RU2409949C1 - Method for increase of productivity of plant cultivation and fruit-and-vegetable crops and harvest storage period extension - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: plants while at the vegetation stage or gathered products harvest are subjected to contact with plant growth regulators represented by propellans [m.n.k] and functional derivatives thereof having m=3 or 4, n=2 or 3, k=1 or 2. It is preferable that one use as plant growth regulator 1,3-dehydroadamantane and alkylsubstituted derivatives thereof. Contact of plants while at the vegetation stage is performed by way of spraying compositions containing propellans and functional derivatives thereof over the plants growing locations. Contact of gathered harvest of fruit-and-vegetable and plant cultivation products with propellants and functional derivatives thereof is performed by way of placing the harvest within an enclosed space containing vapours of propellans and functional derivatives thereof.

EFFECT: harvest increase and extension of fruit-and-vegetable and plant cultivation products storage period.

4 cl, 2 tbl, 11 ex

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular to the technology of growing and preserving fruits and vegetables and crop products - berries, fruits, vegetables, plants (parsley, dill, etc.).

Currently, the most significant factor determining the low productivity of horticultural and vegetable farms, as well as large losses during storage of the crop, is the increased instability and stressfulness of weather conditions. As a result of climate change, the increase in its instability and technogenic pollution of the environment, plants are increasingly exposed to repeated exposure to a complex of adverse (stress) factors. With an increase in the complex of adverse factors, the stability of agrocenoses decreases, and plants become more susceptible to damage by harmful organisms, and for this reason the yield decreases.

Known methods for increasing the yield of fruits and vegetables and crop products, in which to increase the yield of plants and fruits at various phases of vegetation are treated with plant growth regulators (List of pesticides and agrochemicals approved for use in the Russian Federation. - 2001, 336 p.).

A disadvantage of existing methods using known plant growth regulators is that plants have a relatively low sensitivity to these regulators and therefore give a small increase in yield.

Recently, a method has spread in Russia and abroad, in which, to increase the yield of fruits and vegetables and plant growing products and their shelf life, plants and fruits are treated with preparations containing cyclopropene and its alkyl derivatives as a plant growth regulator. It is noted that the treatment of plants and fruits with preparations containing cyclopropene and its alkyl derivatives allows to slow down the enzymatic processes in plants and fruits and, as a result, to regulate the time of their ripening, falling leaves, and so on. Moreover, it is noted that after processing plants and fruits, there is a sharp decrease in many physiological diseases (tanning, decay from aging, wet burns, oiliness of the skin, etc.) and mushroom rot.

Processing with such preparations can be carried out by treating plants and fruits that are both in the vegetation phase (growth of plants and fruits), and after the harvest of fruits and vegetables and crop products. It is noted that currently the most effective are preparations containing 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP). These drugs under the trademarks AFXRD-038, SmartFresh (USA and Europe) and Fitomag (Russia) have been widely used for the last five years to treat plants and fruits as they are in the growing phase (EP 1856975, EP 1787513), so and for post-harvest processing of crops before laying it for storage (RU 2325810, RU 2325811, RU 2267272, US 6313068).

However, despite the rather high efficiency of the above methods and preparations, they are still not without drawbacks.

Thus, the main disadvantage of methods using preparations based on 1-MCP is the high consumption rate of the active substance (1-MCP), due to its very high volatility. This is especially evident in the process of preparing liquid compositions of preparations for spraying plants that are at different phases of vegetation, in which there is an untimely release of 1-MCP from the preparation before it is delivered to plants (before spraying). That is why compositions containing the drug must be used within 1 hour after their preparation (EP 1856975). Often, when processing large areas (especially in warm, hot weather), it is not possible to process the composition for such a short period of time, and to compensate for the losses of 1-MCP, increased consumption rates of the preparation and / or repeated treatment of plants are required.

Another disadvantage of the above preparations containing 1-MCP is the need to use very expensive substances in their composition - cyclodextrins.

In the international application WO 95/33377, US patent US 5518988 and Canadian patent CA 2319204 the possibility of using propellans [1.1.1] and their alkyl substituted as plant growth regulators is described. However, despite this, not a single example of the practical use of propellans [1.1.1] and their alkyl substituted in the description of the above sources is not given. This is probably due to the fact that these substances under environmental conditions (in contact with oxygen and air moisture) almost immediately turn into inactive compounds.

The objective of the present invention is to increase the productivity (yield) of crop and fruit and vegetable crops and increase its shelf life through the use of cheap and stable plant growth regulators.

