RU2312839C1 - Raw mixture for manufacturing building material and article - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: invention relates to building industry and building materials.

SUBSTANCE: invention proposes a raw mixture that comprises cement, swollen vermiculite, mineral charge and water. As mineral charge the mixture comprises dry mixture consisting of one or two materials chosen from the first group comprising sand, keramzit, crushed stone and one or two materials chosen from the second group comprising slaked lime, gypsum and clay. For bi-component charge mass parts are 1.0 and 0.1-1.5, respectively. For tri-component charge mass part are 0.95-0.05; 0.05-0.95 and 0.1-0.5 or 1.0; 1.9-0.1 and 0.1-1.9, respectively. For tetra-component charge mass parts are 0.95-0.1 and 0.95-0.05; 1.9-0.1 and 0.1-1.9, respectively. The ratio of components in the mixture is, wt.-%: cement, 8-25; swollen vermiculite, 5-21; mineral charge, 13-42, and water, the balance. Invention provides enhancing physicochemical and heat-insulating properties of materials and articles to be manufactured and possibility for decreasing weight loading on carrying units of buildings and constructions. Invention can be used in manufacturing building materials and articles of multifunctional designation from raw mixtures comprising swollen vermiculite as a filling agent.

EFFECT: improved and valuable technical properties of mixture.

1 cl, 2 tbl, 5 ex

Description

The invention relates to the building materials industry, namely to raw mixtures with inorganic fillers and binders and can be used for the manufacture of building materials and multifunctional products.

The invention is aimed at increasing the efficiency of the use of building raw material mixtures, including expanded vermiculite as a light mineral porous aggregate, in solving the urgent problem of creating environmentally friendly, non-combustible heat and energy-saving materials and structures for the construction industry.

Known concrete mixture, including, wt.%: Cement 16.6-24.9, coarse aggregate - river gravel 40.3-46.1, quartz sand 17.4-25.3.3, waste production of expanded vermiculite fraction composition less than 2 , 5 mm 0.9-2.5, vermiculite rock fractions less than 2.5 mm 0.9-2.5, water - the rest (SU 1414830, С04В 28/04, 06.23.1986).

The disadvantages of the known mixture are the difficulty in selecting the grain composition of the waste from the production of expanded vermiculite and vermiculite rock, including private residues on sieves with openings ranging in size from 1.25 mm to less than 0.14 mm. When all components are mixed in a concrete mixer, additional grinding of light vermiculite grains takes place, and during subsequent laying of the crude mixture into the mold and its vibration, part of the vermiculite grains moves to the upper region of the mixture, which leads to a significant uneven structure in the concrete volume and a decrease in its operational characteristics.

Known raw mix for the manufacture of heat-insulating building material, including, wt.%: Portland cement 12.36-20.03, expanded vermiculite 49.5-60.39, foam concentrate "Neopor" 0.079-0.083 and water 27-18-30,03 . The heat-insulating material made from this mixture has a compressive strength of 4-17 MPa, a density of 286-487 kg / m ³ , thermal conductivity of 0.063-0.095 W / (m · K), fire resistance of 10 thermal cycles at 600 ° C (RU 2194684, С04В 38/08, 24/14, 07/25/1997).

The disadvantages of this raw material mixture are that the expanded vermiculite, when mixed with the foam cement mass, is unevenly distributed in its volume, which makes it difficult to obtain homogeneous density mortars, concretes and products based on them. The materials obtained after the known mixture has hardened have significant variations in strength, thermal conductivity, and other characteristics, which reduces the efficiency of their use in construction.

A known dry mixture, including Portland cement M400D5 as a binder, and expanded aggregate vermiculite M100 as a filler based on the partial residue on the sieves: 5.0 mm - 5%, 0.6 mm - 55%, less than 0.6 mm - 40 %, with the following ratio of components, wt.%: Portland cement 49-83, expanded vermiculite 51-17. The dry mixture is shut with water and used as internal and external finishing heat-insulating layers in the factory manufacturing of building elements and directly at construction sites (RU 2162067, С04В 28/04, 05.06.1998).

A disadvantage of the known mixture is that the heat-insulating finishing layers obtained on its basis have a loose structure, the surface of the layers peels off due to shedding of vermiculite particles, which reduces the operational characteristics of products with such layers.

Known heat-insulating concrete composition, including cementitious material and a light mixture consisting of expanded vermiculite and expanded perlite, when their ratio in the mixture is not more than 2: 1 wt.h. In the concrete composition, the ratio between the cementitious material and the light mixture is about 4: 1 parts by weight The cementitious material is a hydraulic binder with a hardening accelerator and includes, by weight, portland cement, stucco and gypsum gypsum, with a ratio of about 5: 4: 1 or alumina cement and stucco, with a ratio of about 11: 5. The concrete composition may also include, wt.%: An air-entraining additive of 0.5-2 and a surfactant of 0.3-1.5. After mixing all the components with water, the resulting liquid solution is used for applying heat-insulating and repair coatings to building structures (US 6290769, 106/675, С04В 038/08, 09/18/2001).

