RU2439868C1 - Method for tillage and device for its realisation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method includes tillage by a pulse electromagnetic wave with right-sided elliptical polarisation with energy flow density of 1-1.500 J/m². Prior to tillage, organic remains and fertilisers are added to the soil, primarily manure. The device comprises a modulator, connected to a high-frequency oscillator, a unit of operation mode setting and an antenna track with a radiator. The appropriate output of the operation mode setting unit is connected to the inlet of the modulator. The radiator comprises radiating elements. The device additionally comprises a switch with one high-frequency input and high-frequency outputs and a unit of switch control. The output of the mode setting unit is connected to the input of the switch control unit. The output of the switch control unit is connected to the control input of the switch, the appropriate outputs of which are connected to radiating elements.

EFFECT: technology and design will make it possible to increase content of nutrients and humus available for plants.

3 cl, 2 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture, mainly to agriculture, and is used to increase the yield by enriching the soil with nitrogen and other nutrients, as well as to create a plant for processing the soil.

A known method of tillage by exposure to electric discharge, in which, in order to increase efficiency by increasing the number of assimilable forms of nitrogen in the soil and increase the volume of the treated soil, the treatment is carried out by hand electric discharge created directly in the arable layer of soil [Auth. testimonial. USSR No. 740173, M. Cl. ² A01B 47/00, 1980].

The disadvantages of this method are the difficulties of creating an electric discharge in the arable layer of the soil when moving the installation in the field and ensuring reliable operation of the device; significant energy consumption (8.5 J / kg of soil); low productivity.

Closest to the claimed method according to the totality of features, is the prototype method of increasing the crop yield by treating the soil with a pulsed electromagnetic energy flux with an energy flux density sufficient to kill or weaken weed vegetation [UK Application No. 1419429, MKI A01M 21/04, 1975] .

Compared with the above-described analogue, this method provides a non-contact supply of electromagnetic energy to the treated soil layer.

The disadvantages of this method are:

- significant energy consumption for the implementation of the method 1.0-1.5 MJ / m ² [Shustov V.I. The effectiveness of microwave installations for weed control. // Use of microwave energy in agricultural production: Sat scientific tr / VNIPTIMESKH. Zernograd. S.86-101], which does not allow to create high-performance installations and makes this method inefficient both from the energy and economic points of view;

- negative effect on soil microorganisms due to heating of the surface soil layer to the temperature of plant death. So, for example, processing reduces the activity of nitrification.

A device for treating soil with a flow of electromagnetic radiation [UK Application No. 1419429, MKI A01M 21/04, 1975], which includes a power source, a microwave generator, antenna path, a radiation device (emitter) and a device for monitoring the transmitted microwave power, installed on mobile platform.

The disadvantage of this device is the inability to obtain when operating in a pulsed mode high pulsed power flux density (PPM) on the soil surface with a large effective area of the emitters. Pulse PPM is limited by the power of pulsed generators of electromagnetic energy (EME), which does not allow to increase the area of the simultaneously cultivated area of the soil without reducing it. The mismatch of the characteristics of the pulsed microwave generator in the optimal ratio of average and pulsed power to the requirements of the soil cultivation process leads to a decrease in the efficiency of using the microwave generator and the energy efficiency of the technology.

The closest to the claimed in the group of the invention in terms of features is a device for stimulating and / or correcting the functional state of a biological object [RU 2033210 C1, IPC 7 A61N 5/02], containing a modulator connected to a microwave generator, antenna path made in the form of directional a coupler with outputs, each of which is associated with a corresponding series-connected phase shifter and emitter, a control unit for phase shifters and a unit for setting operating modes. The emitters are made in the form of a phased antenna array, which allows you to create a randomly varying radiation pattern of the emitters and increase work efficiency.

The disadvantage of this device is the inability to obtain, when operating in a pulsed mode, a high pulsed power flux density (PPM) on the soil surface with a large effective area of emitters and limited power of the EME generator. In addition, when using this device for processing soil and other objects located in the immediate vicinity of the aperture of a phased antenna (the distance is less than the wavelength), the radiation pattern cannot be formed, and each antenna emitter works independently of the others. This does not allow to concentrate the energy emitted by the antenna array in a separate area of the soil.

