RU2444829C1 - Method to detect complicated damage of electric system - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: electricity.

SUBSTANCE: method to detect a complicated damage of an electric system consists in the fact that the complicated damage is considered as a combination of simple damages of separate elements, and each elementary damage is detected with its own module trained to actuate in case of the complicated damage and not to actuate in case of damages alternative to the elementary one. Detection modules are implemented as submodules of actuation and blocking. Submodules are groups of 2D relays connected according to AND circuit and undergoing joint training.

EFFECT: improved detection capability of complicated damages covering two or more elements of the electric system.

2 cl, 9 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the electric power industry and electrical engineering, mainly to relay protection and automation of electrical systems, but can be used in all cases when it is necessary to recognize a difficult situation in a monitored system, or, in other words, a complex event that takes place at some controlled object. The object consists of separate structural parts - elements. If only one element is damaged, then it will be simple damage. If two or more elements are damaged, then damage is considered complex.

The invention was created in connection with the solution of the problem of phase selection of short circuits in an electrical system where two or even three phases can be damaged. In the name of the proposed method, this circumstance was not reflected, since the method can be applied to solve any other problems where it is necessary to recognize two or more damaged elements.

Like all inventions aimed at recognizing damage in an electrical system on the basis of all available information, this proposal comes from a pioneering invention [1], where the specific task of constructing a multiphase resistance relay that trips with all interphase faults was solved. The development of the idea that led to the creation of multiphase relays was a method for determining the damaged phases and the damage zone of the power line [2]. He gave a solution to a multifaceted problem, but it cannot be considered common, since each of the possible types of closures in the line is recognized autonomously by strictly defined criteria. The limitations of this method were overcome in [3-5], where invariance with respect to the type of controlled object was achieved.

The closest technical solution to this proposal is the method of relay protection of an energy facility [6], which in its essence is a way of recognizing damage to a controlled object. The main feature of this method, which creates a positive effect, is the application of the learning operation of a recognizing module, and simulation models of this object act as teachers. The discussed method, like the analogues [2-5], has undoubted advantages in recognizing simple damage, such as, for example, single-phase faults, when only one phase of the object is damaged. In the application of this method to complex faults, when two or even all three phases of the electrical system are damaged, the recognition ability is significantly reduced. The reason is as follows. The recognition module is trained to operate from signals generated by the simulation model of complex damage, and not to operate from simulation models of alternative situations. But then it turns out that the number of situations alternative to complex damage includes simple damage. During training, they act as antagonists of recognizable complex damage, leaving little space for him in the space where the training takes place. Suppose that a complex damage to the electrical system is recognized - a ground fault of phases A and B. Then, according to the discussed method, not only other complex faults (phases B and C, phases C and A) should be considered alternative, but also three simple damage - phases separately A, or phase B, or phase C.

The aim of the invention is to increase the recognition ability of the prototype in relation to complex damage to the electrical system. As in the prototype, a simulation model of complex damage (α-model) is compiled and the recognition module is trained to operate on this model. A new concept is the rejection of the direct recognition of complex damage. In other words, to recognize complex damage in parts. And even more precisely - for individual damaged elements. Then, with complex damage to the electrical system, when, for example, phases A and B are affected, they are not recognized together, but separately. The positive effect is ensured by the fact that simple (elementary) injuries have relatively few alternative situations, and they are different for different simple injuries. There are more recognizing modules, since each damaged element now has its own module. In the event that complex damage involves two phases, say, A and B, two recognition modules are used. One of them, conventionally called the main one, recognizes phase A damage; the second, in this case an additional one, monitors the damage of phase B. The recognition modules are trained. They are trained to operate from the same simulation model that reproduces complex damage, for example, phases A and B. Then they are trained not to fire, but now from different simulation models. The first recognition module is trained from those models that simulate situations that are alternative to damage to the first element, in this case, phase A. The second module is trained from models that simulate situations that are alternative to damage to the second element, in our case, phase B. If the damage is even more complicated, those. If a larger number of elements of the system are affected, then there will be more recognition modules, and for each of them - its own group of alternative models.

