RU2400980C1 - Method for higher yield of fruit and vegetable and crop production - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture. ^ SUBSTANCE: vegetating plants are processed with aqueous compositions containing fungicides and/or insecticides as active components, as well as ethylene modulators, mineral elements and auxiliaries. The processing compositions contain at least one of active components which is immobilised into biodegradable Ca-alginate gel polymer microcapsules. ^ EFFECT: invention allows implementing the object matter with maintaining the standard consumption of the active ingredients. ^ 5 cl, 4 ex

Description

The invention relates to a technology for the production and preservation of fruits and vegetables and crop products - berries, fruits, vegetables, plants (parsley, dill), etc.

Currently, the most significant factor determining the low productivity of horticultural and vegetable farms, as well as large losses during storage of the crop, is the increased instability and stressfulness of weather conditions. As a result of climate change, an increase in its instability and anthropogenic pollution of the environment, plants are increasingly exposed to repeated exposure to a complex of adverse (stress) factors. With an increase in the complex of adverse factors, the stability of agrocenoses decreases, and plants become more susceptible to damage by pests.

No less significant change in weather conditions affects the species composition of harmful plant objects and their fruits. In particular, there is an accumulation of phytopathogenic infection (scab, phyllosticts, fruit rot), as well as an increase in non-infectious pathology in various cultures. Insect species that were not previously observed in mass reproduction were recorded: weevils, ticks, moths, leaf flies, etc.

Along with fungal diseases, various diseases of viral origin are becoming increasingly dangerous for horticultural and vegetable growing farms. These include chlorotic leaf spotting, fossility and furrowing of wood on apple and pear, chlorotic and necrotic leaf spotting and scab on cherry and plum, curly leaves on shrub berry crops, mosaics on strawberries.

Summarizing the foregoing, it can be argued that plants are constantly under pressure from a wide range of aggressors of different nature and intensity (abiotic - sharp temperature changes, waterlogging, drought, high solar activity, etc.; biotic - damage from diseases, viruses, pests). This causes deep damage to plants, and especially their immune system, and the intensity of damage depends not only on the number of stress factors, but on their combination, the degree of tension and energy intensity of the phase of development of the plant itself. All this has a significant negative effect on the course of all metabolic processes in the body, metabolic chains are disturbed, and the redox balance in plant cells shifts toward oxidation.

Thus, it can be said that the main causes of yield loss of fruits and vegetables and crop products, reduced quality and short shelf life are damage by its pests, disease damage, as well as an increased content of endogenous ethylene in the fruits before harvesting and storing. The latter - the high content of endogenous ethylene in the plant mass - is the reaction (response) of plants to the above stressful situations to which they are exposed throughout the growing season. [Stress of fruit plants: monograph / V. A. Gudkovsky, N. Ya. Kashirskaya, E. M. Tsukanova; Vseros. scientific researcher Institute of gardening. - Voronezh: Quart, 2005 .; The system of reducing losses and maintaining the quality of fruits and grapes during storage (guidelines / V. A. Gudkovsky, All-Union Scientific and Research Institute of Gardening. - Michurinsk, 1990.]

It is known that the main methods of combating diseases and pests is the treatment of plants with fungicides and insecticides at various stages of vegetation. As a fungicide and insecticide, a wide range of chemicals is usually used, and more recently, biological products are increasingly being used.

As methods that increase the resistance of plants and fruits to various diseases, they use the treatment of plants with elements of mineral nutrition (foliar treatments). For foliar treatment usually use compositions containing compounds of calcium, magnesium, manganese, zinc, phosphorus, boron, nitrogen and other elements.

To protect plants from the effects of stressful situations, the treatment of plants with so-called antidepressants is used. A wide range of substances can be used as antidepressants, however, recently the best results have been achieved using the so-called ethylene modulators, which inhibit the biosynthesis of ethylene in plants or block the effect of ethylene on plants.

As ethylene modulators, substances are used that inhibit the conversion of S-adenosylmethionine to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (vinyl glycine derivatives - aminoethoxyvinylglycine, methoxyvinylglycine, etc.); substances that block the conversion of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid to ethylene (Co ⁺⁺ or Ni ⁺⁺ ions, etc.); as well as substances that bind strongly to the ethylene receptors of plant tissue and block the effect of ethylene on plants (cyclopropene and its derivatives, 2,5-norbornadiene, 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, Ag ⁺⁺ ions) [WO 2005044002 ].

