RU2359007C1 - Method of receiving of hydrocarbon fuel, technological hydrogen and carbon-base materials from biomass - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: metallurgy. ^ SUBSTANCE: received according to suggested invention carbon-base materials can be used in treatment processes of gas and liwuids in the capacity of sorbate. Method of receiving of hydrocarbon fuel, technological hydrogen and carbon-base materials from granulated biomass, in which initial biomass is fed into drying apparatus, and from it dewatered biomass is fed into the pre-saturator, where hard material is heated up to 250-400C, from it-into the saturator, where hard material is heated up to 600-700C, from saturator into activator, coal residue from the latter with the temperature 850-900C is directed into carbonisation reactor of carbon residue with external heating for receiving of pyrocarbon and hydrogen, and gases from the saturator is fed successively into the dust collecting system and condenser of high molecular hydrocarbon, from the latter gases containing noncondensing combustive componentry are fed into fire chambers of pre-saturator and/or activating agent and outer consumers, and part or all liquid high molecular carbohydrates from the condenser are fed into evaporator, differs by that part of hard metal from the saturator and/or activating agent is possibly taken away from the system and delivered to outer consumers, and into reactor of carbonisation it is fed part or all porous material from activating agent and froming in evaporator vapor of liquid high molecular hydrocarbon, herewith heating of carbonisation reactor is implemented ensured by burning of nondensables part in heating system fire chamber, from which combustion materials are fed into dryer mixer, herewith vapor of liquid high molecular hydrocarbons are fed into carbonisation reactor with excessive pressure, and withdrawing from the carbonisation reactor technological hydrogen is taken out from the system by autonomous route with regulated aerodynamic resistance, herewith part of gases from the dryer or activator are fed into recycle, and from the pre-saturator all or part of gases are fed into fire chamber of heating system of carbonisation reactor and/or to recycle, herewith thermal processing in dryer, pre-saturator, saturator and activator are implemented in instruments of local fluidised layer with inclined without disastrous grating, and carbonisation process is implemented into gravitational moving compact or fluidised layer. ^ EFFECT: diversification of receiving of final desired products at failure or reduction in use of non-renewable sources of hydrocarbon raw materials. ^ 2 ex, 1 dwg

Description

The invention relates to energy, in particular hydrogen energy and the production of carbon materials, and can be used to produce energy hydrocarbon fuels, industrial hydrogen and a wide class of carbon materials from biomass.

A known method of processing organic substances by heating them in a gaseous medium or in vacuum, the processing is carried out in stages near the boundary of existence of the released substance in the condensed state by high-speed heating at a speed of 10 ³ -10 ⁵ deg / s, which is different for each stage, and the number stages is equal to the number of products removed from the process or increases with the existence of temperature ranges in which chemical reactions do not occur, while at one of the stages at a temperature of 20 0-375 ° C, moisture is removed from the system, the temperature of the last stage is 550-750 ° C, and the gaseous fractions obtained at each stage of the processing process are removed from the system and sent for further condensation, processing or burning, solid products remaining after the last stage, also sent for processing or burned (RF patent No. 2201951, classes 7 СВВ 49/00, СВВ 53/02, СВВ 57/02).

Closest to the proposed technical solution is a method in which joint complex processing of natural gas and biomass, in particular wood, with the production of hydrogen and carbon materials is carried out. In this case, a method for the joint thermal processing of wood waste and natural gas to produce pure carbon materials and hydrogen is that the crushed wood waste is loaded into a vertical high-temperature furnace and directed towards natural gas supplied from below. In the high-temperature lower zone of the furnace, thermal decomposition of natural gas and wood pyrolysis are carried out. The gaseous products of pyrolysis pass from the bottom up towards the moving layer of wood waste. Due to the high temperature of the gaseous products of the thermal decomposition reaction, the wood is heat treated when moving in countercurrent with chopped wood. Wood enters the high-temperature zone in the form of charcoal, in the porous structure of which thermal decomposition of natural gas occurs. Deposited in the pores of the initial carbon matrix, the carbon of thermal decomposition of natural gas forms a monolithic carbon composite in the form of pyrocarbon (V.M. Zaichenko. Complex processing of natural gas to produce hydrogen for energy and carbon materials of wide industrial application. / Proceedings of the International Symposium on Hydrogen Energy 1 November 2, 2005 / M. - Publishing House MPEI, 2005. - S.95-98, prototype).