An additional claim relates to the execution of a recognition module of two submodules that operate on actuation and blocking, as well as the execution of submodules from groups of relays that respond to two-dimensional signals, which convert all available information about the electrical system. This presentation of information is valuable in that it has a clear illustration on the setting planes of individual relays.

указывает на то, что фазы А и В замкнулись на землю, а возможно еще и между собой, в определенном месте электрической системы. На фиг.2 - основная часть структуры имитационной модели со сложным повреждением тех же фаз, но иного характера. Обозначение

указывает на то, что в разных местах системы произошли замыкания на землю, в одном месте замкнулась фаза А, в другом - В.Figure 1 shows the main part of the structure of a simulation model of an electrical system with complex damage - two-phase earth fault. Designation

indicates that phases A and B are shorted to ground, and possibly also to each other, at a specific location in the electrical system. Figure 2 - the main part of the structure of the simulation model with complex damage to the same phases, but of a different nature. Designation

indicates that earth faults have occurred in different places of the system, phase A has closed in one place, and B. in another.

и

образуют совместно комплекс моделей сложных повреждений системы в фазах А и В. Четыре другие модели имитируют альтернативные состояния системы, которые запрещается путать с повреждением фазы А (табл.1). Это однофазное замыкание либо фазы В, либо фазы С, а также сложные повреждения двух последних фаз: либо

, либо

.Figure 3 shows the structural diagram of the training procedure of a recognition module that detects damage to phase A. In the training involved six simulation models that recreate various types of damage. Simulated Damage Models

and

together form a complex of models of complex damage to the system in phases A and B. Four other models mimic alternative states of the system that cannot be confused with damage to phase A (Table 1). This is a single-phase circuit of either phase B or phase C, as well as complex damage to the last two phases: either

either

.

,

и

.Figure 4 shows a similar training structure for a module that recognizes phase B damage. The first two simulation models are the same as in Figure 3, since training is still aimed at complex damage in phases A and B. As for four models of alternative states, then compared with figure 3 there was a replacement of three of them. Introduced new simulation models, namely closures

,

and

.

Table 1 To training two modules that recognize complex damage to phases A and B Complex damage (α-modes) Damaged item (elementary event) Events Alternative to Elementary (β-modes)

;

;

phase A

,

,

,

phase B

,

,

,

, что и понятно, так как повреждение фазы С альтернативно как повреждению фазы А, так и фазы В.The only previous alternative closure model left

, which is understandable, since damage to phase C is alternative to both damage to phase A and phase B.

Figure 5 shows a recognition circuit for complex damage, in this case, phases A and B; the circuit consists of two trained recognition modules combined by the logical operation I.

Figure 6 shows the structural diagram of a recognition module, implemented in accordance with the second claim. Finally, Figs. 7-9 show the response areas of the relays forming the structure of the recognition module.

The claimed method for recognizing complex damage is illustrated by the example of faults in two phases of the electrical system, which does not reduce its generality, since the description without fundamental changes applies to other complex damage to the electrical system, as well as any other technical systems.

The schematic basis of the simulation models of FIGS. 1 and 2 is presented as a model of a three-phase power line 1 connecting two parts 2 and 3 of the electrical system. Only the schemes of damage to be recognized relating to phases A and B are presented. The models of alternative states of the system (Table 1) are constructed in a similar way.

In figure 3, 4 simulation models are depicted as separate blocks in accordance with table 2. Simulation models 4-9 play the role of teachers of module 10, which recognizes phase A damage. They act on the learning module 10 through a selector 11, which controls the operation of this module from models 4, 5 and guaranteed failure from models 6, 9. Similarly, simulation models 4 , 5, 7, 12-14 teach module 15, which recognizes phase B damage. The selector 11 provides the procedure for training module 15 to operate from the same models 4, 5 as in the previous scheme, and guaranteed failure from models 7, 12-14 . Note that the recognition modules guarantee precisely failure in alternative situations in order to exclude the possibility of a false reaction. The operation in a monitored situation from this point of view is subject to the requirement to exclude false behavior of recognizing modules.