It is easy to see that, depending on the type of plant, its variety, weather conditions and other phenomena, for reliable protection of plants from the entire spectrum of the above harmful factors, it is required to perform from 6 to 20 rather laborious treatments of plants with compositions containing fungicides, insecticides, antidepressants and elements mineral nutrition. However, despite these costs, a fairly significant part of the plants and fruits perishes during the growing season, and the other part - during the storage of the crop.

EP 1856976 describes a method for increasing the yield of fruits and vegetables and crop products by treating it at the growing stages with compositions containing cyclopropenes as ethylene modulators. Despite the fact that the description of the patent says that the compositions, in addition to cyclopropenes, may contain substances that exhibit fungicidal activity, as well as the fact that one or more active components of the composition may be present in the form of a complex, for example, a complex of cyclopropene with cyclodextrins, crown ethers, etc., or in the form adsorbed on the surface of a solid porous material (for example, zeolite), in all examples illustrating the method, compositions are used which are an aqueous suspension of powder containing Only one active ingredient, 1-methylcyclopropene, is present.

The main disadvantage of this method is that the proposed composition must be used almost immediately (within 1 hour) after their preparation. In addition, usually to obtain a noticeable result (a noticeable increase in yield), it is necessary to carry out at least two treatments with such compositions within 1 month (see example 2 of the method according to patent EP 1856976). This is probably due to the fact that the active components of the composition either interact with each other before reaching the plants, turning into inactive compounds, or are released very quickly from the complex (or composition), and part of the active component interacts with the plant, and another, no less significant part, either evaporates into the environment or turns into an inactive compound.

WO2005044002 proposes to treat plants during the growing season with compositions that include fungicides of the strobilurin group and several types of ethylene modulators. Compositions can be used in the form of a solution, emulsions, suspensions, fine dust particles (dust), powders, pastes and granules. It is also noted that the compositions can be used in a mixture with other substances - herbicides, insecticides, other fungicides and fertilizers. However, not a single example of the use of such mixtures is given. Despite the rather impressive results obtained during the processing of soy, the main disadvantage of this method is the very high consumption rates of the components of the drug. The reason for this, probably, as in the method according to patent EP 1856976, is the rapid deactivation of the active ingredients of the composition on the surface of plants.

The objective of the present invention is to increase the yield of fruits and vegetables and crop products by treating plants at the vegetation stages with aqueous compositions containing ethylene modulators, fungicides, insecticides and mineral nutrition elements, while maintaining the consumption rates of the above active ingredients.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that the treatment of plants at the vegetation stage is carried out with aqueous compositions containing ethylene modulators as active ingredients, as well as fungicides and / or insecticides and / or mineral nutrition elements, in which at least one of the active ingredients is immobilized in microcapsules biodegradable polymer material.

As fungicides, various chemicals with fungicidal activity can be used, for example, α- (methoxy imino) -2 - {(2-methylphenoxy) methyl} -benzene acetic acid (E) -methyl ether (Cresoxy-methyl, CAS No. 143390 -89-0 - the active substance of the drug under the trademark "Strobi"), 1- [2- [4- (4-chlorophenoxy) -2-chlorophenyl] -4-methyl-1,3-dioloxan-2-ylmethyl] - 1H-1,2,4-triazole (Difenoconazole, CAS No. 119446-68-3 - the active substance of the drug under the trademark "Skor"), copper sulfate, etc. However, the use of biofungicides, in particular micror ganisms of Bacillus subtilis, Trichoderma viride and others.

Various chemicals can be used as insecticides, such as ethyl 2- (4-phenoxyphenoxy) ethyl carbamate (phenoxycarb, CAS No. 72490-01-8 - the active substance of the drug “Insegar”), (RS) -α-Cyano-3- phenoxybenzyl- (Z) - (1RS, 3RS) -3- (2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropenyl) - 2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropanecarboxylate (Cigalotrin, CAS No. 68085-85-8 - the active substance of the drug Karate Zenon "), and a number of other compounds with insecticidal activity. However, it is preferable to use bioinsecticides, in particular the microorganisms Bacillus thuringiensis, Streptomyces, Beauveria bassiana and others.

As the ethylene modulators, all the substances described in WO2005044002 can be used. However, it is preferable to use aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), alkylcyclopropenes (Phytomag according to patent RU 2267272, containing 1 wt.% 1-methylcyclopropene, a complex of 1-methylcyclopropene with α-cyclodextrin (CMCC) containing 1.5 wt.% 1-methylcyclopropene) and cobalt compounds.

As elements of mineral nutrition can be used calcium, magnesium, molybdenum, copper, zinc, manganese, boron and others.

