RU2367026C1 - Simulator for training pilots to fly stike helicopters and air ordinance delivery - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: physics; simulation.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to making aviation simulators and can be used for elementary training, advancement and maintenance of professional skills of pilots in flying helicopters and air ordinance delivery. The simulator has a system for controlling and monitoring the training process, a simulator complex, which provides for simulation of operation of onboard systems of a helicopter, calculation of trajectory parametres of the helicopter and unguided air delivered ordinances, generation of images of the environment outside the cabin and information support for the system for controlling and monitoring the training process; devices for interfacing with an object, a pilot station in the helicopter cabin, in which there are equipment adjustment controls, helicopter control devices and its weapon system, indicators for the equipment and an indicating panel for the frame and thrust system, indicators and indicating panel for the weapon system and an updated windshield display; a multi-channel projection system, mounted in front of the helicopter cabin. The simulator additionally contains a character generator, acoustic system, synchronisation and commutation unit, pilot's seat with a vibration pad, video camera, device for simulating wireless communication, television display for target environment, navigation-tactical environment indicator inside the helicopter cabin; interface adapter, acoustic environment generator, vibration effects generator, navigation-tactical environment generator, loading mechanism, mechanically connected to the helicopter control devices; a target environment generator.

EFFECT: wider functional capabilities of the simulator for improving quality and effectiveness of training pilots of strike helicopters.

4 cl, 10 dwg

Description

The invention relates to aircraft simulator engineering and can be used for initial training, building and maintaining the professional skills of pilots in piloting modern attack helicopters and the combat use of aviation weapons.

Known simulator for training attack helicopter pilots for guided weapons firing (RF patent for invention №2219587 SIMULATOR FOR PREPARING SHOCK HELICOPTER PILOTS FOR CONTROLLED WEAPONS, IPC 7 G09B 9/08, F41G 3/00), containing control personnel a helicopter and weapons with position sensors and one-time commands, a modeling complex, simulators of pilot indicators and a guidance device and a system for monitoring and controlling the process of training, while the modeling complex contains a model counting the parameters of the movement of the helicopter, the first input of which is connected to the output of the helicopter controls, the second input is connected to the output of the monitoring and control system for the training process, and the output to the first inputs of simulators of the pilot indicators and the guidance device and the monitoring and control system for the training process, as well as a model of the phono-target environment, the input of which is connected to the output of the monitoring and control system for the training process, and the output is connected to the second inputs of the pilot indicator simulators navigation and guidance device. In addition, the modeling complex contains a weapon guidance device model, a target tracking machine model, a guided missile flight path calculation model and a missile smoke plume simulation model, the first input of the guidance device model is connected through the matching device to the output of the weapon control elements, and the second input is connected to the output the model of the target tracking machine, the input of which is connected to the output of the simulator of the indicator of the guidance device, the first output of the model of the guidance device is connected to the third input of the system topics of control and management of the process of training and with the third inputs of simulators of pilot indicators and the guidance device, the second output is connected to the input of the model for calculating the flight path of the rocket, the output of which is connected to the input of the model of simulation of a smoke plume, the output of which is connected to the second input of the monitoring and control system and the fourth inputs of simulators of piloting indicators and a guidance device, while the pilot’s workstation, helicopter and weapon control elements, a modeling complex, and pilot indicator simulators of the pilot and the guidance device and the control and management system for the training process are installed on a single building with the location of simulators of pilot indicators and the guidance device relative to the pilot’s workplace, similar to the location of real indicators on a helicopter.

This simulator has several disadvantages.

Firstly, the simulator does not have the ability to prepare pilots for the use of uncontrolled types of aircraft weapons (ASA), such as a helicopter gun mount, unguided aircraft and air-to-air missiles, which are equipped with almost all modern combat attack helicopters.

Secondly, instead of using a real electronic-optical device used in all modern combat attack helicopters to reproduce in the remote pupil of a small pupil a collimated image of graph-symbolic flight-navigation and sighting information (“indicator on the windshield”), this information is simply is displayed on the simulator screen of the aforementioned device. Moreover, the pilot can no longer “catch” with one eye the escaping exit pupil of the optics, which greatly facilitates his work when aiming and helps to instill a false skill when performing the aim.

Thirdly, in the simulator, the keyboard and the mouse manipulator of a personal computer are used as controls, which do not provide the tactile and sensory-motor sensations that a pilot experiences when working with the main helicopter controls (a longitudinal-transverse control lever with integrated the handle by the operational control panel for the pilot’s right hand, the lever of the general step with the integrated control panel for the pilot’s left hand and the directional pedal integrated on its handle), and does not allow so the pilot to turn out tactile and sensory-motor "automatism", needed to increase its degree of fitness.

Fourth, there is no possibility of simulating vibration effects.

Fifthly, the simulation of the acoustic situation at the pilot's workplace using low-power speakers built into the monitors of the pilot simulator and the simulator of the guidance device indicator is not adequate to the actual acoustic situation.

Sixth, there is no possibility of simulating the radio communication of the pilot with the ground control point and other group helicopters, which reduces the volume of tasks performed on the simulator.

Thus, in the simulator for training attack helicopter pilots for guided weapon firing, the student receives visual, tactile and acoustic influences during the training process that are not adequate to those received in a real helicopter, and there is no speech exchange at all, which can lead to inculcation of false skills during initial training, reduce the quality of training and the effectiveness of training in general.