The main disadvantage of the known composition is that the coatings obtained on its basis in a dry state have a density of more than 700 kg / m, which does not allow to reduce their thermal conductivity and, accordingly, thickness and weight. With an increase in the amount of vermiculite or perlite in the composition in order to increase the heat-insulating properties of the coatings, it is simultaneously necessary to increase the mass of cementitious material, since otherwise the strength characteristics of the coatings decrease, after drying cracks and delamination form in them.

Closest to the claimed raw material mixture for the technical problem to be solved is the raw material mixture, which is a composition comprising, parts by volume: cement 2.0, expanded vermiculite 10.0 and water 2.6. The composition may further comprise, by volume: calcined (calcined) mica 1.0-5.0. A cement mixture consisting of Portland cement (65%) and high alumina cement (35%) can be used in the composition. In addition, various variants of the composition may contain additives, parts by volume: plasticizer 0.1, 50% polyvinyl acetate emulsion 0.2, or 50% acrylic emulsion 0.2, setting accelerator 0.02. To increase the water resistance, protective and decorative properties of products made using this composition (poles, racks, borders, etc.), water repellents and pigments can be introduced into it (GB 2266886, С04В 14/20, Е04Н 17/20, 11.11. 1993).

The disadvantages of the known raw mix are that the increased strength properties of products made from it, as well as the above analogues, are provided by increasing the mass of binders, which leads to an increase in the weight of the products, reducing their heat-insulating properties. The use of calcined (burnt) mica increases the cost of the mixture, requires the introduction of special additives containing organic combustible substances, since it becomes loose and can be used mainly to fill hollow structures, which significantly limits its use in construction, for example, when applying non-combustible heat-insulating coatings, the preparation of warm solutions, the manufacture of molded heat-insulating and structural-heat-insulating non-combustible products and does not allow efficient use zovat unique thermal and weight properties of exfoliated vermiculite to create new materials and products for the construction industry, in particular for protecting designs that combine high values of the bearing capacity and the coefficient of thermal resistance.

The analysis shows that raw construction mixtures based on expanded vermiculite have a certain contradiction between the requirements to reduce thermal conductivity and at the same time provide the necessary strength and minimize the weight of materials and products made from such mixtures.

The objective of the invention is to increase the operational characteristics of materials and products based on the inventive raw mix, expand the functionality of its use to improve the heat and energy-saving characteristics of both newly constructed and repaired buildings and structures.

The technical result achieved is to increase the physicomechanical and heat-insulating properties of the manufactured materials and products, while ensuring the possibility of reducing weight loads on the load-bearing elements of buildings and structures.

The problem is solved in that the raw mixture containing cement, expanded vermiculite, mineral mixture and water, as a mineral mixture contains a dry mixture of one or two any materials selected from the group including sand, expanded clay, crushed stone and one or two any materials selected from the group including: fluff lime, gypsum, clay, with the following ratio of components determined from the expressions: for a mixture of any one material selected from the group including sand, expanded clay, crushed stone and any one mater yal selected from the group comprising fluff lime, gypsum, clay

Ah + Woo x = 1.0

y = 0.1-1.5,

where A is one any material selected from the group including sand, expanded clay, crushed stone;

B - any one material selected from the group comprising fluffy lime, gypsum, clay;

x is the mass part of material A;

y is the mass part of material B;

for a mixture of any two materials selected from the group including sand, expanded clay, crushed stone and any one material selected from the group including lime powder, gypsum, clay

(A ₁ -x ^* + A ^* x ^* ) + By x ^* = 0.05-0.95

y = 0.1-1.5,

where A is the first any material selected from the group comprising sand, expanded clay, crushed stone;

A ^* - any second material selected from the group including sand, expanded clay, crushed stone;

B - any one material selected from the group comprising fluffy lime, gypsum, clay;

x ^* - mass fraction of material A ^* ;

y is the mass part of material B;

for a mixture of any one material selected from the group including sand, expanded clay, crushed stone and any two materials selected from the group including lime powder, gypsum, clay

Ax + (B _2- y ^* + B ^* y ^* ) x = 1.0 y ^* = 0.1-1.9

where A is any material selected from the group including sand, expanded clay, crushed stone;

In - the first any material selected from the group comprising lime fluff, gypsum, clay;

