RU2393006C1 - Method of producing biodiesel fuel - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: process engineering.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to mixing of vegetable and synthetic components for production of biodiesel fuel. Proposed method comprises mixing vegetable oil, alcohol and catalyst, cavitation treatment of produced mix to obtain homogeneous emulsion to be separated into biodiesel fuel and glycerin by centrifugal field. Biodiesel fuel thus produced is mixed with diesel fuel and waste motor oil at the following ratio: up to 50% of biodiesel fuel, up to 65% of diesel fuel and up to 5% of motor oil. Obtained mix is again subjected to cavitation treatment and purification of impurities by centrifugal field. Besides after cavitation treatment of emulsion prior to separating it into biodiesel fuel and glycerin, emulsion is transferred to complete etherification reaction.

EFFECT: etherification intensified by centrifugal field effects.

2 cl, 1 dwg

Description

The invention relates to technologies for mixing plant and synthetic components, and in particular to methods for producing biodiesel, which is used as an environmentally friendly type of fuel for diesel engines from a renewable source, for example, plant materials - oil of rapeseed, sunflower, flax, soy, and is intended to replace conventional diesel fuel. Biodiesel can be used in all types of diesel engines, both independently and in a mixture with conventional diesel fuel.

The METHOD FOR PRODUCING BIOLOGICAL DIESEL FUELS is known, according to which the prepared mass of the substance is loaded into the tank and heated, then methanol and the catalyst are added to the mass of the substance, the substance, methanol and catalyst are mixed in the tank until a homogeneous mass is formed, thus providing a transition as a result of the chemical process the entire mass of mixed components in the reaction product (methyl ether and glycerin). Then the finished product is defended in the tank to separate it into fractions, contaminants, by-products of the chemical process and components that do not participate in the reaction are removed from the tank, and the tank is heated. Ready biological diesel fuel is obtained in the process of transesterification of untreated biological diesel fuel in a vacuum. The settled glycerin is removed from the reservoir, after which the above technological operations are repeated until the substances have fully entered into the reaction (Ukrainian patent for utility model No. 20901).

However, the known method is implemented by heating the oil to 65-70 ° C. This requires significant energy consumption, since the recovery of excess methanol (a necessary condition for the reaction to take place in traditional technologies), additional transesterification, as well as vacuum drying are carried out with significant energy consumption. In addition, the method provides for the availability of expensive equipment, which increases the cost of the resulting product.

A known method of manufacturing liquid fuel, comprising mixing diesel fuel with vegetable oil using hydrodynamic cavitation treatment of the mixture with a cavitation number of 1.5-4.5. At the same time, rapeseed oil is used as vegetable oil (application for the invention of the Russian Federation No. 94042798).

However, the fuel obtained as a result of the application of the known method does not have the qualitative parameters characteristic of biodiesel, despite the presence of a sufficient amount of vegetable oil (10-30%). In addition, the known technology does not provide for the purification of fuel from mechanical impurities, which can lead to damage to components and assemblies in contact with fuel manufactured according to the known method.

The closest in technical essence to the claimed invention is the technology for producing biodiesel from vegetable oils (TESAR-EXPO LLC), which is an esterification reaction: methanol (ethanol) is added to the vegetable oil in a ratio of approximately 9: 1 and a small amount of catalyst (alkaline or acid), after which the mixture is treated in a cavitation reactor. In the production process of biodiesel receive a by-product - glycerin. After cleaning, glycerin can be used to produce technical detergents. The technological process of biodiesel production is as follows: vegetable oil is fed into a hydrodynamic mixer. In this case, a previously prepared solution of the catalyst in alcohol (KOH in methanol) enters the vacuum cavity of the hydrodynamic mixer, where all the starting components are mixed. In the hydrodynamic mixer, the first stage of the transesterification reaction of vegetable oil with methanol takes place. The end of the reaction occurs in the cavitation pump. Due to intensive cavitation processes in the hydrodynamic mixer and cavitator pump, fatty acid molecules break, which significantly increases the reaction rate and improves the quality of energy characteristics of the future fuel. After the cavitation pump, the mixture is fed into the settling columns, where it is separated into biodiesel and water-glycerin mixture (http://www.energy-saving-technology.com/page-ru/biod/biodizel.html).

However, biodiesel produced according to the described technology is an intermediate product and cannot be used as an independent type of fuel due to the low level of purification. Known technology does not provide for the availability of treatment facilities and cleaning methods, which negatively affects the quality of the fuel and can lead to damage to units and components in contact with the product. In addition, this technology is discrete, because in order to complete the esterification process, the intermediate product is kept in settling columns and only then the production cycle is started again.

The task to which the invention is directed is to create a high-tech method for producing biodiesel, the implementation of which will significantly reduce energy and labor costs and reduce the cost of the final product.

The technical result obtained by using the proposed technical solution is to intensify the esterification process by ensuring the influence of the centrifugal field.