The disadvantages of this method are that the physicochemical transformations of biomass and carbon-containing gas are carried out in one apparatus with the inability to diversify the production of final target products, as well as the fact that an expensive non-renewable source (natural gas is considered as a carbon and hydrogen source for producing pyrocarbon and hydrogen) ), consisting mainly of methane, for the thermal dissociation of which requires a large external energy.

The present invention solves the technical problem of diversification of obtaining the final target products, for example wood and / or activated carbon, pyrocarbon, gaseous and / or liquid hydrocarbon fuels, as well as technical hydrogen, in case of refusal to use non-renewable sources of hydrocarbon raw materials or its reduction.

The stated technical problem is solved due to the fact that in the method for producing hydrocarbon fuel, industrial hydrogen and carbon materials from granular biomass, the initial biomass is fed to the drying apparatus, from which the dried biomass is fed to the pre-carbonizer, where the solid material is heated to 250-400 ° C, from it to the carbonizer, where the solid material is heated to 600-700 ° C, from the carbonizer to the activator, the coal residue from the latter with a temperature of 850-900 ° C is sent to the carbon residue reactor with external heating roar to produce pyrocarbon and hydrogen, and gases from the carbonizer are fed sequentially to the dust collection system and condenser of high molecular weight hydrocarbons, from the latter gases containing non-condensable fuel components are supplied to the furnaces of the pre-carbonizer and / or activator and to external consumers, and part or all of the liquid high-molecular hydrocarbons from the condenser is sent to the evaporator, while part of the solid material from the carbonizer and / or activator is possibly removed from the system and supplied to an external consumer m, and part or all of the porous material from the activator and vapor of high molecular weight liquid hydrocarbons formed in the evaporator are fed into the carburization reactor, and the carburization reactor is heated by burning part of non-condensable gases in the furnace of the heating system, from which the combustion products are fed to the dryer mixer, liquid high-molecular hydrocarbons are sent to an overpressure carburization reactor, and the technical hydrogen leaving the carburization reactor is removed from the system along an autonomous path with adjustable aerodynamic drag, while part of the gases from the dryer and activator are sent for recycling, and from the pre-carbonizer, all or part of the gases is fed to the furnace of the carburization reactor heating system and / or for recycling, and the heat treatment processes in the dryer, pre-carbonizer, carbonizer and the activator is carried out in locally fluidized bed apparatuses with inclined wireless gratings, and the carburization process is carried out in a gravitationally moving dense or fluidized bed.

The essence of the proposed method is illustrated in the drawing.

Granular biomass is fed from the feed hopper 1 to the dryer 2, from it to the feed hopper 3 of the pre-carbonizer 4, the solid material from the pre-carbonizer to the carbonizer 5, the coal residue from the latter to the activator 6, from the activator to the carbonization reactor 7. At the outlet of the carbonizer 5 and activator 6, exhaust pipes are made with lock gates for possible release in the required amount of wood (in the case of wood source biomass) and / or activated carbon. Gases from the carbonizer 5 are fed through a dust cleaning system to the condenser 8 of high molecular weight liquid hydrocarbons, all or part of the high molecular weight liquid hydrocarbons are fed to the evaporator 9, and from it pairs of high molecular weight hydrocarbons are sent to the carburization reactor 7 with some excess pressure. In the reactor 7, the vapor of high molecular weight liquid hydrocarbons is decomposed into carbon and hydrogen, and the porous structure of activated carbon is carbonized. Non-condensable gases from the condenser are sent to the furnaces 10.11 and 12, respectively, of the pre-carbonizer, activator and the heating system of the carburization reactor. The combustion products from the heating system of the carburization reactor are fed to the mixer, where recycle gases are also fed from the dryer to obtain the drying agent of the required parameters. Similarly, the gases of the pre-carbonizer and activator are recycled.

The solid product — pyrocarbon — is removed from the reactor 7 through a sluice or aerodynamic shutter, and technical hydrogen — through an autonomous path with adjustable aerodynamic drag.

When switching to a particular combination of end products, the equipment is minimally set up: they reduce or increase the height of the thresholds determining the layer height in devices 5, 6, and thereby the residence times of solid material and combined-cycle gases in the layer. The temperature of the material is regulated by the flow of fuel gases supplied to the furnaces of the apparatus.

The proposed method is illustrated by the following examples, in which wood biomass is meant as biomass, which does not limit the use of other types of biomass, in particular peat.