The closest to the performance analogue, adopted as a prototype of the invention, is a device for simulating the processes of piloting and combat use of a helicopter (RF Certificate for Utility Model No. 15147 DEVICE FOR SIMULATING PROCESSES OF PILOTING AND COMBAT APPLICATION OF HELICOPTER, IPC 7 G09B 9/46, G09B / 08), containing crew jobs in the cockpit of a real helicopter, full-time controls of the helicopter and its weapons system, tuning devices for instrumentation, a system for monitoring and controlling the process a model modeling complex, the basic component of the proposed device being an undeformed instance of the helicopter of the type for which a specific device is being created to simulate the processes of helicopter piloting and combat use, with dismantled indicators and light displays in the cockpit and with additional installed sensors for positioning the helicopter controls, weapons system controls and instrumentation tuning bodies, tren process control system outputs even directly, and the outputs of the sensors through an object matching device are connected to the inputs of the modeling complex, which provides the calculation of the parameters of the helicopter and the means of destruction, modeling of on-board systems, image generation of the off-cabin situation, indicators of instruments and light displays, information support for the monitoring and control system for the training process, outputs which are connected to the input of the monitoring and control system for the training process, as well as to the input of simulators of indicators of instrumentation and light displays of glider and power plant systems installed instead of the corresponding dismantled standard indicators and light displays, with the input of simulators of indicators and light displays of the weapon system installed instead of the corresponding dismantled standard indicators and light displays, with the entrance of sighting simulators, target situation and characteristic signs of the use of means of destruction, the image from which is fed into the field of view of the modified regular sighting devices with additional blocks matching optics, with the entrance of a wide-angle translucent screen complex displaying the off-cabin environment and installed in front of the helicopter, which is part of the proposed device for simulating the processes of piloting and combat use of the helicopter.

The disadvantages of the device for simulating the processes of piloting and combat use of a helicopter

1. The device does not provide for the pilot to complete the full volume and sequence of weapons control operations with an automatic target tracking system that is widely used in modern attack helicopters such as the Mi-28 “Night Hunter”, Ka-50 “Black Shark” and Ka-52 "Alligator").

2. The similarity of the interior of the simulator cabin to the interior of the cockpit of a real helicopter was violated due to the use of standard images (indicators) and light displays of their images generated by the modeling complex and reproduced on liquid crystal matrices instead of dismantled. Real aircraft instruments have a frame protruding beyond the plane of the dashboard, many of them are equipped with slotted illumination devices, warning lights, buttons, handles that give the dashboards a specific look familiar to pilots (see figure 4).

3. The appearance of the sighting device was changed due to the display of sighting nets, the target situation and the characteristic visual signs of the use of weapons on the simulator (which is a liquid crystal matrix) and the supply of the specified visual information through the blocks of additional matching optics installed on the modified standard sighting device in the field of view of this devices. In all modern attack helicopters, a single electron-optical indicator device on the windshield is used to reproduce the pilot graph-navigation and navigation and sighting information to the pilot. The aforementioned refinement involves placing between the windshield of the cabin and the indicator on the windshield on the optical axis of the last some construct, combining the liquid crystal matrix and the optical system for interfacing it with the exit pupil of the optics of the standard indicator on the windshield. Moreover, after such a refinement, the field of view of the indicator on the windshield has changed and looks abnormal, it has decreased in the vertical plane and has become round, while the field of view of the standard indicator on the windshield looks like a guitar shell in shape. The image in the modified indicator on the windshield is bordered by an opaque optical frame for light, and the fastening elements of the frame are also visible. The image of the target environment reproduced on the liquid crystal matrix and observed through the optics of the indicator on the windshield against the background of the image of the extra-cab environment on the screen complex differs from it in color formation, presentation method and resolution. Images of graph-symbol flight-navigation and sighting information look abnormal, since they are generated by the device’s simulator complex and reproduced on a liquid crystal matrix of the sighting grid simulator and target environment using a raster method with point (pixel) presentation of image elements and color formation in an additive-integral RGB system while the generation of images in the standard indicator on the windshield is carried out using vector graphics, and reproducing yatsya monochrome image on the screen (Green) cathode ray tube with a coordinate scan and look drawn continuous beam passes on the surface of the CRT screen.

4. The mentioned additional optical system is more complicated and more expensive than the optical system of the collimator head of the standard indicator on the windshield, since it not only provides the standard ones characteristic of the indicator on the windshield: the position and diameter of the exit pupil, but also combines the image plane in the windshield indicator with the surface of the screen located in front of the windshield of the simulator cabin.

5. To operate the device, a power electro-hydraulic installation is required (an electric motor with a high-pressure hydraulic pump is very energy-intensive, expensive and unsafe in operation) to provide working pressure in the hydraulic system of the main helicopter controls (standard levers of longitudinal-transverse control, common pitch and track pedals control), which complicates the use of this device in most combat aircraft parts.

6. The device does not have the ability to simulate vibration effects and acoustic conditions at crew workplaces in the cockpit of a real helicopter, as well as to simulate radio communications between pilots and a ground control point and other helicopters, which reduces the amount and quality of information received by pilots during training through the senses , and, accordingly, significantly reduces the effectiveness of the preparation as a whole.

This device uses simulators of aiming nets, target situation and characteristic signs of the use of means of destruction, as well as a modified standard sighting device, which in modern combat attack helicopters is a single electron-optical device (collimation aircraft indicator), called in the modern technical literature “indicator on the windshield. " The indicator on the windshield is designed to form, against the background of the visual image of the cockpit space of the aircraft, a collimated luminous image of graph-symbolic flight-navigation and sighting information perceived by the pilot simultaneously with the external visual environment without re-adaptation and adaptation of the visual apparatus. The indicator on the windshield, as a rule, includes a cathode ray tube, a grid, a collimator head and two beam splitters mounted one above the other (see Russian Arms and Technologies. Encyclopedia. XXI Century. Aviation Arms and Avionics. Volume X. - M.: Publishing House "Arms and Technologies", 2005. - p. 632). In addition, it must be emphasized that, according to the terminology that has prevailed in the field of aviation simulator building, simulator output devices providing reproduction of television images on screens installed outside the simulator cabin are called television projection systems (see Babenko BC Simulators of the visual environment of flight simulators. M. : Engineering, 1978. - p. 111). At present, when projection devices with three television tubes have given way to modern multimedia projectors, and the images supplied to them are generated by computers, the term “projection visualization system” is used (see Russian Arms and Technologies. Encyclopedia. XXI Century. Aviation weapons and avionics. Volume X. - M.: Arms and Technologies Publishing House, 2005. - p. 667). If we are talking about the structural element of the simulator, it is legitimate to use the term "projection system" or "multichannel projection system", since the generating part of the system is an independent structural element. In turn, the "screen complex" is a structural element of the "projection system" along with the "projectors".

Therefore, the authors use the terms: “indicator on the windshield” instead of “standard sighting device” and “multi-channel projection system” instead of “screen complex”, as in the prototype.