The aim of the invention is to increase the efficiency of soil treatment by increasing the number of digestible forms of nitrogen and other nutrients in the soil while reducing energy consumption, as well as the creation of a high-performance installation for soil treatment by a pulsed flow of EME.

The goal is achieved by the method of processing the soil by exposing it to a pulsed flow of electromagnetic energy, in which, unlike the prototype, the treatment is carried out by electromagnetic waves with right-handed elliptical polarization at an energy flux density of 1-1500 J / m ² .

The effectiveness of the method of cultivating the soil can be improved by introducing organic residues and fertilizers, mainly manure, into the soil before processing it.

The soil tillage device comprises a modulator connected to a high-frequency oscillation generator, a mode setting unit, the corresponding output of which is connected to the modulator input and an antenna path with an emitter containing radiating elements, and, unlike the prototype, additionally contains a switch with one high-frequency input and high-frequency outputs , the switch control unit, while the output of the mode setting unit is connected to the input of the switch control unit, and the output of the switch control unit connected to the control input of the switch, the corresponding outputs of which are connected to the radiating elements.

The technical result achieved by the group of inventions is to accelerate the formation of nutrients necessary for plants from mineral and organic soil reserves and to fix part of them in humus soil reserves due to the stimulating effect of pulsed electromagnetic radiation on soil microorganisms, while reducing energy consumption for soil cultivation.

The studies conducted by the authors revealed new biotropic parameters of electromagnetic radiation characterizing its polarization spatial structure, which largely determine the effect of electromagnetic radiation on soil microorganisms (MO). It has been established that the most stimulating effect on soil MO at the lowest EME flux density is exerted by the right-polarized EMR. The results can be interpreted as a consequence of molecular dissymmetry of key biopolymer structures.

The authors found for the first time that a decrease in energy consumption and an increase in the efficiency of stimulation of soil MOs is possible due to an increase in the pulsed power flux density and an optimal spatial-temporal structure of electromagnetic radiation, which determine the threshold value of the energy flux density, from which a stable effect of soil MO stimulation appears.

The implementation of new energy-information ways of managing the vital activity of soil microorganisms has significantly increased the stability and efficiency of technological methods for stimulating them with electromagnetic radiation and reduce energy consumption compared to technologies based on dielectric heating. At the same time, electromagnetic processing of large volumes of agricultural products and soil becomes economically and energy-based.

According to the method proposed by the authors, the surface soil layer is irradiated by a pulsed electromagnetic flux with right-handed elliptical polarization at an energy flux density of from 1 to 1500 J / m ² . The claimed minimum level of density of the flux of electromagnetic energy, 1 J / m ² required to stimulate the microbiological activity of the soil, was established according to the results of experiments. At the same time, the processing time and the pulsed power flux density were minimized. Soil cultivation with a PES of less than 1 J / m ² did not provide a stable and reliable increase in the microbiological activity of the soil. The establishment of the upper threshold of the PES of 1500 J / m ² is due to the fact that with a further increase in the PES, thermal effects begin to appear and the energy efficiency of the method decreases. In addition, with PES above 1500 J / m ² , stimulating effects are observed with unmodulated microwave EME flows [A.S. No. 891026, M. Cl. ³ A01G 7/04, (USSR). A way to deal with unwanted vegetation. F.Ya. Izakov et al. Publ. 12/23/81. BI 1981, No. 47. C.7]. In the claimed PES range from 1 to 1500 J / m ^{2, an} unmodulated linearly polarized flux of electromagnetic radiation does not significantly affect the microbiological activity of the soil.

The effectiveness of the method of soil cultivation increases if previously, before treatment, organic residues and fertilizers are introduced into the soil, mainly manure. Manure, peat, and greenhouse soil are a rich nutrient medium for fungi, phospho-fixative, and other bacteria, and in comparison with ordinary soil poor in organic matter (leached chernozem, serozem, etc.), the effects of their microbiological activity activation are significantly superior to the effects of treating poor soils.