The first example is the production of pyrocarbon, hydrogen and energy fuel

It organizes the operation of the installation without obtaining intermediate carbon materials - charcoal and activated carbon. The sluice gates of the outlet pipes of the carbonizer and activator are closed, and all activated carbon is fed into the carburization reactor. All liquid high molecular weight hydrocarbons or part of them from the condenser are fed to the evaporator by a pump, which creates the necessary overpressure. Overheated hydrocarbon vapors are formed in the evaporator, which are sent to the carburization reactor, where they cool the lower layers of pyrocarbon, and in the upper layers they are thermally dissociated on the pore surface of the porous activated carbon matrix. Hydrocarbon carbon is deposited in the pores in the form of pyrocarbon, and hydrogen, together with some small amount of undecomposed hydrocarbons, enters the intergranular space and is evacuated from the installation through an autonomous path. Since the rate of pyrocarbon formation is proportional to the pressure of the hydrocarbon vapor in the reactor, it is preferable to create an excess pressure in the reactor. If a large degree of carbonization of the carbon matrix is necessary, a certain amount of natural hydrocarbons, for example natural gas, is fed into the reactor.

To compensate for the endothermic effect of the dissociation of hydrocarbons, the reactor is equipped with an external heating system by the combustion products of non-condensable gases. Combustion products from the heating system are fed to the mixer, where recycle gases from the dryer are also fed. A drying agent of the required parameters is formed in the mixer.

The second example is the production of charcoal and / or activated carbon, energy fuels, pyrocarbon and industrial hydrogen

The lock gates of the exhaust pipes of the carbonizer and activator are open for the possible withdrawal of part of charcoal and activated carbon from the system. A combination of options is possible when the exhaust pipe of the activator is closed and the carbonizer is open, or vice versa. In all cases, a certain amount of charcoal enters the activator, and from it the activated charcoal enters the carburization reactor. The activator is equipped with a furnace for burning non-condensable carbonization gases coming from the condenser. Part of the gases at the outlet of the activator is recycled through the injector, and most of it goes under the inclined carbonizer grid to carry out the carbonization process. Part of the charcoal and / or activated carbon is supplied to external consumers through exhaust pipes.

In all examples, gases from the carbonizer enter the dust cleaning system (for example, to high-temperature bag filters), and from it to the condenser of high molecular weight hydrocarbons. The amounts of liquid fuel and non-condensable fuel gases are determined by controlling the parameters of the carbonizer.

The advantage of the proposed method is the flexibility in the final target products, the rejection or reduction of the use of natural non-renewable sources of hydrocarbons, as well as the reduction of greenhouse carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere during the production of industrial hydrogen in comparison with traditional methods for its production.

Claims (1)

A method of producing hydrocarbon fuel, industrial hydrogen and carbon materials from granular biomass, in which the initial biomass is fed into a drying apparatus, from which dried biomass is fed to a pre-carbonizer, where solid material is heated to 250-400 ° C, from it to a carbonizer, where solid material to 600-700 ° C, from the carbonizer to the activator, the coal residue from the latter with a temperature of 850-900 ° C is sent to the carbon residue reactor with external heating to produce pyrocarbon and hydrogen, and gases and of the carbonizer are fed sequentially to the dust collection system and condenser of high molecular weight hydrocarbons, from the latter gases containing non-condensable fuel components are supplied to the furnaces of the pre-carbonizer and / or activator and to external consumers, and part or all of the high molecular weight liquid hydrocarbons are sent from the condenser to the evaporator, characterized in that part of the solid material from the carbonizer and / or activator is possibly removed from the system and supplied to external consumers, and h is fed to the carburization reactor or all of the porous material from the activator and the vapor of high molecular weight hydrocarbons formed in the evaporator, and the carburization reactor is heated by burning part of the non-condensable gases in the heating system furnace, from which the combustion products are fed to the dryer mixer, and the high molecular weight hydrocarbon pairs are sent to the carburization reactor with excess pressure, and the technical hydrogen leaving the carburizing reactor is removed from the system via an autonomous path with controlled air resistance, in this case, part of the gases from the dryer and activator are sent for recycling, and all or part of the gases from the pre-carbonizer is fed to the furnace of the heating system of the carburization reactor and / or for recycling, and the heat treatment processes in the dryer, pre-carbonizer, carbonizer and activator are carried out locally a fluidized bed with inclined wireless gratings, and the carburization process is carried out in a gravitationally moving dense or fluidized bed.