The objective of the invention is the creation of a simulator that provides training for pilots in the piloting and use of all types of aircraft weapons, which are equipped with a modern attack helicopter, with the implementation, including the full volume and sequence of operations for controlling weapons with an automatic target tracking system.

The technical result of the invention is expressed in expanding the functionality of the simulator to improve the quality and effectiveness of training military pilots of modern attack helicopters.

The task is achieved by the fact that in the simulator for training pilots in piloting attack helicopters and the use of aviation weapons, containing a monitoring and control system for the training process, a modeling complex that provides simulation of the operation of the onboard helicopter systems, calculating the parameters of the helicopter and unguided aircraft weapons, image generation the out-of-the-way environment and information support of the system for monitoring and managing the training process; devices for interfacing with the object, the pilot’s workplace in the helicopter’s cockpit with the instrumentation adjustment controls, helicopter and weapon control systems, instrumentation indicators and light displays of the airframe and power plant systems, indicators and light displays of the weapon system, and a modified indicator on the windshield, including a cathode ray tube, a grid, a collimator head and two beamsplitters mounted one above the other; multi-channel projection system installed in front of the helicopter cockpit; moreover, the output of the training control and management system is connected to the first input of the modeling complex, the first output of which is connected to the second input of the training control and management system, the first output of the object interface devices is connected to the second input of the modeling complex, the fourth output of which is connected to the input of the multi-channel projection systems, to the second input of the devices for interfacing with the object, the tuning devices for instrumentation equipment are connected, to the third and fourth, respectively - controls for the helicopter and its weapons system, a symbol generator, an acoustic system, a synchronization and switching unit, a pilot's seat with a vibration pad, a surveillance camera, radio simulators, a television sighting indicator, a navigational-tactical situation indicator placed inside the helicopter’s cockpit are introduced ; interface adapter, shaper of acoustic conditions, shaper of vibration effects, shaper of navigational and tactical conditions, loading mechanism mechanically connected with helicopter controls; imaging device, and simulated radio communications are connected to the input-output of the monitoring and control system for the training process, a surveillance camera is connected to the first input, the second output of the modeling complex is connected through the imaging device to the television display, and the third output is through the navigational-tactical imager the situation to the indicator of the navigational and tactical situation, the fifth output is through a series-connected interface adapter, the generator mvolov and synchronization and switching unit to the modified indicator on the windshield, the sixth exit - to the first input of the pairing devices with the object, the seventh output - through the shaper of the acoustic environment to the speaker system, the eighth exit - through the shaper of vibration effects to the pilot's seat with a vibration pad, and the modeling complex is made with the ability to control the graph-symbol flight-navigation and sighting information of the modified indicator on the windshield synthesized by the generator symbols and the block formed by the synchronization and switching operation of the automaton modeling target tracking and to calculate the motion parameters of controlled aircraft weapons; the second output of the devices for interfacing with the object is connected to the indicators of the instrumentation equipment and the light panel of the glider and power plant systems, the third output to the indicators and light panel of the weapon system.

The invention is illustrated figure 1-10:

figure 1 presents the functional structural diagram of the simulator for training attack helicopter pilots in the use of aviation weapons;

figure 2 is a three-dimensional drawing of a General view of the simulator;

figure 3 is a photograph of a helicopter cockpit and a screen complex simulator single-seat combat attack helicopter Ka-50 "Black Shark" in OJSC "KAMOV" (Lyubertsy, Moscow region);

figure 4 is a photograph from the gangway of the cockpit of the helicopter interior layout of the cockpit of the helicopter simulator single combat attack helicopter Ka-50;

figure 5 - arrangement of the optical components of the indicator on the windshield;

Fig.6 is a drawing of the installation of a scattering lens on the collimator head of the indicator on the windshield;

Fig.7 is a photograph of the modified indicator on the windshield on the work table in front of the screen with the image of the external visual environment, including the image of the target;

on Fig - photograph of the same image made from the exit pupil of the indicator on the windshield; the image contains symbols of navigation and navigation information, the target image is covered with an aiming mark; all images are located in one plane - the screen plane;

figure 9 is a photograph of the loading mechanism of the helicopter controls mounted on the rear wall of the helicopter cabin;

figure 10 is a photograph of a helicopter simulator-attraction in the Youth educational and cognitive entertainment Cosmocenter "ASTRON" them. cosmonaut G.S. Shonin of the Don branch of the Center for simulator building (Novocherkassk, G.S. Shonin of the Don branch of the Center for simulator (Novocherkassk, Rostov region).

According to Fig. 1, a simulator comprising a training process monitoring and control system 1, a modeling complex 2, an object interface device 3, an interface adapter 4, a pilot's seat in the helicopter cockpit 5, and instrumentation equipment setting organs 6 placed in the internal volume of the helicopter cockpit, organs control of the helicopter 7 and its weapon system 8, indicators of instrumentation and light displays of glider and power plant systems 9, indicators and light displays of the weapon system 10, symbol generator 11, a hull system 13, a modified indicator on the windshield 14, a synchronization and switching unit 15, a pilot's seat with a vibrating cushion 18, a surveillance camera 19, radio simulation equipment 20, a television indicator of the aiming situation 21 and an indicator of navigational and tactical situation 22, as well as a multi-channel projection system 16 installed in front of the helicopter cockpit, vibration shaper 17, navigational-tactical shaper 23, loading mechanism 24, mechanically connected with the controls of the helicopter 7, the shaper aiming situation 25; moreover, the output of the monitoring and control system of the training process 1 is connected to the first input of the modeling complex 2, the first output of which is connected to the second input of the monitoring and control system of the training 1, the first output of the interface devices 3 is connected to the second input of the modeling complex 2, the fourth output of which connected to the input of the multichannel projection system 16, to the second input of the devices for interfacing with the object 3 are connected the settings of the instrumentation equipment 6, to the third and fourth, respectively Actually, the controls of the helicopter 7 and its weapon system 8, radio communication simulation equipment 20 is connected to the input-output of the monitoring and control system for training process 1, the surveillance camera 19 is connected to the first input, and the second output of the modeling complex 2 is connected via a conditioner 25 to a television indicator of the aiming situation 21, the third exit through the navigator-tactical situation former 23 to the indicator of the navigational-tactical situation 22, the fifth exit through sequentially connected an interface adapter 4, a symbol generator 11, and a synchronization and switching unit 15 to a modified indicator on the windshield 14, the sixth output — to the first input of the interface devices 3, the seventh output — through the acoustic conditioner 12 to the speaker system 13, and the eighth output — through shaper of vibration effects 17 to the pilot's seat with a vibration pad 18; and the second output of the interface devices with object 3 is connected to the indicators of the instrumentation equipment and the light board of the airframe and power plant 9, the third output to the indicators and light board of the weapon system 10.

