RU2368646C1 - Method of improving quality of hydrocarbon fuels - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: chemistry.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to a method of improving quality of hydrocarbon fuels, in which fuel is fed into a centrifugal force field and hydrocarbon fuel molecules are subjected to chain cracking reaction under normal conditions, passing through an electric field with intensity 2.12-7.54 kV/mm, current 1.48-3.35 A, pulse frequency 0.46-1.0 kHz and voltage 10-30 kW.

EFFECT: improvement of complex of operational and physicochemical properties of hydrocarbon fuels, and improvement of ecological properties of the fuels.

4 tbl, 2 dwg

Description

The present invention relates to methods for improving the quality of hydrocarbon fuels with an improved set of operational, physico-chemical and environmental properties and can be used in the oil refining, automotive industry and various technical fields.

A known method for producing hydrocarbon fuel, comprising supplying a hydrocarbon liquid under pressure to a tank with gas, which must be dissolved in this liquid. The pressure at which fluid is supplied depends on the design of the spray device. As a hydrocarbon liquid, gasoline or kerosene is used. Used gas: methane, ethane, propane, butane, natural gas [1].

The main disadvantages of this method is that light hydrocarbon gases - methane and ethane - are characterized by a very high vapor pressure, although they have a good octane number, they cause a sharp increase in the saturated vapor pressure of mixed gasoline, which leads to very significant losses during storage and operation . This makes it necessary to store such gasolines only under pressure in special tanks, which severely limits the use of this method. In addition, the operation of the engine on this gasoline is associated with the formation of gas plugs and interruptions in the engine.

A known method of producing fuel for internal combustion engines [2], including isomerization of straight-run gasoline fraction at elevated temperature and pressure in the presence of a catalyst. As a raw material, a straight-run gasoline fraction is used, boiling in the temperature range 30 ... 160 ° C, and isomerization is carried out at a temperature of 300 ... 380 ° C and a pressure of 3 ... 5 MPa in the presence of a zeolite-containing molybdenum and / or nickel-molybdenum catalyst, followed by removal from the products reactions of methane and ethane. The resulting isomerizate is mixed with a straight-run gasoline fraction in a ratio of 1-4 to 4-1.

The main disadvantages of this method are the inability to change the characteristics of the electric field depending on the initial quality indicators of the fuel used and, as a result, the low efficiency of fuel preparation, which does not significantly improve the quality of the complex of operational, physicochemical and environmental properties of hydrocarbon fuels, as well as the complexity of execution and use of technique.

Closest to the proposed method for improving hydrocarbon fuels in technical essence and the achieved effect is a method for improving the physical properties of petroleum fuels [3], selected as a prototype.

The prototype method includes the excitation of pulsations in a moving fluid stream, subject to fluctuations in the amplitudes of pressure, speed and acceleration, which contribute to the fragmentation of drops and bubbles in a continuous liquid. According to the invention, hydrocarbon molecules are first polarized by passing through an electromagnetic field of 0.2-0.3 T, then the macromolecules and colloids are subjected to resonant vibrations with a frequency of 20-30 Hz to increase the amplitude of the oscillation, increase the pressure of the pump to 6.0-8.0 MPa at the entrance to the narrowing and expanding device, where the fuel is accelerated to 120-140 m / s, followed by braking, reaching a pressure of 0.02 ... 0.01 MPa, then the flow is divided into light and heavy fractions in the Rank tube, light fractions are directed or for storage or with Egan after polarization of the molecules in the electromagnetic field, and the hot heavy fractions of 10-15% of the total flow returned through a conduit into the container with the source of fuel for reprocessing.

The main disadvantages of this method is the inability to change the characteristics of the electric field depending on the initial quality indicators of the fuel used, and therefore, the insufficient efficiency of fuel preparation, which does not significantly improve the quality of the complex of operational, physicochemical and environmental properties of hydrocarbon fuels, as well as the complexity of execution and the absence the possibility of application on the internal combustion engine.