This problem is solved by a method of increasing the productivity of crop and fruit and vegetable products and increasing its shelf life by contacting plants and / or fruits with plant growth regulators, in which propellants [mnk] and their functional derivatives are used as plant growth regulators, where m = 3 or 4 , n = 2 or 3, k = 1 or 2.

It was unexpectedly discovered that there is a certain series of propellans [mnk], in which m = 3 or 4, n = 2 or 3, k = 1 or 2, as well as their functional derivatives, which have increased stability under environmental conditions (in the presence of oxygen and moisture) and at the same time possessing the properties of plant and fruit growth regulators.

Propellants [m.n.k], where m = 3 or 4, n = 2 or 3, k = 1 or 2, as well as their functional derivatives used to illustrate this method, their structure, and also methods for their preparation, are shown in table 1.

Preferably, 1,3-dehydroadamantane and its alkyl substituted derivatives are used as functional prepellan derivatives [m.n.k].

The contact of plants and / or fruits with propellans [m.n.k] and their functional derivatives can be performed at different phases of the vegetation of plants and / or fruits or after harvesting of plants or fruits.

The contact of plants and / or fruits at different phases of their vegetation with propellans [m.n.k] and their functional derivatives can be achieved by spraying compositions containing propellans [m.n.k] and their functional derivatives over the surface (area) of growing crops.

As compositions, solutions, dispersions and emulsions of propellans [m.n.k] and their functional derivatives in water with the addition of auxiliary substances can be used.

As auxiliary substances, surface-active substances (surfactants), aliphatic alcohols, salts of copper and iron, etc. can be used.

The contact of crops and horticultural crops with compositions containing propellans [m.n.k] and their functional derivatives is preferably carried out at the flowering and / or formation stages of the fruit and / or before harvesting (in particular, 20-30 days before harvesting). It is also advisable to carry out the treatment in the event of stressful situations (drought, cold snap, etc.).

The contact of the harvested plants and fruits (post-harvest processing) with propellans [m.n.k] and their functional derivatives is carried out by placing the crop in an enclosed space containing pairs of propelans [m.n.k] and their functional derivatives.

The creation of the necessary concentration of propellans and their functional derivatives in the atmosphere is achieved by evaporation of the necessary amount of them inside the storehouse, in which the crop and vegetable and vegetable production is previously placed. At the same time, the goal set is to increase the shelf life of the crop and fruit and vegetable products, achieved at almost any concentration in the atmosphere and contact time. However, a noticeable effect is achieved at a concentration exceeding 0.1 ppm and a contact time of 15 minutes, and a significant effect is achieved at a concentration of 2 to 50 ppm and a contact time of 10 to 24 hours.

An increase in concentration in excess of 50 ppm and exposure time in excess of 24 hours is impractical because this does not lead to any noticeable increase in the shelf life of the crop.

The following examples illustrate the method.

I. Contact of propellans [m.n.k] and their functional derivatives with crop and fruit and vegetable crops at different phases of vegetation.

I.1. Preparation of compositions for the processing of crop and horticultural crops that are in various phases of vegetation:

Composition 1.

0.05 g of 5,7-dimethyl-1,3-dehydroadamantane (Propellan [3.3.1], table 1, No. 7) is mixed with 10 ml of spindle oil (TU38. 1011232-89) and the resulting mixture is added to an aqueous solution with stirring ( 10 l) containing 0.01% of the mass. Surfactants - ethoxylates of aliphatic alcohols C ₈ -C ₁₀ brand "Oxanol AGRO."

Composition 2.

A solution of 0.05 g of 5-butyl-1,3-dehydroadamantane (Propellan [3.3.1], table 1, No. 8) and 0.04 g of Tricycpo [4.2.2.0 ^1,6 ] decane (Propellan [4.2.2], Table 1, No. 5) in isopropanol (4 ml) is mixed with myristic acid methyl ester (5 ml) and the resulting mixture is added with stirring to an aqueous solution (10 L) containing 0.02% by weight. Surfactant - ethoxylated sorbitan laurate brand "Tween 20" and 0.001% of the mass. - CuSO ₄ .

Composition 3.

0.07 g of Tricyclo [3.3.1.0 ^1,5 ] dion-2,8 (Propellan [3.3.1], table 1, No. 9) and 0.04 tricyclo [4.2.1.0 ^1,6 ] nonane (Propellan [4.2.1], table 1, No. 4) is mixed with 7 ml of spindle oil (TU 38.1011232-89) and the resulting mixture is added with stirring to an aqueous solution (10 L) containing 0.01% by weight. Surfactant - alkyl polyglycoside brand Agnique® PG 8107.