Immobilization of the active ingredients of the composition can be carried out by various methods, however, it is preferable to use the method of surface polymerization of particles containing a mixture of monomer and active ingredient by contacting these particles with a medium containing a crosslinking agent (cross-agent). In particular, by spraying a mixture of monomer and active ingredient over a solution containing a crosslinking agent. [Immobilized cells of microagnisms. A.P. Sinitsyn, E.I. Raikina, V.I. Lozinsky, S. D. Spasov / Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1994, p. 157-181].

The following examples illustrate the method.

Preparation of immobilized forms of the components of the composition

Example 1. The preparation of microcapsules containing bioinsecticide and elements of mineral nutrition - calcium salts (Form 1)

As the active substance, cells of the bacterial culture Bacillus thuringiensis spp.kurstaki were used, which is used to protect fruit and vegetable crops from a number of pests (apple moth, apple and fruit moth, American white butterfly, silkworm, leafworm, cabbage and turnip whites, cabbage scoop, moth, ognevka, etc.).

A 750 ml conical flask containing 250 ml of medium (L-broth) was autoclaved for 30 min at a pressure of 0.5 atm. After cooling, 2 ml of the inoculum culture of bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis spp.kurstaki, was introduced into the flask. The culture was inoculated at room temperature on a rotary shaker at a speed of 140 rpm to a cell concentration of 2 · 10 ⁹ CFU / ml.

Separately, 1 g of an ionotropic block copolymer of sodium alginate with water (99 ml) was mixed in a glass beaker with a capacity of 250 ml to obtain a gel-like mass. To the resulting mixture, 10 g of a starch nutrient additive was added with stirring, and after obtaining a homogeneous mass, 5 ml of the previously prepared Bacillus thuringiensis spp.kurstaki cell culture was added with stirring.

Immobilization was carried out as follows:

A homogeneous mixture of sodium alginate, starch and microorganism cells was sprayed over the surface of an aqueous solution containing 2 wt.% Calcium chloride (cross-agent). To this end, this mixture was passed through an injection unit under a pressure of 5 bar, and an air flow was introduced into the area of separation of droplets. The fine droplets of the mixture formed upon separation from the nozzle of the injection unit fell into a solution of calcium chloride, where, due to a chemical reaction between sodium alginate and a cross-linking agent (cross-agent), the surface polymerization of alginate occurred with the formation of polymer microcapsules with microorganism cells enclosed inside them.

The obtained microcapsules containing immobilized cells of the microorganisms Bacillus thuringiensis spp.kurstaki and an element of mineral nutrition - calcium, were filtered off from a solution of a crosslinking agent (calcium chloride), dried and mixed with a solution of a preserving agent - lactose. The shelf life of microcapsule data is 1 year.

Example 2. The preparation of microcapsules containing biofungicide, elements of mineral nutrition (calcium) and an ethylene modulator (cobalt) (Form 2)

As the active substance, cells and spores of the natural bacterial culture of Bacillus subtilis 26D were used, which are used to protect fruit and vegetable crops from a number of diseases (late blight, root rot, scab, powdery mildew, etc.).

A 750 ml conical flask containing 250 ml of medium (L-broth) was autoclaved for 30 min at a pressure of 0.5 atm. After cooling, 2 ml of the inoculum culture of bacteria, Bacillus subtilis 26D, was introduced into the flask. The culture was inoculated at room temperature on a rotary shaker at a speed of 140 rpm to a cell concentration of 2 · 10 ⁹ CFU / ml.

Separately, 1 g of an ionotropic block copolymer of sodium alginate with water (99 ml) was mixed in a glass beaker with a capacity of 250 ml to obtain a gel-like mass. To the resulting mixture, 10 g of a gelatin nutritional supplement was added with stirring, and after obtaining a homogeneous mass, 5 ml of a previously prepared Bacillus subtilis cell culture was added with stirring.

Immobilization was carried out as follows:

A homogeneous mixture of sodium alginate, starch and microorganism cells was sprayed over the surface of an aqueous solution containing 1% by weight of calcium chloride and 1% cobalt chloride (cross-agents) as in Example 1. Fine-dispersed drops of the mixture formed upon separation from the injection unit nozzle fell into the CaCl solution ₂ and CoCl ₂ , where due to a chemical reaction between sodium alginate and cross-linking agents, surface polymerization of alginate occurred with the formation of polymer microcapsules with microorganisms enclosed within them mov.