The control system and management of the training process 1 is designed to set the “flight scenario” and the initial conditions of the training, start and operational control of the training, enter failures, stop and end the training. The system for monitoring and controlling the training process 1 is made on the basis of the instructor’s console, which consists of information displays (computer displays and television monitors based on cathode ray tubes or liquid crystal matrices) and controls: computer keyboards, mouse-type manipulators, one computer switch complete set: keyboard, video monitor and mouse manipulator to several system units of a personal computer of the KVM type, as well as radio communication simulation tools for voice communication but with a trained pilot.

The modeling complex 2 provides modeling of the operation of the onboard systems and equipment of the helicopter, receiving control actions from the settings of the instrumentation equipment 6, the controls of the helicopter 7 and the controls of the weapon system of the helicopter 8 using the devices for interfacing with the object 3 and issuing controlled devices using the interface devices 3 parameters on indicators of instrumentation equipment and light displays of glider and power plant systems 9 and indicators and light displays of weapon system 10, calculation helicopter movement parameters, uncontrolled (helicopter gun shells, unguided aircraft and air-to-air missiles with homing) and guided (anti-tank guided missiles) aircraft weapons, image of the cockpit environment for multi-channel projection system 16, control of a symbol-symbol aerobatic navigation and sighting information of the modified indicator on the windshield 14, synthesized by the symbol generator 11, simulation of the operation of the copro driving a goal and information support for the training process monitoring and control system 1. Modeling complex 2 is based on universal computer technology with the necessary performance: one personal computer (or high-performance server) and several (up to three) personal computers with a graphic accelerator (or high-performance graphic stations) ), in which the corresponding program-mathematical modules of modeling and visualization are implemented (installed and executed on this tool to computational techniques), combined to a high speed local area network.

Object interface devices 3 provide electrical interfacing and two-way information exchange between instrumentation adjusting bodies 6, helicopter controls 7, helicopter weapon system controls 8, instrumentation indicators and light displays of airframe and power plant systems 9 and weapon system indicators and light displays 10 and modeling complex 2. Interface devices with object 3 are made on the basis of specialized computer equipment performance (programmable logic matrix, microcontroller, industrial computer, etc.), in which the corresponding program-mathematical components of the primary processing of control information received from the object (from the tuning devices for instrumentation 6, helicopter controls 7 and weapons system controls helicopter 8), and forming control actions on the object (on indicators of instrumentation and light displays of glider and power plant systems 9 and indicators and armament light displays 10), as well as a set of analogue and discrete information input / output modules from the range of well-known manufacturers (“Advantech”, “Fastwel”, etc.).

Interface adapter 4 provides electrical interconnection and information exchange of modeling complex 2 with a symbol generator 11. Interface adapter 4 is made on small and medium integration integrated circuits and TTL logic, is a set of two lines of parallel registers with conveyor rewriting of a byte into a sixteen-bit word for bus matching personal computer (or high-performance server) data of the modeling complex 2 with the data bus of the symbol generator 11.

The pilot’s workplace in the cockpit of the helicopter 5 (see FIGS. 3 and 4) is intended to create an enclosed volume and reproduce the interior with a possibly complete simulation of the pilot’s information and control field. The workplace of pilot 5 in the proposed simulator can be implemented in one of the following two options:

- based on a copy of the cockpit of a real helicopter decommissioned due to exhaustion of resources, etc. and modified for training purposes in the training model of the cockpit of the helicopter "Ka-50" (see figure 3 and 4);

- on the basis of a full-scale prototype of the cockpit of the Ka-50 helicopter of a collapsible design made according to the frame-modular technology of the pilot production of the Simulator and Personnel Training Center (see Fig. 10).

Instrumentation tuning bodies 6, helicopter controls 7 and helicopter weapon system controls 8 are designed to generate control actions for the pilot on-board helicopter systems, which are modeled in modeling complex 2.

Instrumentation indicators and light displays of glider and power plant systems 9, indicators and light displays of weapons system 10 are designed to display the controlled parameters of the onboard helicopter systems.

The symbol generator 11 is intended for synthesizing using vector graphics and outputting 15 images of graph-symbolic flight-navigation and aiming information through a synchronization and switching unit to a modified indicator on the windshield 14, where the images are displayed on the screen of a cathode ray tube with a coordinate scan. In the proposed simulator, as a symbol generator 11 and a synchronization and switching unit 15, standard symbol generators and a synchronization and switching unit from the equipment of a standard indicator on the windshield were used (aircraft instrument of the ILS-31 type).

The acoustic conditioner 12 provides computer synthesis (or computer reproduction from the database of audio files) of acoustic noise and sound effects accompanying the operation of the on-board systems, propulsion system, helicopter rotors, etc. for the acoustic system 13 installed in the pilot's workplace in the cockpit layout 5. For the implementation of the acoustic conditioner 13, a personal computer with a sound card can be used, and for the implementation of the acoustic system 13, a multichannel multiband speaker system with high-frequency, mid-frequency, and low-frequency dynamic heads.