Composition 4.

0.1 Tricycpo [4.2.1.0 ^1,6 ] nonane (Propellan [4.2.1], Table 1, No. 4) is mixed with 12 ml of sunflower oil (Perekrestok trademark) and the resulting mixture is added to the aqueous solution with stirring (10 L ), containing 0.08% of the mass of surfactants - Cremophor A-6 and 0.001% of the mass. - FeSO ₄ .

Composition 5.

0.11 g of Tricyclo [3.3.2.0 ^1,5 ] decane (Propellan [3.3.2], Table 1, No. 3) and mixed with 12 ml of sunflower oil (brand "Crossroads") and the resulting mixture is added to the aqueous solution with stirring ( 10 l) containing 0.1% of the surfactant mass - Cremophor A-25.

The resulting compositions are used to treat plants in various phases of vegetation.

1.2. Processing plants at different phases of the growing season with compositions 1-5 containing propellans and their functional derivatives.

The treatment of plants with compositions 1-5 was carried out by spraying them over the growth surface of the following plants.

- Apple trees of Golden Delicious (M9 stock, dwarf). Planting pattern 3.5 × 1.5 m. Year of planting - 2002. Soil maintenance system - sodding. The number of control and experimental trees - 20 pcs.

- Apple trees varieties Renet Simirenko. Rootstock M9, semi-dwarf. Planting scheme 4 × 2 m. Year of planting - 2003. The number of control and experimental trees - 10 pcs.

- Pear cultivars August dew. Quince stockstock, planting pattern 5 × 4 m, planting year 2002, the number of experimental trees - 20 each.

- Plum grade Stanley. Landing pattern 5 × 4 m. The soil maintenance system is black steam. Year of planting 2003. The number of experimental trees - 10 each.

- Tomatoes of the Mirage variety. The number of control and experimental bushes - 40 pcs.

The effectiveness of these compositions was evaluated by comparing the yield of fruits and vegetables obtained after spraying the compositions above the surface of the plants (treated area) and the yield of similar fruits and vegetables in the area not treated with the composition (control section).

Example 1

The plants were treated once using composition 1. “Composition 1” was sprayed over the growing surface of the Golden Delicious apple tree (M9 rootstock, dwarf). Vegetation phase - 20 days before harvesting. The consumption of the composition is 0.15 l / m ² .

The results of a comparative assessment of the yield in the treated and untreated areas are shown in table 2.

Example 2

The plants were treated twice using compositions 2 and 3.

For the first time over the growing surface of a Pear of the sort Augustow dew, which is in the vegetation phase - "Falling of the ovary," Composition 2 was sprayed. Consumption of composition 2 - 0.05 l / m ² .

The second time over the surface of the same plants in the phase - "Fruit the size of a walnut", sprayed "Composition 3". Consumption of composition 3 - 0.10 l / m ² .

The results of a comparative assessment of the yield in the treated and untreated areas are shown in table 2.

Example 3

The treatment of plants was carried out three times using compositions 4, 5 and 1.

For the first time, Composition 4 was sprayed over the growing surface of the Apple tree of the Renet Simirenko variety, which is in the growing phase “Separation of the bud”. The consumption of composition 4 is 0.05 l / m ² .

The second time over the surface of the same plants in phase - “Falling of the ovary”, sprayed “Composition 5”. Consumption of composition 2 - 0.05 l / m ² .

The third time above the surface of the same plants in the phase - "Fruit the size of a walnut", sprayed "Composition 6". Consumption of composition 3 - 0.10 l / m ² .

The results of a comparative assessment of the yield in the treated and untreated areas are shown in table 2.

Example 4

The treatment of plants was carried out twice using Compositions 2 and 4.

For the first time, the Composition 2 was sprayed over the growing surface of a Stanley plum, which is in the phase of “Falling of the excess ovary”. The consumption of composition 2 is 0.07 l / m ² .

The second time, Composition 4 was sprayed over the surface of the same plants 30 days before harvesting. The consumption of composition 4 is 0.07 l / m ² .

The results of a comparative assessment of the yield in the treated and untreated areas are shown in table 2.

Example 5

The processing of tomatoes of the variety "Mirage" was carried out twice using compositions 1 and 3.

The first time over the surface of the growth of tomatoes, which is in the phase of vegetation - "Formation of the third brush", sprayed "Composition 3". The consumption of composition 3 is 0.04 l / m ² .

The second time, 20 days before harvesting, Composition 1 was sprayed over the surface of tomato growth. Consumption of the composition 1 - 0.02 l / m ² .