The present invention solves the problem of improving the range of operational and physico-chemical properties of hydrocarbon fuels, such as octane number of gasoline, cetane number of diesel fuels, kinematic viscosity, fractional and hydrocarbon composition, as well as improving the environmental properties of fuels.

The problem is achieved by a method of improving the quality of hydrocarbon fuels, in which fuel is fed into the centrifugal force field and subjected to a chain reaction of cracking of hydrocarbon molecules of fuel under normal conditions, passing through an electric field of 2.12 ... 7.54 kV / mm, a current of 1.48 ... 3.35 A, with a pulse frequency of 0.46 ... 1.0 kHz and a voltage of 10 ... 30 kW.

These distinctive features are essential for solving the problem of the invention.

The method is as follows.

Fuel is fed into a centrifugal force field, where a chain of cracking molecules of fuel hydrocarbons is subjected under normal conditions, passing through an electric field of 2.12 ... 7.54 kV / mm, a current of 1.48 ... 3.35 A, and a pulse frequency of 0, 46 ... 1,0 kHz and voltage 10 ... 30 kW.

These parameters of the electric field and current are due to the energy necessary to change the structure of the initial hydrocarbons.

Radical chain transformations occur with hydrocarbon molecules in an electric field.

To illustrate the mechanism of the radical chain process, the cracking of a molecule in the form of sequential radical reactions is presented:

one.

2.

3.

four.

This mechanism is not new and has been described by a number of scientists [4]. The uniqueness and fundamental difference of the developed method is to change the hydrocarbon composition of fuels without increasing temperature, pressure and the presence of a catalyst.

The chain originates as a result of the transfer of electric field energy and the coincidence of the natural frequency of the molecules of the hydrocarbon fuels with the frequency of the electric field pulses.

Mathematical dependences of the force acting on free radicals and their speed on the characteristics of the fuel and electric field are derived.

Figure 1 shows the forces acting on the free radical of a hydrocarbon molecule resulting from a cracking chain reaction.

The force acting on a free radical depends on the dielectric constant, the density of the linear charge and the size of the radicals, is determined by the formula:

where τ is the linear charge density;

l is the distance from the center of the radical to the charge.

a is the radius of the free radical;

ε _a , ε _i are the dielectric constants of the fuel and radicals, respectively.

The speed of movement of a free radical is significantly affected by the voltage, dielectric constant and dynamic viscosity of the fuel:

where U is the voltage;

r is the distance from the radical to the electrode;

ρ is the fuel density;

d is the diameter of the electrode;

η is the dynamic viscosity of the medium;

ε ₀ is the dielectric constant.

The derivation of the data of mathematical dependencies made it possible to control the development of the radical chain process.

The chain termination of the process occurs by radical recombination and disproportionation reactions.

The effectiveness of the application of these parameters of the electric field is proved by the results of experiments (Fig.2). The results of a study of the effect of an electric field on the kinematic viscosity of diesel fuel grade (L-0.2-40 GOST 305) in accordance with the standard methodology according to GOST 33 are shown in table 1.

As a result of processing the obtained results using the STATISTICA 6.0 program, graphical dependencies (Fig. 2) and mathematical dependence are obtained:

where v is the kinematic viscosity, mm ² / s;

E - electric field strength, kV / mm;

f is the pulse frequency, Hz.

As can be seen from table 1 and figure 2, the most effective are the parameters of the electric field with a strength of 2.12 ... 7.54 kV / mm, current strength of 1.48 ... 3.35 A, pulse frequency of 0.46 ... 1.0 kHz and voltage of 10 ... 30 kW, which provide energy savings, the passage of the radical chain process in the fuel, improving the range of operational and physico-chemical properties of hydrocarbon fuels, such as octane number of gasoline, cetane number of diesel fuels, kinematic viscosity, fractional and hydrocarbon composition, as well as improvements environmental properties of fuels.