The optics of the standard indicator on the windshield (located above the dashboard in the center of the cabin - see figure 4) includes, as shown in figure 5, beamsplitters 26 and 27 installed parallel to each other at different heights, a collimator head 28 and a mirror of full reflection 30. The subject of the collimator head 28 is, depending on the mode of operation, the image plane on the screen of the cathode ray tube 31 or the grid plane 29 with the crosshairs made on it and highlighted by a digitized scale. The subject’s plane intersects the optical axis of the collimator head at the front focus point, so the collimator head 28 ensures a parallel beam path after itself and the pilot sees all the images of scales, marks, grids, inscriptions, etc. projected onto an infinitely distant plane. Since the central screen of the multi-channel projection system 17 is removed relative to the pilot’s eyes to a finite distance of several meters, this does not allow him to clearly see both the image of the external visual situation on the central screen of the multi-channel projection system 17 and the information in the exit pupil of the indicator on the windshield 14. In order to so that the plane of 14 images of scales, marks, marks, etc., visible in the exit pupil of the modified indicator on the windshield, is located in the simulator at a distance of several of meters from the exit pupil of the indicator, it was necessary to supplement the collimator head with lens 32 (see Fig.6). The lens 32 is a negative meniscus, has a special shape, is mounted on the outer surface of the frame 34 of the collimator head 28, is centered relative to the frame and is simultaneously fixed by a bracket 33 with three rubber gaskets 35.

When viewing through a standard indicator on the windshield in parallel light beams images, for example, grids 29, whose angular height is large, the upper and lower parts of the image merge for the pilot into a single image. But when viewing the same image in diverging beams, which occurs when the collimator head is supplemented with a scattering lens, the upper and lower parts of the image diverge vertically.

Since the reverse surfaces of the beam splitters 26 and 27 also have reflectivity, when working in diverging light beams, this causes the appearance of a second image lower than the main brightness (flare). To reduce the brightness of glare, an antireflective coating was applied to the reverse sides of the beam splitters 26, 27.

In order to eliminate this drawback, as well as to maintain the location of the line of sight of the modified indicator on the windshield 14 with respect to the plane passing through the upper boundary of the beam splitter of the lower beam splitter 27 and the lower border of the upper beam splitter 26, it was necessary to deviate the lower and upper beam splitters from their regular position by some small angles, making them parallel to each other. The methodology for performing this procedure, the methodology for calculating the mesh in the simulator version, and the methodology for calculating the scattering lens constitute the applicant's know-how.

Since the reverse surfaces of the beam splitters 26 and 27 also have reflectivity, when working in diverging light beams, this causes the appearance of a second image lower than the main brightness (flare). To reduce the brightness of the glare, an antireflection coating is applied to the reverse sides of the beam splitters 26, 27.

The addition of the collimator head 28 with a scattering lens 32 reduces the lateral increase in the optical system and, therefore, the visible angular dimensions of the images in the exit pupil compared to the standard ones. In order to compensate for the decrease in the visible angular dimensions of the grid 29, the standard grid is replaced by, in the training version, different from the standard linear dimensions. The reduction in the apparent size of the images, the source of which is the cathode ray tube 31, is compensated as follows.

As shown in figure 1, in the claimed invention, two blocks are used: a symbol generator 11, a synchronization and switching unit 15. These blocks, from the standard equipment, provide operation of the modified indicator on the windshield 14 on board the helicopter, where the input of the symbol generator 11 commands are received from the on-board digital computer complex (BTsVK), which describe, inter alia, linear coordinates and sizes of image elements.

In simulators, the operation of the BCVK of a real aircraft (and, as a rule, there are several of them on board) due to the high cost of the BTsVK and the difficulty of interfacing them with the computer equipment of the simulator, is usually emulated using general-purpose computer software included in the simulator complex 2 of the simulator. Therefore, it becomes possible to programmatically modify the commands received at the input of the symbol generator 11 through the interface adapter 4 from the simulator complex 2 of the simulator, where a special program emulates the operation algorithms of the CCVC helicopter. The reduction in the apparent size of the images can be compensated for by modifying the data fields of those commands supplied to the input of the symbol generator 11, which describes the linear dimensions of the image elements.

On the screens of the multichannel projection system 16, images of the off-cab environment are projected by projectors (not shown in FIG. 1) connected to the corresponding output of the modeling complex 2.

As can be seen from figure 4, directly under the glazing of the starboard side of the cockpit of the pilot of the Ka-50 helicopter, there is a lateral control panel, so the view provided to the pilot by the said glazing in the downward direction from the horizon does not exceed 22 °. The glazing of the cabin door, located on the port side, provides a view down to the angle of 42 ° from the horizon. This is necessary in order to provide the pilot with the opportunity to see the ground during take-off, during landing, and also when hovering at low altitude, which is an important element in the tactics of using a combat attack helicopter. In order for the above situations to be visualized when working out on the simulator, the left screen of the multichannel projection system 16, similar in size to the right screen, is located, unlike the right, with the short side along the floor and at such a height that the pilot can see the image through the left side glazing to its lowest (glazing) border (see figure 3). In addition, the use of three screens separated by gaps in the projection system simplifies the task of visually pairing images in the left, central and right channels of the projection system, and the use of flat screens eliminates the need for software correction of any image distortion.

The vibration impact generator 17 provides the generation of vibration effects for the vibration cushion of the pilot seat 18. In the proposed simulator, the personal computer with a sound card is used for the implementation of the vibration impact driver 17, and the Aura Systems Interactor Cushion type vibration cushion is used as the vibration cushion.

The surveillance camera 19 is designed for remote monitoring of the instructor's actions of the trained pilot.

Radio simulation equipment 20 is designed to carry out a speech exchange of a trained pilot with an instructor. The radio simulation equipment 20 in the proposed simulator can be implemented in one of the following two options:

- regular aviation headsets of the GSh-A-18 type were used;

- as a means of simulating radio communications used multimedia headsets.

The navigational-tactical situation generator 23 provides computer-assisted image synthesis for the navigational-tactical situation indicator 22 (located on the left panel of the dashboard - see Fig. 4), and the aiming conditioner 25 for the television aiming indicator 21 (located on the central instrument panel boards under the indicator on the windshield - see figure 4). For the implementation of the navigational-tactical 23 and aiming 25 shapers, the simulator used personal computers with a graphic accelerator. In the proposed simulator, as an indicator of the navigational and tactical situation 22, the following can be used: a full-time integrated helicopter navigation indicator of the KABRIS type (designed and manufactured by ZAO R.E.T. Kronshtadt, St. Petersburg) or a monitor based on a liquid crystal indicator , and as a television indicator of the aiming situation 21 - a television monitor based on a cathode ray tube.