The results of a comparative assessment of the yield in the treated and untreated areas are shown in table 2.

II. Contact of propellans [m.n.k] and their functional derivatives with harvested crops and horticultural crops.

The contact of the harvested plants and fruits (post-harvest processing) with propellans [m.n.k] and their functional derivatives was carried out as follows.

At the first stage, before processing the crop, its physiological state was determined and diseased fruits were discarded. After this, the crop was divided into two equal lots.

The first batch of fruits was placed in a confined space (container) with a normal atmosphere (control example).

The second batch of fruits was placed in a confined space (container), in the atmosphere of which a predetermined concentration of propellan was created.

The fruits were kept in an atmosphere containing propellans [m.n.k] or their functional derivatives for a specified number of hours, after which the storage or container was filled with a normal atmosphere.

Subsequently, both batches of fruits were stored under identical conditions.

Example 6

Illustrate the effectiveness of propellans in the processing and storage of the apple variety Antonovka ordinary.

Sick and mechanically damaged fruits were removed from the harvested apples of the Antonovka ordinary variety, and the crop was divided into two equal lots.

The first batch was placed in a container with a volume of 20 m ³ without treatment with propellans and stored in a closed container at a temperature of + 3 ° C in a normal atmosphere for 5 months (control batch).

The second batch was placed in a 20 m ³ container _, and then 0.25 g of tricyclo [3.2.1.0 ^1,5 ] octane (propellan [3.2.1.], Table 1, No. 1) was evaporated in an atmosphere of a closed container. The concentration of evaporated propellan in the atmosphere of the container was 10 ppm. After 24 hours, the container was open, filled with the usual atmosphere. After that, storage conditions were created in the container, similar to the storage conditions of the control lot. Under these conditions, the second batch was also stored for 5 months.

Five months later, both containers are opened and the quality of the processed and unprocessed fruits is compared.

It was established that in the control batch 31.5% of the fruits were affected by Tan, and 1.7% of the fruits were affected by rot. The density of the fruits after storage was 3.7 kg / cm ² .

In contrast to the control batch in the batch treated with propellan, only 1% of the fruits were affected by Tanning and 0.1% of the fruits were affected by rot. The density of the fruits was 5.5 kg / cm ² .

Example 7

Illustrate the effectiveness of propellans in the processing and storage of a crop of apples of the Sinap Orlovsky variety.

Sick and mechanically damaged fruits were removed from the harvested apples of the Sinap Orlovsky variety, and the crop was divided into two equal lots.

The first batch was placed in a container with a volume of 20 m ³ without treatment with propellans and stored in a closed container in a controlled atmosphere (O ₂ - 1.5%, CO ₂ - 2.5%) at a temperature of + 2 ° C for 6 months. (Inspection lot)

The second batch was placed in a container of 20 m ³ and after that 0.5 g of Tricyclo [3.2.2.0 ^1,5 ] nonane (propellan [3.2.2.], Table 1, No. 2) was evaporated in an atmosphere of a closed container. The concentration of evaporated propellan in the atmosphere of the container was 20 ppm. After 10 hours, the container was opened, filled with atmosphere, after which storage conditions were created in the container, similar to the storage conditions of the control batch (controlled atmosphere and temperature + 2 ° С). Under these conditions, the second batch was also stored for 6 months.

Six months later, both containers were opened and the quality of the processed and unprocessed fruits was compared.

It was found that in the control batch 12% of the fruits were affected by “Tan” and 2.3% of the fruits were affected by rot. The density of the fruits after storage was 5.4 kg / cm ² .

In contrast to the control batch in the batch treated with propellan, the fruits affected by Tanning are absent and only 1% of the fruits are affected by rot. The density of the fruits was 5.7 kg / cm ² .

Example 8

Illustrate the effectiveness of processing with propellans during storage of a crop of tomato cultivars "Pharaoh" with a degree of maturity "Red" in a normal atmosphere at 6 ° C.

Sick and mechanically damaged fruits were removed from the harvested tomato crop, and the crop was divided into two equal lots.

The first batch was placed in a 5 m ³ container without treatment with propellans and stored in a closed container in a normal atmosphere at + 6 ° C for 30 days (Control lot).

The second batch was placed in a container with a volume of 5 m ³ , and then 0.3 g of Tricyclo [4.2.2.0 ^1,6 ] decane (propellan [4.2.2.], Table 1, No. 5) was evaporated in an atmosphere of a closed container. The concentration of evaporated propellan in the atmosphere of the container was 50 ppm. After 14 hours, the container was opened, filled with the usual atmosphere, after which storage conditions were created in the container, similar to the storage conditions of the control lot. Under these conditions, the second batch was also stored for 30 days.

