity of the used unit, taking into account the length of the head, the width of the grip of one plow body, the number of buildings and the minimum radius of rotation of the unit;

k _i is a correction factor that takes into account the uneven precipitation of solid and liquid sediments along the slope and its exposure, water absorption and runoff, and is determined by the formula

$$k_i\approx \frac{\mathrm{2,3}{K}_n{\mathrm{TO}}_{\mathrm{uh}}(e^{0.1i}-0.7e^{0.06i})}{[1.4+24(J-\mathrm{0,031})]\ln (\mathrm{0,025}L)},(3)$$

Where

K _n - coefficient taking into account the granulometric composition of the soil and equal for light soils K _n = 1.0, for medium - 0.87 and for heavy - 0.7;

K _e - coefficient taking into account the exposure of the slope and the location of the corral on the slope: with a rainfall rate for a flat surface of 600 mm / year for the upper and middle parts of the slope with its orientation north and south K _e = 0.86; northwest, northeast and southwest K _e = 0.88; west K _e = 0.9, southeast K _e = 0.91 and east K _e = 1.0; it was taken into account that in the Non-Chernozem zone the lower part of the slope, as a rule, needs to be drained;

J is the slope of the slope equal to or greater than 0.015, but not greater than 0.05;

L is the slope length equal to or less than 400 m;

n is the number of pens on the slope (1≤i≤n), determined by the formula

$$n\approx \frac{L}{B{K}_n{\mathrm{TO}}_{\mathrm{uh}}[1.4+24(J-\mathrm{0,031})]}.(\mathrm{four})$$

Reducing the width of the pens down the slope, we increase the capacity of the nanorelief created due to a more differentiated tillage, which better retains surface water on the slope, lengthens the period of its absorption into the soil, reducing its speed on the soil surface and especially on the lower part of the slope. In this case, the capacity of the nanorelief, as well as the runoff of excess surface water, increases down the slope. This ensures a decrease in soil erosion from the underlying areas, reduces the likelihood of accelerated water plane soil erosion on them, creates conditions for expanded reproduction of soil fertility and increased crop yields.

The above formulas were obtained empirically at a slope length of less than or equal to 400 m, based on observational data in field experiments. At the same time, it was taken into account that waterborne planar erosion of mineral soil begins to appear when the slope of the straight slope is greater than 0.015.

There is an approach to setting the width of pens B from the condition of maximum productivity of the units, taking into account the length of the head, the working width of one plow body, the number of bodies and the minimum radius of rotation of the unit (Zavora V.A., Tolokolnikov V.I., Vasiliev S.N. Fundamentals of technology and calculation of mobile crop production processes. - Barnaul: Publishing house of the Agrarian University of Ukraine, 2008. - P.51 ... 62). According to the Information and Technical Center of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation (Industry Consulting / Mechanization, February 2010), the optimum width of corrals for the Belarus tractor, established from the conditions for ensuring maximum aggregate productivity, is: with a headland of 300 ... 400 m - 40 ... 45 m , at 400 ... 500 m - 45 ... 50, 500 ... 700 - 50 ... 60, 700 ... 1000 - 60 ... 70 and 1000 ... 1300 - 70 ... 80 m.

The invention is illustrated in the drawing, explaining the proposed method. Figure 2 shows a fragment of a transverse section along a slope in a vertical plane: 1 - dump ridges, 2 - split furrows.

The inventive method of the main anti-erosion treatment of soils on sloping lands involves plowing the soil with pens across the slope with the formation of pile ridges and detachable intermittent furrows - furrows with bridges that delay the runoff of surface water. At the same time, down a straight slope having a slope of at least 0.015, the width of each previous pen is greater than the width of each subsequent one.

An example of a specific implementation of the main method of erosion treatment of soils on the catena. The inventive method has undergone a production test during anti-erosion plowing of sloping lands at the reclamation facility of dry cultural equipment "Ignatov" in the Tver region.