The obtained microcapsules containing immobilized cells of the microorganisms Bacillus subtilis 26D, a mineral nutrition element — calcium, and an ethylene modulator — cobalt, were filtered off from a solution of cross-linking agents, dried, and mixed with a solution of a preserving agent — lactose. The shelf life of microcapsule data is 1 year.

Example 3. Preparation of microcapsules containing an ethylene modulator (1-methylcyclopropene) and mineral nutrition elements (calcium and magnesium) (Form 3).

As a modulator of ethylene, 1-methylcyclopropene, which is complexed with α-cyclodextrin, was used. This complex is a white powder with a content of 1-methylcyclopropene 2 wt.%

In a 250 ml glass apparatus equipped with a stirrer, 1 g of an ionotropic block copolymer of sodium alginate was mixed with water (99.0 ml) to obtain a gel-like mass, and then 25 g of powder (1-methylcyclopropene complex with α -cyclodextrin).

The immobilization was carried out analogously to example 1, spraying a mixture of sodium alginate and complex over the surface of an aqueous solution containing cross-agents: 1.0 wt.% Calcium chloride and 0.2% magnesium chloride.

The obtained microcapsules containing 1-methylcyclopropene, as well as elements of mineral nutrition - calcium and magnesium, were filtered off from a solution of cross-linking agents, dried and stored in dry form. The shelf life of microcapsule data is 1 year.

Example 4. Preparation of microcapsules containing biofungicide and a mineral nutrition element (boron) (Form 4)

As the active substance used cells and spores of the natural bacterial culture of Bacillus subtilis 26D obtained in example 2.

In a 250 ml flask, 60 ml of a 20% aqueous solution of polyvinyl alcohol were mixed with 20 ml of the culture grown in Example 2.

The resulting mixture was sprayed analogously to example 1 over the surface of a container filled with a crosslinking agent - a saturated solution of boric acid. The resulting microcapsules were filtered off, washed with water and dried in air.

The obtained immobilized form of fungicide is a microcapsule of polyvinyl alcohol, cross-linked with boron and containing cells of microorganisms. The storage period for microcapsule data is 0.5 years.

Preparation of compositions

Compositions for treating plants were prepared by dispersing immobilized forms (microcapsules) in water or in a pre-prepared aqueous solution containing water-soluble forms of fungicides and / or insecticides and / or mineral nutrition elements, as well as excipients - surfactants, polyols and other. The dispersion process was carried out in an apparatus with a stirrer.

As surface-active substances, ethoxylated higher fatty alcohols of the brands Cremophor A-6 and A-25 were used; Agnique® PG 8107 alkyl polyglycoside; a mixture of cetearylalkylpolyglycoside and cetearyl alcohol brand Emulgade® PL 68/50; oxyethylated Tween 20 sorbitan laurate; Ecosurf ™ SA-4 ethoxylated vegetable oil, Span 20 sorbitan laurate. Glycerin, propylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, etc. are used as polyols.

Composition 1

Composition, wt.%: Form 1-1.0; The drug "Fitomag" - 1.0; MgSO ₄ -0.2;

Glycerin - 0.2; Cremophor A-6-0.2; Chitin - 0.1; water is the rest.

Composition 2

Composition, wt.%: Form 3-1.0; Difenoconazole - 0.005; MgSO ₄ -0.2; Polyvinyl alcohol - 0.3; Tween 20-0.2; water is the rest.

Composition 3

Composition, wt.%: Form 2-1.0; KTsMTSP - 0.5; Phenoxycarb - 0.01; CaCl ₂ -0.2; Emulgade® PL 68 / 50-0.1; water is the rest.

Composition 4

Composition, wt.%: Form 1-1.0; Form 4-1.0; AUG - 0.001; Ecosurf ™ SA-4-0.1, Cremophor A-25; Propylene glycol - 0.3; water is the rest.

Composition 5

Composition, wt.%: Form 3-0.7; Form 4-0.7; Agnique® PG 8107-0.2; Polyethylene glycol (PEG-13) - 0.2; water is the rest.

Composition 6

Composition, wt.%: Form 4-0.3; Cresoxy methyl - 0.01; The drug "Fitomag" - 0.4; MgSO ₄ -0.2; Span 20-0.3; Agnique® PG 8107-0.1; water is the rest.