Thirty days later, both containers were opened and the quality of the processed and unprocessed fruits was compared.

It was found that in the control batch, 38% of tomato fruits were affected by rot. The density of the fruits after storage was 1.7 kg / cm ² .

In contrast to the control batch in the batch treated with propellan, only 4% of the tomato fruits are rotten. The density of the fruits was 2.9 kg / cm ² .

Example 9

Illustrate the effectiveness of processing with propellans when storing the crop of cucumbers varieties "Courage".

Sick and mechanically damaged fruits were removed from the harvested cucumber crop, and the crop was divided into two equal lots.

The first batch was placed in a 10 m ³ container without propellant treatment and stored in a closed container in a normal atmosphere at + 10 ° C for 15 days (Control lot).

The second batch was placed in a 10 m ³ container and then 0.03 g of 1,3-dehydroadamantane (propellan [3.3.1.] Or Tetracyclo [3.3.1.1 ^3,7 .0 ^1,3 ] decane was evaporated in an atmosphere of a closed container ), table 1, No. 6). The propellan concentration in the atmosphere of the container was 2 ppm. After 24 hours, the container was opened, filled with the usual atmosphere, after which storage conditions were created in the container, similar to the storage conditions of the control lot. Under these conditions, the second batch was also stored for 15 days.

After 15 days, both containers were opened and the quality of the processed and unprocessed fruits was compared.

It was found that in the control batch, 45% of the fruits of cucumbers were affected by rot.

In contrast to the control batch in the batch treated with propellan, only 9% of the fruits are affected by rot.

Example 10

The processing of the tomato crop variety "Pharaoh" with a degree of maturity "Red" was carried out analogously to example 8, but the concentration of evaporated propellan in the atmosphere of the container was 0.1 ppm, and the exposure time was 24 hours.

It was found that in the control batch, 38% of tomato fruits were affected by rot. The density of the fruits after storage was 1.7 kg / cm ² .

In contrast to the control batch in the batch treated with propellan, 35% of the tomato fruits are affected by rot. The density of the fruits was 1.9 kg / cm ² .

Comparing the results of processing cucumbers according to examples 8 and 10, we can say that even with a concentration of propellans in the atmosphere equal to 0.1 ppm, there is a decrease in the number of rot-affected fruits. However, it is economically feasible to carry out processing at a higher concentration of propellans (2-50 ppm), at which a more significant effect is achieved.

Example 11

Processing the crop of cucumbers varieties "Courage" was carried out analogously to example 9, but the concentration of evaporated propellan in the atmosphere of the container was 100 ppm, and the exposure time 30 minutes

It was found that in the control batch 43% of the fruits of cucumbers were affected by rot. In a batch treated with propellan, only 6% of the fruits are rotten. The processing efficiency under such conditions (the concentration of propellan is 100 ppm, the exposure time is 30 minutes) is almost the same as in example 9, performed at a concentration of propellan 5 ppm, the exposure time is 24 hours.

Thus, the use of cheaper and more stable substances, such as propellans [mnk] and their functional derivatives, as plant growth regulators, allows to reduce the economic costs of processing, and the contact of crop and fruit and vegetable crops at different phases of vegetation with compositions containing propellans and their functional derivatives, allows to increase the yield of agricultural products.

In turn, the contact of the crop and horticultural crops with the atmosphere containing gaseous propellans and their functional derivatives can also increase the shelf life of the crop.

This method and plant growth regulators can also be used to increase the productivity and shelf life of another type of fruit and vegetable products, in particular berries (strawberries, raspberries), fruits (cherries, cherries), vegetables (cabbage, zucchini), plants (parsley, dill), as well as various crops, etc.

Claims (4)

1. A method of increasing the productivity of crop and fruit and vegetable crops and increasing the shelf life of the crop by contacting plants and / or fruits with plant growth regulators, characterized in that propellans [mnk] and their functional derivatives are used as plant growth regulator, where m = 3 or 4, n = 2 or 3, k = 1 or 2. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that 1,3-dehydroadamantane and its alkyl substituted derivatives are used as a plant growth regulator. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the contact of the plants and / or fruits is carried out at different phases of the growing season by spraying compositions containing propellants [m.n.k] and their functional derivatives over the growing area of the plants. 4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the contact of the harvested plants or fruits is carried out by placing it in a closed space containing pairs of propelans [m.n.k] and their functional derivatives.