To implement the method of tillage described above, a device has been developed that is a mobile unit for tillage containing EME emitters made in the form of an antenna array consisting of radiating elements, which are antennas with right-handed elliptical polarization of the electromagnetic wave.

The specified single result in the implementation of the group of inventions on the object - the device is achieved by the fact that, like the prototype, the claimed device contains a modulator connected to a high-frequency oscillation generator, a unit for setting operating modes, the corresponding output of which is connected to the modulator input and an antenna path with an emitter containing radiating elements.

As a result of the patent search by the authors of the scientific, technical and patent literature, it was found that a new set of features of both the method and the device with the achievement of a new positive effect is an increase in the number of digestible forms of nitrogen and other nutrients in the soil while reducing energy consumption, as well as creating a highly productive installations for tillage by increasing the pulsed power flux density on the surface of the treated soil with limited pulse power EME generator and a large area of the simultaneously processed area is not known and does not follow explicitly from the prior art, which confirms the compliance of the inventions with the criterion of "novelty" and "inventive step".

Figure 1 shows a block diagram of a device for tillage. The device includes a modulator 1, an EME generator 2, a switch in several directions 3, an energy emitter 4, consisting of radiating elements (1, 2 ... N), a control unit for the switch 5 and a unit for setting operating modes 6. The outputs of the unit for setting operating modes 6 are connected with a modulator 1 and a control unit for the switch 5, which is connected to the control input of the switch, the corresponding outputs of which are connected to the radiating elements. Modulator 1 is connected to generator 2, the output of which is connected to the high-frequency input of switch 3.

The method is carried out using the device as follows: an EME stream modulated by modulator 1 (Fig. 1), which is a compressed pulse sequence P _y (Fig. 2), the number of pulses in which is N times greater than the initial sequence required by the processing technology high-frequency generator 2, is fed to the input of a multi-channel switch 3, in which it is switched (switched) to N outputs, from which electromagnetic energy is alternately supplied to the radiating elements of the emitter 4 and radiated into the soil. The unit for setting the operating modes 6 synchronizes the operation of the modulator 1 and the switch 3, by means of the control unit of the switch 5, and provides the desired pulse train EME R (figure 2) at the output of each radiating element (P ₁ ... P _N figure 2).

The soil is processed using an EME emitter moving over its surface, which is an antenna array consisting of radiating elements forming an electromagnetic wave in the soil with right-handed elliptical polarization.

The proposed method of tillage can be applied both before and after planting crops and for the treatment of vapors.

Concrete example

In all experiments, soil treatment was performed using a pulsed generator made on an MI - 119 magnetron, which provides an adjustable level of pulsed power from 20 to 200 kW at a frequency of 890 MHz.

The influence of the nature of the elliptical polarization of electromagnetic waves on the microbiological activity of the soil was evaluated in laboratory experiments. To process soil samples in laboratory conditions, a horn radiator with a tunable polarization of the emitted electromagnetic wave was used as the emitter. Processed soil samples weighing 0.25 kg. Type of soil - leached chernozem. The initial humidity is 20%. The number of replications in the experimental variants was 3. The microbiological analysis of the soil was carried out according to the generally accepted technique after being baled after treatment for 20 days.

Influence of the nature of the elliptical polarization of electromagnetic waves on the number of microorganisms of CAA. Options Processing mode one 2 3 four 5 6 The energy flux density, J / m ² 900 900 440 440 260 260 The nature of the elliptical polarization of electromagnetic waves: left-handed + + + right-handed + + + Average amount, mln / g 7.85 10.3 7.0 11.6 7.8 9.0 The number of microorganisms in% relative to the control (6.2 million / g) 127 166 ^∗ 112 187 ^∗ 128 147 ^∗ Note: 1. ^∗ —Difference of data from control by t - Student's criterion P <0.05.