The problem is solved in that in a method for producing biodiesel fuel, comprising mixing vegetable oil, alcohol and a catalyst, cavitation treatment of the mixture to obtain a homogeneous emulsion and separation of the emulsion into biodiesel and glycerin, according to the technical solution, separation of the emulsion into biodiesel and glycerin is carried out by the action of a centrifugal field , then the resulting biodiesel is mixed with diesel fuel and used engine oil in the following volume ratio: biodiesel up to 50%, diesel fuel d about 65%, used motor oil up to 5%, and to obtain biodiesel the mixture is re-subjected to cavitation treatment with its further purification from mechanical impurities by the action of a centrifugal field. In addition, after cavitation treatment of the emulsion before its separation into biodiesel and glycerol, the emulsion is moved to complete the process of esterification. After repeated cavitation treatment, before cleaning from mechanical impurities, they provide a state of dynamic movement of the mixture to stabilize it.

The invention is illustrated in the drawing, which shows a diagram of a device for producing biodiesel.

The positions in the drawing indicate:

1 - capacity with a catalyst;

2 - a container with alcohol;

3 - a container with purified vegetable oil;

4 - a container with purified waste engine oil;

5 - tank with diesel fuel;

6 - storage tank for biodiesel;

7 - storage tank for glycerin;

8 - storage tank for biodiesel;

9 - filters F1-F6;

10 - shutoff valves;

11-13-pumps H1-H3;

14-19 - dispensers;

20 - mixing chamber;

21 - cavitator;

22 - buffer device;

23 - centrifugal cleaner.

A method of producing biodiesel is as follows. Pre-refined vegetable oil is mixed with alcohol and a small amount of catalyst, for example, potassium alkali (KOH) in a certain volume ratio of components, depending on the type of oil and alcohol used. For example, when mixing rapeseed oil and methyl alcohol, the components are added in a 9: 1 ratio. Vegetable oil can be rapeseed, sunflower, corn, palm, sunflower or other, and the catalyst is alkaline or acid, most often alkali is used in an amount of 1% of the total volume. Preliminary mixing of the feedstock components takes place in a flow-type mixing chamber, the structural solution of which ensures high turbulence of the incoming flows. The resulting mixture is treated in a flow type cavitator until a homogeneous emulsion is obtained, initiating the esterification process. Cavitation differs from ordinary boiling in that with an increase in the relative flow rate, the flow pressure decreases to the pressure of saturated vapor (vacuum). In this case, the liquid boils, and cavitation vapor-gas bubbles of microscopic sizes are formed. Cavitation bubbles, falling into the high-pressure region, collapse (close, condense) cumulative jets into points. At these points, cumulative effects lead to a point increase in pressure to tens of thousands of atmospheres with the formation of point temperatures of tens of thousands of degrees Kelvin. At the exit from the cavitator, the esterification reaction continues. To complete it, the emulsion is passed through a buffer device made, for example, in the form of a flowing spiral coil. In the process of moving along the channel of the buffer device, the emulsion is stabilized. Then the emulsion is subjected to processing for separation into biodiesel and water-glycerin mixture, passing through a centrifugal cleaner, for example type SOG-913, for separation from the mixture of glycerin under the influence of a centrifugal field.

After deep purification, pharmacopoeial glycerin is obtained, which is in demand in pharmacology. By adding phosphoric acid to industrial glycerin, one can obtain phosphoric fertilizers, which are used for agricultural needs.

After glycerol is isolated, the remaining fraction - biodiesel, which is an intermediate product of biodiesel production, is mixed with diesel fuel and purified engine oil in the following volume ratio: biodiesel - up to 50%, diesel fuel - up to 65%, used engine oil - up to 5% . The mixture is again subjected to cavitation treatment to obtain the final product - biodiesel. After repeated cavitation treatment, the mixture is dynamically moved through a buffer device to a centrifugal cleaner, with which biodiesel is cleaned of mechanical impurities and water. The design of the centrifugal cleaner is disclosed in the description of the patent of the Russian Federation for utility model No. 68924, “INSTALLATION OF CLEANING LIQUID”, patent holder of CJSC “Tesar-SO”, in the description of the invention to the patent of the Russian Federation No. 2274496 “DEVICE FOR REMOVING LIQUID FROM THE CENTRIFUGAL CLEANER, CLEANER, LLC “Teas-MO” under the agreement on the alienation of the exclusive right to invention with CJSC “Tesar-SO”, in the description of the patent of the Russian Federation for utility model No. 40014, “CENTRIFUGAL CLEANER OF LIQUIDS”, patent holder of CJSC “Tesar-SO”.

The inventive method can be implemented using the installation, a diagram of which is shown in the drawing. The installation includes a first block of containers designed to store catalyst 1, alcohol 2 and purified vegetable oil 3, and a second block of containers designed to store diesel fuel 5, purified spent oil 4 and the accumulation of biodiesel 6. The tanks of each block are connected in series through shutoff valves 10 with pumps 11-13 (H1, H2, H3) equipped with adjustable dispensers 14-19, and a mixing chamber 20, in turn connected in series with a centrifugal cleaner 23 through a cavitator 21 and a buffer device 22. O yn from the outputs of the centrifugal cleaner 23, intended for biodiesel production, is connected with a second capacitance unit. The installation is configured to operate in a closed loop with connecting to the pump block of the first or second block of tanks, providing biodiesel and biodiesel, respectively. The installation is equipped with lower and upper liquid level sensors located in the tanks of the first and second blocks, as well as shut-off equipment and an automatic and manual control unit for the installation elements, including start-regulating, switching, indicator equipment.