It should be noted that the optimal parameters of the electric field will vary depending on the quality indicators of the initial fuel.

This is confirmed by the following:

The change in the hydrocarbon composition of Regular-92 motor gasoline in accordance with GOST R 51105, obtained with the AREX -2000 apparatus at the Federal State Unitary Enterprise 25 State Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense, as a result of fuel preparation, are shown in Table 2.

table 2
Change in the hydrocarbon composition of Regular 92 gasoline (GOST R 51105) as a result of electrical processing Hydrocarbon group Before fuel preparation After fuel preparation Aromatic hydrocarbons, in% 30.3 37.6 Unsaturated hydrocarbons, in% 11.0 9,4 Saturated hydrocarbons, in% 58.7 53.0

The change in the fractional composition of diesel fuel grade L-0.2-40 GOST 305-82 as a result of electrical processing is established by the standard method GOST 2177 and is presented in table 3.

Table 3
Change in the fractional composition of diesel fuel L-0.2-40 GOST 305-82 as a result of fuel preparation Temperature recording points,% Boiling point, ºС Before fuel preparation After fuel preparation distillation start 134 102 10% distillation 216 205 20% distillation 232 227 30% distillation 246 239 40% distillation 262 256 50% distillation 280 272 60% distillation 300 305 70% distillation 320 314 80% distillation 342 336 90% distillation 368 365 96% distillation 388 375

The fuel was tested after preparation for use on the UM3-4178 engine at the KI-5543 GOSNITI stand according to the standard method, the results of which are presented in table 4.

Note:

After fuel preparation, the test engine showed the following results:

1. Effective power increases by 4 ... 14 kW.

2. Specific effective fuel consumption decreased by 11 ... 31 g / kW · h.

Thus, all the features indicated in the claims are necessary together to solve the problem of the invention.

Carried out fuel preparation provides a chain reaction of cracking of hydrocarbon molecules of a mixture under normal conditions, which ultimately can significantly reduce the toxicity of exhaust gases and increase the efficiency of an internal combustion engine by intensifying the process of mixture formation and combustion by increasing the fineness of the atomization of fuel droplets due to a decrease in surface tension forces fuel arising under the influence of an electric field due to changes in hydrocarbon composition.

Thus, the proposed method for improving the quality of hydrocarbon fuels by supplying fuel to the field of centrifugal forces and providing the conditions for a chain reaction of cracking of hydrocarbon molecules of fuel under normal conditions, passing it through an electric field of 2.12 ... 7.54 kV / mm, current 1 , 48 ... 3.35 A, a pulse frequency of 0.46 ... 1.0 kHz and a voltage of 10 ... 30 kW, provides an improvement in the range of operational and physico-chemical properties of hydrocarbon fuels, such as the octane number of gasoline, cetane chi a layer of diesel fuels, kinematic viscosity, fractional and hydrocarbon composition, as well as improving the environmental properties of fuels.

Literature

1. French patent No. 2106695, cl. C10L 1/00, published. 1972

2. Patent RU No. 2090591, cl. C10G 45/58, C10G 45/04, published. 1997

3. Patent RU No. 2283967, F02M 27/08, F02M 27/04, B01J 19/10, published. 2006. - prototype.

4. Colloidal liquids / Nikitenko V.I. /. - M .: Chemistry, 1965 .-- 734 p.

Claims (1)

A method of improving the quality of hydrocarbon fuels, including the polarization of hydrocarbon molecules by exciting pulsations and resonant vibrations in a moving fluid stream, characterized in that the hydrocarbon fuel is fed into a centrifugal force field and subjected to a chain reaction of cracking a hydrocarbon fuel molecule under normal conditions, passing it through an electric field of intensity 2.12-7.54 kV / mm, current strength 1.48-3.35 A, pulse frequency 0.46-1.0 kHz and voltage 10-30 kW.

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