2. The coefficients of ellipticity of the polarization characteristics of electromagnetic waves for left-side and right-side polarizations were equal and amounted to 0.8.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of soil cultivation in the claimed range of electromagnetic energy flux density was carried out in laboratory experiments on the processing of peat samples by a pulsed flux of electromagnetic radiation with a right-handed elliptical polarization EMF. Processed samples weighing 0.2 kg, humidity 20% in triplicate. The power flux density at the emitter output and the processing time were chosen so that the flux density of energy transmitted through soil samples was 1 ... 1500 J / m ² .

Humus content in peat on the 20th day after its processing Energy flux density (J / m ² ) The average content of humus (%) Relative to control (%) 0.5 21.5 114 one 26.5 141 ^∗ 10 42.0 223 ^∗ 150 29.7 158 ^∗ 500 40.9 216.4 ^∗ 1500 27.8 147.8 ^∗ The control 18.8 one hundred Note: 1. ^∗ —Difference of data from control by t - Student's criterion P <0.05.

The processing of the experimental plots in the field experiments was carried out by the prototype of a mobile unit having a total opening area of six emitters equal to 3.5 m ² . An antenna array consisting of eight radiating elements representing waveguide radiators with right-handed elliptical polarization was used as a radiator.

Due to the implementation of the inventive device with a total area of simultaneously cultivated soil of 4 m ² and a pulsed power at the generator output of 200 kW on the soil surface, a pulsed power flux density of 400 kW / m ² was obtained.

Example 1. For two years, a single treatment of pure steam with a mock-up of a mobile unit was carried out at a pulse flux density of electromagnetic energy of 20 J / m ² . The soil is leached chernozem. The size of the plots is 200 m ² . The duplication is twofold. In the first year, the treatment was carried out on 16.05, and soil samples were taken twice on 11.06 and 18.06. In the second year, the soil was cultivated on 09.06, and samples were taken on 19.08. Field experiments and analysis of soil samples were carried out according to generally accepted methods. The content of total humus, nitrogen (N-NO ₃ ) and phosphorus (P ₂ O ₅ ) was determined in the samples.

The experimental results showed that a single soil treatment with a pulsed flow of electromagnetic energy at a density of 20 J / m ² and right-handed elliptical polarization EMW significantly increases the content of basic nutrients in the soil: total humus by 16%, nitrogen by 27% and phosphorus by 25%.

Example 2. To assess the impact of pulsed electromagnetic tillage on the crop, a single tillage was carried out (in the mode of Example 1) before sowing wheat. The wheat grain yield was determined on a clean plot (the crop that could have been obtained without weeds on the plots), the content of basic nutrients in the soil after harvesting, and the biological activity of the soil.

The results of the experiments showed that a single tillage significantly increases: grain yield in a clean area by 40%;

the number of microorganisms that assimilate mineral forms of nitrogen (KAA) is 2.5 times, the nitrogen content is from 1.2 times (soil layer 0-20 cm) to 2.2 times (soil layer 20-40 cm).

Similar results were obtained in other series of experiments conducted at different energy flux densities and different temperature and humidity conditions.

Using the proposed method and device for its implementation provides an increase in the main nutrients in the soil: total humus, nitrogen and phosphorus, which leads to an increase in crop yield and will reduce or completely eliminate the introduction of mineral fertilizers into the soil.

Claims (3)

1. The method of soil treatment by a pulsed flow of electromagnetic energy, characterized in that the treatment is carried out by an electromagnetic wave with right-handed elliptical polarization at an energy flux density of 1-1500 J / m ² . 2. The method of tillage according to claim 1, characterized in that organic residues and fertilizers, mainly manure, are introduced into the soil prior to cultivation. 3. A device for tillage, containing a modulator connected to a generator of high-frequency oscillations, a unit for setting operating modes, the corresponding output of which is connected to the input of the modulator, and an antenna path with an emitter containing emitting elements, characterized in that it further comprises a switch with one high-frequency input and high-frequency outputs, the switch control unit, while the output of the mode setting unit is connected to the input of the switch control unit, and the output of the switch control unit it is connected to the control input of the switch, the corresponding outputs of which are connected to the radiating elements.

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