The loading mechanism 24 (see Fig. 9) is made in the form of four vertically arranged hydraulic dampers, which are installed instead of the standard rods in the gap between the longitudinal-transverse control lever for controlling the "Tange" and "Roll" channels of the helicopter, and the directional pedals for controlling the channel " The course ”of the helicopter and the common pitch lever for controlling the“ Common pitch of helicopter engines ”channel and the standard hydraulic steering system of the helicopter. Moreover, the upper cavity of these hydraulic dampers communicates with the atmosphere and is connected to the lower cavity by a channel with an adjustable throttle in the hydraulic damper piston. The design of hydraulic dampers allows for the movement of the above-mentioned controls within specified limits, with given reactive forces and with a limitation on the maximum speed of movement. The values of displacements, reaction forces and maximum speeds of movement for each of the controls are selected corresponding to those in a real helicopter. The adjustment of the displacement values (the so-called strokes) is carried out by installing the bushings of the calculated length under the hydraulic damper piston (when moving forward) and above the piston (when moving backward), and the reaction forces and piston movement speed are controlled by selecting the adjustable throttle springs in the hydraulic damper piston.

The proposed simulator works as follows.

Before the training begins, the trained pilot takes his seat on the seat with vibration pad 18 in the pilot’s workplace in the cockpit of the helicopter 5, and the instructor behind the control panel of the training process control system 1. Moreover, the position of the pilot sitting in the 18 seat is adjusted in height so that the center the exit pupil of the modified indicator on the windshield 14 was located in a horizontal plane, which virtually passes through the centers of the pupils of the pilot's eyes.

1. Enter the initial conditions and start the training.

The instructor, choosing the “flight scenario” provided for by the training plan and the corresponding initial training conditions (for example, the initial position of the helicopter, the amount of fuel, the composition of its ammunition, etc., as well as the configuration of the simulator’s technical equipment and the composition of the simulated components of the aircraft’s onboard systems and onboard equipment ), starts the workout. At the same time, from the control panel of the training process monitoring and control system 1, the initial training conditions enter the modeling complex 2. Modeling complex 2 simulates the corresponding operation of the onboard systems and equipment of the helicopter, provides control actions for the navigational-tactical situation generator 23 for playback on the navigational-tactical indicator the situation of 22 electronic maps with the flight route, operational points, air defense objects on it tivnik, the objectives of the flight mission, etc.

2. Piloting a helicopter

While in the pilot’s workplace 5 and having familiarized himself with the flight task, the trainee performs the necessary regular procedures for preparing the helicopter for flight, and then, acting on the settings of the instrumentation equipment 6 and the controls of the helicopter 7, the control signals from which through the interface device 3 enter in modeling complex 2, performs a conditional flight (take-off, climb, etc.). In the modeling complex 2, the helicopter motion parameters are calculated, the airframe and power plant systems are simulated, and the image of the cockpit situation is generated, which, respectively, pass through the interface devices 3 to the instrumentation indicators and light displays of the airframe and power plant 9 systems, as well as to the multi-channel projection system 16. In addition, from the modeling complex 2 through the interface adapter 4 to the input of the symbol generator 11 receives control information about the location and delimited filling of marks and scales (characterizing the flight-navigation situation) of the modified indicator on the windshield 14. In this case, the symbol generator 11 generates the corresponding graph-symbol flight-navigation information, which through the synchronization and switching unit 15 is fed to the input of the modified indicator on the windshield 14 The aeronautical and navigational information displayed in the refined indicator on the windshield 14 is: “Helicopter speed”, “Flight altitude”, “Course”, “Roll”, “Pitch”, etc. (synthesized using vector graphics primitives), allows the pilot to pilot the helicopter without taking his eyes off the cockpit situation on the central screen of the multi-channel projection system 16.

In addition, after the start of the simulation of the onboard systems and onboard equipment of the helicopter, the modeling complex 2 provides control actions for the shaper of the acoustic environment 12 for the acoustic system to reproduce 13 acoustic noise and sound effects accompanying the operation of the onboard systems and equipment of the helicopter, propulsion system, helicopter rotors etc. In addition, the modeling complex 2 provides the issuance of control actions on the shaper of the vibration effects 17 for the vibration of the seat 18 to reproduce the vibrations accompanying the operation of the propulsion system and the rotors of the helicopter. Depending on the flight conditions and operating modes of the on-board systems and on-board equipment of the helicopter, the modeling complex 2 provides a corresponding change in the acoustic situation in the pilot's workplace 5, simultaneously changing the frequency and amplitude of vibration effects.

When flying along a route or reaching an operational point, the modeling complex 2 provides control actions for the navigator-tactical situation generator 23 for playing on the navigational-tactical situation indicator 22 of the current navigational-tactical situation (an electronic map of the combat operations area of the required scale with the route plotted on it flight, operational points, symbols of a helicopter and helicopters of a combat strike group piloted by a trained pilot, anti-aircraft objects the enemy defense, the objectives of the flight task, etc.).

In the process of training, the trained pilot is able to use voice simulation tools 20 to exchange speech with the operator of the ground control point and the pilots of other helicopters of the combat strike group, the role of which is played by the instructor at the control panel of the training control and management system 1.

As a result, a visual and acoustic information environment is formed for the trained pilot that is adequate to the visual and acoustic information environment that occurs during a real flight in a helicopter, which, in combination with vibration effects and the use of helicopter controls 7 to control the conditional flight (which, thanks to the loading mechanism 24 create the tactile sensations of the student adequate to the regular ones: stroke, reactive efforts and restrictions on the maximum speed of movement) reliable simulation of helicopter piloting processes.