Recognizing modules 10, 15, trained on simulation models, are included in the set of signals of a real object represented by a 2n-dimensional vector z, and the outputs of the event recognition modules A and B are combined according to the I16 scheme. The vector z carries all available current and a priori information about state of the object.

table 2 Numbers of simulation models of various faults Short circuit

room four 5 6 7 8 9 12 13 fourteen

, у подмодуля 17 и реле 21-22 с областями срабатывания S_αβi,

, - у подмодуля 18. Области S_αi и S_αβi определяются в процессе обучения модуля. Индекс α означает, что область получена в результате отображения α-режимов. Это режимы имитационных моделей 4, 5, создаваемые сложным повреждением, подлежащим распознаванию. Индекс αβ отмечает те части областей S_αi, в которых одновременно отображаются некоторые β-режимы, т.е. режимы альтернативных моделей 6-9 при обучении модуля 10 или альтернативных моделей 7, 12-14 при обучении модуля 11.The simplest and most tested version of the recognition module includes a response sub-module 17 and a blocking sub-module 18. Each of them, in turn, contains the same number n of the relay 19-20 with the response areas S _αi ,

, for submodule 17 and relay 21-22 with response areas S _αβi ,

, - at the submodule 18. The regions S _αi and S _{αβi are} determined during the learning of the module. Index α means that the region is obtained by displaying α-modes. These are the modes of simulation models 4, 5, created by complex damage to be recognized. The αβ index marks those parts of the regions S _αi in which some β-modes are simultaneously displayed, i.e. modes of alternative models 6-9 when teaching module 10 or alternative models 7, 12-14 when teaching module 11.

The relays in each submodule are connected by AND circuit 23 for trip submodule 17 and I 24 circuit for blocking submodule 18. Blocking is carried out using terminal circuit AND 25.

; все они являются элементами вектора всей доступной информации z=[z₁,…,z_i,…z_n]^T.Each relay 19-22 responds to one of n two-dimensional signals z _i , in the particular case it can be a complex quantity

; all of them are elements of the vector of all available information z = [z ₁ , ..., z _i , ... z _n ] ^T.

. Двумерный сигнал может быть отображен на уставочной плоскости замера z_i. В зависимости от того, принадлежит сигнал α-моделям 4, 5 или же β-моделям 6-9, 12-14 будем снабжать его отображения индексами α или β (фиг.7-9). Селектор 11 подает на входы реле 19, 20 подмодуля срабатывания 17 сигналы z_αi того множества режимов, которые имеют место при сложном повреждении. Режимы отображаются на плоскостях z_i в виде отдельных точек. Селектор 11 воспринимает множество точек z_αi и формирует из них области срабатывания S_αi. На фиг.7 показаны отображения z_αik трех режимов (k=1, 2, 3) на первой (i=1) и последней (i=n) плоскостях.The proposed method for recognizing complex damage is carried out in a strictly defined sequence, illustrated here by the example of the closure of two phases of an electrical system. It is preliminary ascertained which elements of the system are affected by damage to be recognized. In this case, these are phases A and B. Next, at the first stage of the implementation of the proposed method, simulation models of the specified complex damage are made. In this example, these are blocks 4, 5, which include the circuit models of FIGS. 1 and 2, as well as converters of the observed values and a priori information into the measurement vector z. At the second stage, simulation models of 6–9, 12–14 states alternative to elementary damage are compiled. At the third stage, the recognition modules 10 and 15 are trained to operate in the modes specified by the simulation models of complex damage 4, 5. The training operation is illustrated by the example of Fig.6. Each of n relays 19-20 and 21-22 responds to one of the two-dimensional signals z _i ,