Composition 7

Composition, wt.%: Form 3 - 0.8; MgSO ₄ -0.1; (NH ₄ ) ₂ MoO ₄ -0.004; Polyvinyl alcohol - 0.2; Tween 20-0.3; water is the rest.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of compositions 1-6 containing immobilized forms (microcapsules) of ethylene modulators, fungicides, insecticides and mineral nutrition elements was carried out by comparing the yield of fruits and vegetables obtained after processing plants at different stages of vegetation with these compositions and compositions of similar composition, but containing non-immobilized forms active ingredients.

The treatment was carried out by spraying the compositions over the growth surface of the following plants:

1. Apple trees varieties Renet Simirenko. Rootstock M9, semi-dwarf. Planting scheme 4 × 2 m. Year of planting - 2003. The number of control and experimental trees - 10 pcs.

Processing phases and composition used: isolation of the bud (composition 2), end of flowering (composition 1), fall of excess ovary (composition 5), fruit growth: fruit the size of a walnut (composition 4), 30 days before harvesting (composition 3 ) The flow rate of the compositions is 0.06 l / m ² . Only 5 treatments.

Productivity after treatment with the compositions was 3.7 kg / m ² . Productivity in the processing of non-immobilized forms of similar substances (control) was 3.0 kg / m ² .

2. Apple trees varieties Idared. Stock MM-106, planting pattern 5 × 3 m, planting year - 1998, the number of experimental trees - 10 pcs.

Processing phases and composition used: fall of excess ovary (composition 1), fruit the size of a walnut (composition 5), 30 days before harvesting (composition 6). The flow rate of the compositions is 0.07 l / m ² . Only 3 treatments.

The yield after treatment with the compositions was 3.5 kg / m ² . Productivity when processing with non-immobilized forms of similar substances (control) was 2.8 kg / m ² .

3. Pear varieties August dew. Quince stockstock, planting pattern 5 × 4 m, planting year 2002, the number of experimental trees - 10 each.

Processing phases and composition used: fall of excess ovary (composition 2), fruit the size of a walnut (composition 3), 30 days before harvesting (composition 4). The flow rate of the compositions is 0.05 l / m ² . Only 3 treatments.

The yield after treatment with the compositions was 1.1 kg / m ² . Productivity in the processing of non-immobilized forms of similar substances (control) was 0.9 kg / m ² .

4. Plum grade Stanley. Planting scheme 5 × 4 m, soil maintenance system - black steam, planting year 2003, the number of experimental trees - 10 each.

Processing phases and composition used: the fall of excess ovary (composition 3), 30 days before harvesting (composition 5). The flow rate of the compositions is 0.07 l / m ² . Only 2 treatments.

The yield after treatment with the compositions was 1.2 kg / m ² . Productivity in the processing of non-immobilized forms of similar substances (control) was -1.0 kg / m ² .

5. Tomatoes of the Mirage variety. The number of control and experimental bushes - 20 pcs. Processing phases and composition used: 15 and 30 days after transplanting seedlings into the ground (composition 6), budding stage (composition 3), formation of the first (composition 5) and third (composition 2) brushes. Only 5 treatments. The flow rate of the compositions is 0.04 l / m ² .

Productivity after treatment with the compositions was 3.7 kg / m ² . Productivity in the processing of non-immobilized forms of similar substances (control) was 2.9 kg / m ² .

6. Hybrid corn. The number of control and experimental bushes - 20 pcs each. Processing phases and composition used: after flowering (composition 7), pouring grain (composition 7). The flow rate of the liquid composition is 0.05 l / m ² . Only 2 treatments.

The grain yield after processing the compositions was 0.48 kg / m ² . Productivity during processing by non-immobilized forms of similar substances (control) was 0.39 kg / m ² .

Positive results were also obtained in the processing of other crops - wheat, sunflower, parsley, dill, etc.

Thus, treatment of plants at the vegetation stage with compositions in which at least one of the active ingredients is immobilized into microcapsules of biodegradable polymer material allows increasing the yield of agricultural products by 20-28%.

Claims (5)

1. A method of increasing the yield of fruits and vegetables and plant products by treating plants at the vegetation stages with aqueous compositions containing fungicides and / or insecticides as active ingredients, as well as ethylene modulators, mineral nutrition elements and excipients, in which the treatment is carried out with compositions in which at least one of the active ingredients is immobilized into microcapsules of a biodegradable Ca-alginate gel polymer. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that biofungicides are used as fungicides. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that bioinsecticides are used as insecticides. 4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that 1-methylcyclopropene is used as ethylene modulators. 5. The method according to claim 1, in which the processing is carried out with aqueous compositions, which are a suspension of microcapsules in an aqueous solution containing non-immobilized forms of the active ingredients and excipients - surfactants.