3. The use of aircraft weapons (ASA)

After reaching the operational point, that is, when the helicopter approaches the target at the required distance if a decision is made to use on-board weapons, the trained pilot acts on the control system of the weapon system 8. Moreover, the control signals from the control system of the weapon system 8 through devices for interfacing with the object 3 enter the modeling complex 2. In the modeling complex 2, an imitation of the functioning of the weapon system is carried out, the output through the interface with the object 3 is controlled information on the indicators and light displays of the weapon system 10, and the symbol generator 11 receives control information about the location and numerical content of marks and scales (characterizing the state of the on-board weapons and sighting situation) of the modified indicator on the windshield 14. Moreover, the symbol generator 11, additionally to the existing graphical and symbolic flight and navigation information, generates the corresponding graphical and symbolic sighting information, which through the synchronization and switching unit 15 also receives input of the modified indicator on the windshield 14. The integrated (most important for both piloting and combat use of TSA) aerobatic information displayed in the modified indicator on the windshield is 14 (helicopter speed, "flight altitude", "heading", "roll" , “Pitch”, etc.) and sighting information (“Aiming mark” symbol, “Shooting zone” symbol, “Start allowed” symbol, etc.) synthesized using vector graphics primitives allow the pilot to pilot a helicopter and perform ope aiming position, without taking your eyes off the hitch situation on the central screen of the multichannel projection system 16. In addition, modeling complex 2, simulating the functioning of the weapon system, through the sighting conditioner 25 displays 21 graph-symbol sighting information on the television sighting indicator: symbol “Aiming frame”, “Capture” symbol, “Start allowed” symbol, etc. (synthesized with the help of elements of a television raster) against the background of an image of an in-depth setting.

Further, the trained pilot begins to carry out operations to search for the target and preliminary aim the helicopter at the target, combining the “Aiming mark” symbol with the intended target on the modified indicator on the windshield 14. Then, using the weapons system controls 8 in the image on the television indicator of the aiming situation 21 (on which the target image is formed with an increase corresponding to the real guidance device of the regular sighting complex of the helicopter), the pilot performs operations to recognize the target, frame the selected target with the "Aiming frame" symbol and transition to the "Automatic target tracking" mode. Simulation of the operation of the guidance device and the target tracking machine of the regular sighting system of the helicopter is provided by simulator complex 2. After capturing the target for auto tracking, indicated by the appearance of the 21 “Capture” symbols on the television indicator, the pilot, using the weapons system 8 controls, selects the one necessary for effective destruction type of TSA (helicopter cannon mount, unguided aircraft missiles, air-to-air missiles with a samon head) guiding and anti-tank guided missiles) and using the controls of the helicopter 7 performs operations on combining the indicator on the windshield 14 to combine the symbol "Aiming mark" for the selected type of TSA with the symbol "Shooting zone". The symbol "Shooting zone" on the indicator on the windshield 14 is depicted in the form of a ring, in the center of which the pilot must enter the symbol "Aiming mark". After the 21 start symbol appears on the modified indicator on the windshield 14 and the television indicator of the aiming situation, if the capture symbol 21 is present (saving) on the television sighting indicator 21, the pilot can perform firing operations from a helicopter gun mount, launch unguided aircraft missiles (NAR), air-to-air missiles (RVV) with homing and anti-tank guided missiles (ATGM). The flight of each of the missiles (NAR, RVV and ATGM) is simulated in modeling complex 2, and the flight path of the rocket is accompanied by a characteristic imitation of a smoke plume, which is visualized on the central screen of the multi-channel projection system 16 and on the television indicator of the aiming situation 21.

After the ATGM retirement, the pilot pilots the helicopter, following the roll and line of sight according to the information on the modified indicator on the windshield 14 and on the television indicator of the aiming situation 21 until the rocket explodes when the target is hit (or until self-destruction when missed).

The instructor, who is at the control panel of the training control system 1, receives from the modeling complex 2 any necessary data on the training process: the state of the onboard systems and equipment of the helicopter, weapon systems, a visual image of the cockpit space, flight, navigation, tactical and sighting information, etc. .d. and, if necessary, has the opportunity to amend the original “flight scenario”. In addition, the instructor has the ability to carry out remote monitoring of the actions of the trained pilot using a surveillance camera 19 installed in the pilot’s workplace 5.

4. Failure input

During the training, it is possible for the instructor to enter the following main failures from the control system of the training process 1 control panel:

- failure of any of the components of the onboard systems and equipment of the helicopter, implemented in the modeling complex 2;

- the failure of individual means of information display (SDI): indicators of instrumentation and light displays of the airframe and power plant 9, indicators and light displays of the weapon system 10, a modified indicator on the windshield 14, a television indicator of the aiming situation 21 and an indicator of navigational and tactical situation 22 to choose from or in the required combination;

- failure of individual controls (OS): tuning equipment 6, control elements of the helicopter 7 and its weapons system 8 to choose from or in the required combination.

Depending on the training scenario being implemented, the instructor will “block” the operation of the corresponding models of the onboard systems and helicopter equipment implemented in the modeling complex 2 or to simulate the failures of the OS and SDI — block the necessary information input / output channels in the interface device 3.

5. Stop and end training

The instructor, having completed the required “flight scenario,” makes a stop and issues a command to complete the training.

The technical results obtained as a result of expanding the functionality of the simulator include the following:

- providing the trained pilot with the ability to acquire stable sensory-motor skills in helicopter piloting and combat use of all types of TSA of modern attack helicopters with the implementation of the required volume and sequence of arms control operations using an automatic target tracking system;

- reproduction in a closed volume of the helicopter cockpit model of the interior of a real helicopter cockpit with a complete simulation of the pilot information and control field, which is necessary to perform helicopter piloting and combat use of all types of TSA;

- generation in the simulator of images of graph-symbolic flight-navigation and aiming information using vector graphics and playback of these images on the screen of a cathode ray tube with a coordinate scan of a modified indicator on the windshield, that is, normally;

- reproduction of images of graph-symbol flight-navigation and sighting information in a regularly located and having a nominal diameter exit pupil of a modified indicator on the windshield;

- combination of images of the graph-symbol flight-navigation and aiming information with the plane of the corresponding screen of the projection system;

- ensuring the nominal size and type of all elements of graphical information;

- providing the ability to simulate vibration effects and acoustic conditions in the layout of the helicopter cockpit;

- providing the ability to simulate radio communications;

- providing the possibility of video surveillance of the actions of the trained pilot;

- the use of the simulator in various fields, such as the training (of the highest level) of pilots of a combat attack helicopter of the Ka-50 type, as well as a comprehensive solution to the educational, cognitive and educational entertaining tasks of patriotic education of youth.