Before you start plowing the soil on a specific slope, you must properly prepare the field by performing the following preparatory operations:

- set the slope length L and the headland when plowing the soil across the slope;

- specify the unit for plowing the soil, the width of the one plow body, the number of buildings and the minimum radius of rotation of the unit;

- determine the value of B in one of the ways described above;

- establish the particle size distribution of the soil and the value of the coefficient K _n ;

- determine the slope of the slope J and its exposure;

- set the value of the coefficient K _e ;

- determine the number of pens n by the formula (4);

- determine the values of k _i according to the formula (3) and B _i according to the formula (2); when transferring the calculation results to nature - marking the width of the pens, the value of B _{i is} refined, increased or decreased, taking it such that an even even number of pens fit along the entire width of the slope, which avoids unnecessary empty crossings; while finally the width of the pens B _i take a multiple of the width of the capture unit;

- carry out the suspension of the location on a slope horizontally on the surface of the soil or close to it pile ridges and detachable intermittent grooves.

After the preparation of the field, the slope soil is plowed across the corrals of width B _i , while moving down the straight slope, the width of the corrals is reduced in accordance with the calculations and marking of the field. The width of each subsequent pen decreases compared with the width of the previous pen, which allows you to redistribute the runoff of surface water along the length of the direct slope, adjusting the flow of melt and rainwater. Reducing soil erosion in the lower parts of the slope, the cessation of planar and linear soil erosion will provide expanded reproduction of soil fertility, as evidenced by an increase in crop yields on the slope by an average of 12 ... 15%. In addition, siltation of rivers and water bodies will decrease.

The main measure to prevent and combat the phenomenon of flushing and erosion of the soil is to reduce the amount of water flowing down the slope. This invention is directed to this.

Claims (1)

The method of the main anti-erosion treatment of soils on the catena, including plowing the soil with pens across the slope with the formation of pile ridges and detachable intermittent grooves - grooves with bridges that delay the flow of surface water, characterized in that up the straight slope having a slope of at least 0.015, the width of each previous pad B _{i is} less than the width of each subsequent B _{i + 1} , i.e.
B _i-1 <B _i <B _{i + 1} ,
Where
i is the number of the pen, increasing up the slope, and the width of the i-th pen is determined by the formula
B _i ≈ В k _i ,
Where
B is the width of the paddock, which is established from the condition of maximum productivity of the used unit, taking into account the length of the head, the width of the grip of one plow body, the number of buildings and the minimum radius of rotation of the unit;
k _i is a correction factor that takes into account the uneven precipitation of solid and liquid sediments along the slope and its exposure, water absorption and runoff, and is determined by the formula
$$k_i\approx \frac{\mathrm{2,3}{K}_n{\mathrm{TO}}_{\mathrm{uh}}(e^{0.1i}-0.7e^{0.06i})}{[1.4+24(J-\mathrm{0,031})]\ln (\mathrm{0,025}L)}$$

,
Where
K _n - coefficient taking into account the granulometric composition of the soil and equal for light soils K _n = 1.0, for medium - 0.87 and for heavy - 0.7;
K _e - coefficient taking into account the exposure of the slope and the location of the corral on the slope: with a rainfall rate for a flat surface of 600 mm / year for the upper and middle parts of the slope with its orientation north and south K _e = 0.86; northwest, northeast and southwest K _e = 0.88; west K _e = 0.9, southeast K _e = 0.91 and east K _e = 1.0; it was taken into account that in the Non-Chernozem zone the lower part of the slope, as a rule, needs to be drained;
J is the slope of the slope equal to or greater than 0.015, but not greater than 0.05;
L is the slope length equal to or less than 400 m;
n is the number of pens on the slope (1≤i≤n), determined by the formula
$$n\approx \frac{L}{B{K}_n{\mathrm{TO}}_{\mathrm{uh}}[1.4+24(J-\mathrm{0,031})]}$$

.

Images