. A two-dimensional signal can be displayed on the reference metering plane z _i . Depending on whether the signal belongs to α-models 4, 5 or β-models 6-9, 12-14, we will supply its displays with indices α or β (Figs. 7-9). The selector 11 supplies the inputs of the relays 19, 20 of the actuation submodule 17 with signals z _{αi of} the set of modes that occur with complex damage. Modes are displayed on the z _i planes as separate points. The selector 11 perceives the set of points z _αi and forms from them the response region S _αi . 7 shows mappings z _{αik of} three modes (k = 1, 2, 3) on the first (i = 1) and last (i = n) planes.

. Иные β-режимы селектор 11 отсеивает, остаются только те β-режимы, которые вызвали срабатывание всех без исключения реле 19, 20 подмодуля 17. Множество таких режимов образует подобласти блокирования S_αβi в составе областей срабатывания S_αi. На фиг.9 подобласти S_αβi показаны отдельно от S_αi, теперь уже в качестве автономных областей срабатывания реле 21, 22 блокирующего подмодуля 18.At the final fourth stage, the recognition modules 10 and 15 are trained not to operate, i.e. block itself in the modes specified by β-models 6–9 for module 10 and 7, 12–14 for module 15. At this stage, selector 11 supplies the inputs of relay 21, 22 of blocking submodule 18 with z _βi β-modes signals. Fig. 8 shows mappings z _{βik of} three such modes. They meet the condition of falling into the previously constructed response areas: Z _βik ∈S _αi ,

. Other β-modes selector 11 eliminates, there are only those β-modes that triggered the operation of all relays 19, 20 of submodule 17. Without exception, many of these modes form blocking sub-regions S _αβi in the response regions S _αi . In Fig. 9, the subregions S _αβi are shown separately from S _αi , now as autonomous response areas of the relay 21, 22 of the blocking submodule 18.

Note that the proposed method allows a recurrent organization of the learning process when, following the first recognition modules, the next ones are trained, but only by those α-modes, which in turn are displayed in all blocking areas without exception: z _αik ∈S _αiβ . In the general structure for recognizing complex damage in FIG. 5, subsequent modules are included in the OR scheme with the first two.

The proposed method makes full use of the ability to recognize complex damage in the electrical system and can be extended to other technical systems, and its implementation by the method of training recognition modules on the reference planes is capable of detecting all physically recognizable damage.

Information sources:

1. USSR Copyright Certificate No. 66343, cl. H02H 3/28, 1944.

2. RF patent No. 2037246, cl. H02H 3/40, 3/26 G01R 31/08, 1992.

3. RF patent No. 2247456, cl. H02H 3/40, 2002.

4. RF patent No. 2316780, cl. G01R 31/08, H02H 3/40, 2006.

5. RF patent No. 2316871, cl. H02H 3/40.

6. RF patent No. 2316872, cl. H02H 3/40 (prototype).

Claims (2)

1. A method for recognizing complex damage to an electrical system when two or more of its elements are damaged, according to which they make simulation models of an electrical system with the specified damage, as well as many simulation models of an electrical system in other situations, and teach the recognition module to operate from simulation models with the specified complex damage, characterized in that, in order to increase the recognition ability, additional recognition modules are introduced so that each said damage the corresponding element of the electrical system corresponded to its own module, all additional modules are trained to operate from simulation models with the indicated complex damage, those that constitute an alternative to damage to each of the mentioned elements of the electrical system are selected from the set of simulation models of other situations, each recognition module is trained not to operate from the corresponding alternative simulation models and judge complex damage by the operation of all, without exception, recognition modules. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that each recognition module is made of a submodule of the first type trained from the simulation model of the aforementioned complex damage and generates a response signal, and from a submodule of the second type trained from the corresponding alternative simulation models and generates a blocking signal and each submodule is made in the form of a group of relays integrated according to the AND circuit, each of which responds to one of the two-dimensional signals into which information about the electrical system is converted.

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