Components from the tanks of the first block are fed under pressure to the mixing chamber. In particular, the catalyst from the tank 1 is pumped into the mixing chamber 20 by the pump 11 through the dispenser 14, the alcohol from the tank 2 by the pump 12 through the dispenser 16 and the vegetable oil from the tank 3 by the pump 13 through the dispenser 18, while the dispensers provide the following volumetric ratio of components: vegetable oil - 90%, methyl alcohol - 9%, catalyst - 1%. In the mixer 20, preliminary mixing of the starting components is carried out. The resulting mixture is subjected to cavitation treatment in the cavitator 21 to obtain a homogeneous emulsion. After cavitation treatment, the mixture is forced to move along the channel of the buffer device, which is a curved pipe of constant flow area. The stabilized emulsion is then passed through a centrifugal cleaner 23 for separation into glycerin, which is poured into a container 7, and biodiesel, which is sent to a storage tank 6 of the second unit. Then purified refined engine oil is mixed with diesel fuel and biodiesel obtained. To do this, the spent engine oil is fed into the mixing chamber 20 by a pump 11 from the tank 4 through the batcher 15, diesel fuel by the pump 12 from the tank 5 through the batcher 17 and a biodiesel pump 13 from the tank 6 through the batcher 19. The batchers provide the following volumetric ratio of components: biodiesel - 30 -50%, diesel fuel - 45-65%, engine oil - up to 5%. The resulting mixture is fed into the cavitator 21, where it is subjected to cavitation treatment until biodiesel is formed. The mixture processed in the flow cavitator 21 is sent through a buffer device to a centrifugal cleaner 23, where it is cleaned of mechanical impurities and water. Purified biodiesel fuel enters the storage tank 8 for storage and sale.

An example of a specific implementation.

The inventive method is implemented using a biodiesel production unit with a capacity of 350 l / h. The initial raw materials for producing biodiesel were: rapeseed oil and methanol, taken in a ratio of 9: 1. In addition, potassium alkali in the amount of 1% of the total amount of raw components was used as a catalyst. The installation contains six storage tanks of the following volumes: for alkali up to 0.01 m ³ , for methanol up to 0.2 m ³ , for rapeseed oil up to 2.0 m ³ , for an intermediate product (biodiesel) up to 3.0 m ³ , for diesel fuel up to 3.0 m ³ and for refined waste oil up to 2.0 m ³ . The tanks are connected to shuttle pumps with dispensers by means of shut-off valves, while during the mixing operation of the initial components, the dispensers provide the following pump performance: for alkali up to 5.0 l / h, for methanol up to 50.0 l / h, for rapeseed oil up to 500 , 0 l / hour. The starting components with a given dosage are fed into the mixing chamber, where they are pre-mixed and the esterification process is initiated. Then the mixture enters the flowing cavitator, where it is mixed to the state of a homogeneous emulsion under the influence of hydrodynamic cavitation. At the exit of the cavitator, the emulsion is forced to move along the elongated channel of the buffer device, the internal volume of which is 0.4 m ³ in order to stabilize it and complete the esterification process. At the end of the movement, the liquid enters the centrifugal cleaner, the design of which is presented in the description of the invention to patent No. 40014, where the water-glycerin mixture is accumulated in a separate container and the remaining biodiesel fraction is returned to the storage tank for further reaction with diesel fuel and spent fuel engine oil. The resulting biodiesel, diesel fuel and used engine oil with a dosage for an intermediate product (biodiesel) of up to 350.0 l / h, for diesel fuel up to 400.0 l / h and for purified waste oil up to 350.0 l / h are fed into the chamber mixing through the same transfer pumps. Then the mixture is also subjected to cavitation treatment and further centrifugation in order to purify the final product, biodiesel, from mechanical impurities. Thus, as a result of the application of the inventive technology, high-quality, fully refined biodiesel fuel is obtained, obtained by double processing of the initial raw materials and intermediate components.

Claims (2)

1. A method of producing biodiesel, comprising mixing vegetable oil, alcohol and a catalyst, cavitating treatment of the mixture to obtain a homogeneous emulsion and separating the emulsion into biodiesel and glycerin, characterized in that the emulsion is separated into biodiesel and glycerin by the action of a centrifugal field, then the resulting biodiesel is mixed with diesel fuel and used motor oil in the following volume ratio: biodiesel up to 50%, diesel fuel up to 65%, used motor oil up to 5%, and for When biodiesel fuel is used, the mixture is subjected to cavitation treatment again, the obtained biodiesel fuel is cleaned of mechanical impurities by the action of a centrifugal field. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that after cavitation treatment of the emulsion and / or after repeated cavitation treatment of the mixture, the product is moved along the curved channel to complete the esterification reaction.

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