Industrial applicability of the invention is determined by the fact that the proposed simulator can be made in accordance with the above description and graphic materials based on well-known components and technological equipment.

The proposed technical solution is practically implemented in the simulator of a single-seat combat attack helicopter “Ka-50“ Black Shark ”in OJSC“ KAMOV ”(see“ Simulator for the training of helicopter pilots ”, http://asrdc.tpark.ru/Napravtenie.htm and figure 2, 3, 4 and 9). Piloting and combat use of the Ka-50 Black Shark helicopter in a simulator (complex crab simulator) corresponds to the Helicopter Flight Operation Manual. The complex simulator “Crab” successfully passed preliminary tests with the involvement of specialists from the Russian Air Force and test pilots of KAMOV OJSC and is recommended for use as a ground technical training tool for pilots of the Ka-50 helicopter.

The proposed technical solution is also used in a helicopter ride simulator designed and manufactured by the Center for simulator engineering and personnel training, which is part of the ASTRON Youth Educational and Cognitive Entertainment Cosmocenter named after cosmonaut G.S.Shonin of the Don branch of the Simulator Center (Novocherkassk, Rostov Region) (see "Search Helicopter Pilot Simulator", http://asrdc.tpark.ru/June/Helicopter.html and figure 10).

In addition, the proposed technical solution is supposed to be implemented in a helicopter simulator-attraction, created by the Simulator and Personnel Training Center for the Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics, Moscow.

Thus, the proposed simulator for training attack helicopter pilots in the use of aviation weapons is a dual-purpose conversion development, has very broad functional capabilities and diverse fields of application, providing both initial training and professional training for air force pilots of the modern Ka-type combat attack helicopter 50 Black Shark ”, as well as a comprehensive solution to educational, cognitive and educational entertaining tasks, are connected with the patriotic education of young people (pupils, students, cadets, etc.) in the youth leisure center.

Based on the foregoing and the results of our patent information search, we believe that the proposed simulator meets the criteria of "Novelty", "Inventive step" and can be protected by a patent of the Russian Federation for an invention.

Claims (4)

1. A simulator for training pilots in attack helicopter piloting and the use of aviation weapons, containing a training control system for the training process, a modeling system that simulates the operation of helicopter airborne systems, calculates the parameters of the helicopter and unguided aircraft weapons, generates an image of the cockpit and information support control and management systems for the training process; devices for interfacing with an object, a pilot’s workplace in the helicopter’s cabin, with instrumentation adjustments placed on the inside of the helicopter’s cabin, controls for the helicopter and its weapon system, instrumentation indicators and light displays of the airframe and power plant systems, indicators and light displays of the weapon system and a modified indicator on the windshield, including a cathode ray tube, a grid, a collimator head and two beamsplitters mounted one above the other; a multichannel projection system installed in front of the helicopter cockpit, and the output of the training control and management system is connected to the first input of the modeling complex, the first output of which is connected to the second input of the training control and management system, and the first output of the object interface devices is connected to the second input of the modeling complex, the fourth output of which is connected to the input of a multi-channel projection system, to the second input of the devices for interfacing with the object are connected the settings of the instrumentation equipment, to the third and fourth, respectively, are the controls of the helicopter and its weapon system, characterized in that a symbol generator, an acoustic system, a synchronization and switching unit, a pilot's seat with a vibration pad, a surveillance camera, and radio communication simulators are introduced into it; television sighting indicator, navigational-tactical situation indicator, placed in the internal volume of the helicopter cockpit; interface adapter, shaper of acoustic conditions, shaper of vibration effects, shaper of navigational and tactical conditions, loading mechanism mechanically connected with helicopter controls; imaging device, and simulated radio communications are connected to the input-output of the monitoring and control system for the training process, a surveillance camera is connected to the first input, the second output of the modeling complex is connected through the imaging device to the television display, and the third output is through the navigational-tactical imager the situation to the indicator of the navigational and tactical situation, the fifth output is through a series-connected interface adapter, the generator mvolov and synchronization and switching unit to the modified indicator on the windshield, the sixth exit - to the first input of the pairing devices with the object, the seventh output - through the shaper of the acoustic environment to the speaker system, the eighth exit - through the shaper of vibration effects to the pilot's seat with a vibration pad, and the modeling complex is made with the ability to control the graph-symbol flight-navigation and sighting information of the modified indicator on the windshield synthesized by the generator symbols and the block formed by the synchronization and switching operation of the automaton modeling target tracking and to calculate the motion parameters of controlled aircraft weapons; and the second output of the interface devices with the object is connected to the indicators of the instrumentation equipment and the light panel of the airframe and power plant systems, the third output to the indicators and light panel of the weapon system. 2. The simulator according to claim 1, characterized in that a diffused lens is inserted into the modified indicator on the windshield, mounted on top of the frame of the collimator head and fixed on it with a bracket, and part of the lens is cut at an angle to the optical axis, the upper and lower beam splitters are deviated from standard position at some small angles so that their planes become non-parallel one another, and the grid is made in the simulator version and differs from the standard one in linear dimensions and the backlight beams are marked -governing coating. 3. The simulator according to claim 1, characterized in that the multichannel projection system comprises three separate flat rectangular reflective screens that are not in contact with each other - left, central and right, with the central and right parallel to the floor, the long sides, the left - the short side, the simulator cabin raised relative to the floor so that the lower side of the left screen, the lower glazing point of the helicopter cockpit door and the calculated point of view of the pilot sitting in a chair and turning his head to the left screen it is on the same plane, and the projector projecting the image onto the left screen is oriented according to the location of the screen. 4. The simulator according to claim 1, characterized in that the loading mechanism is made in the form of vertically arranged hydraulic dampers, which are installed instead of the standard rods in the gap between the longitudinal-transverse control lever for controlling the "Tange" and "Roll" channels of the helicopter, the directional pedals for control of the “Channel” channel of the helicopter and the common pitch lever for controlling the channel “General pitch of the helicopter engines” and the standard hydraulic steering system of the helicopter, the upper cavity of these hydraulic dampers communicating with the atmosphere and dinena channel with the lower cavity with an adjustable throttle in the piston a hydraulic damper.

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