B ^* - any second material selected from the group including fluffy lime, gypsum, clay;

x is the mass part of material A;

y ^* is the mass fraction of material B ^* ;

for a mixture of any two materials selected from the group including sand, expanded clay, crushed stone and any two materials selected from the group including lime powder, gypsum, clay

(A ₁ -x ^* + A ^* x ^* ) + (B _2- y ^* + B ^* y ^* ) x ^* = 0.05-0.95 y ^* = 0.1-1.9

where A is the first any material selected from the group comprising sand, expanded clay, crushed stone;

A ^* - any second material selected from the group including sand, expanded clay, crushed stone;

In - the first any material selected from the group comprising lime fluff, gypsum, clay;

B ^* - any second material selected from the group including fluffy lime, gypsum, clay;

x ^* - mass fraction of material A ^* ;

y ^* is the mass fraction of material B ^* ;

in the following ratio of components in the raw mix, wt.%:

Cement 8-25 Expanded Vermiculite 5-21 Mineral charge 13-42 Water Rest.

The combinations of materials and mass ratios of materials and components indicated for the proposed raw material mixture were obtained experimentally and provide the possibility of preparing compositions with consistencies ranging from liquid mortar and concrete (with a minimum content of dry components in the mixture equal to 26 wt.%: Cement 8, vermiculite 5 , mineral mixture 13), to semi-dry molding masses (with a maximum content of dry components in the mixture equal to 88 wt.%: cement 25, vermiculite 21, mineral mixture 42).

When the composition contains dry components of less than 26 wt.%, It is a liquid mixture with an excess of free water, which leads to swelling of the grains of expanded vermiculite and the separation of the mixture into a liquid and dispersed phase. The coatings and layers obtained from it, after drying, do not adhere well, crumble and crack.

When the composition contains dry components of more than 88 wt.%, It is a slightly moistened loose mass with an amount of water insufficient for the formation of a binder gel in its volume so that the products formed from it meet the regulatory requirements for thermal conductivity and strength. Products with the required porosity are fragile, and an increase in strength leads to a significant decrease in porosity, an increase in thermal conductivity, weight and cost of products.

The raw mix uses vermiculite according to GOST 12865 "Expanded vermiculite" (grains up to 10 mm in size, bulk density not more than 200 kg / m) and cement according to GOST 22236 "Portland cement and slag Portland cement" (grinding fineness - at least 85% of the mass passes through sieve with mesh No. 008, which corresponds to a specific surface of 2500-3000 cm ² / g).

It was experimentally established that in cement compositions with expanded vermiculite and calcined vermiculite mica (porous low-strength materials with a multilayer scaly structure of grains), regardless of the methods of mixing and wetting with water, it is not possible to obtain a thin and uniform film of cement gel on vermiculite and mica grains and prevent impregnation and swelling of vermiculite and mica, which negatively affects the weight, strength and thermophysical properties of materials and products after the formation of cement me.

Adding to the vermiculite-cement composition of the mineral mixture, according to the invention, comprising from two to four components and consisting of grains of durable aggregate and a finely dispersed binder, allows to obtain a binder gel with mixing water that can evenly distribute in the mixture volume and form a thin film on the surface of all granular components .

Based on the purpose of the material or product (liquid, semi-thick, thick plaster mortar or masonry mass, semi-dry mass and blocks molded from it, etc.), by choosing from these combinations of components of the mineral charge, the composition and density of the composite binder, which reduce its penetration into the grains of expanded vermiculite. As a result, the mass of the binder required to connect the dispersed components of the structure with each other and acquire its necessary strength after hardening is reduced. The preservation of a significant amount of closed air pores in vermiculite grains gives the structure enhanced heat-insulating properties.

The use of a mineral charge with a number of components of more than four (more than two aggregates and two binders) is impractical, since this complicates the technology of preparation of the mixture and practically does not expand its functionality.

The characteristics of the materials used in the mineral mixture for the proposed raw material mixture are as follows.

Lime-fluff (GOST 9179 "Building lime") is introduced as a light component with a bulk density of 350-500 kg / m ³ (2-3 times lighter than cement), which provides a higher volume content of composite binder and its more uniform and quick distribution with stirring in the volume of the mixture by reducing the density and viscosity.

Gypsum (GOST 125 “Gypsum binders”) is introduced as a component that, in comparison with cement, has increased water demand and setting speed, which reduces the impregnation and swelling of expanded vermiculite grains and accelerates the hardening of the composite binder.

Clay is introduced as a component that contributes to enveloping grains of expanded vermiculite with a thin film of a composite binder, to increase the plasticity of a mixture of different consistencies when it is mixed, applied to various surfaces or when molding products from it. In practice, natural highly dispersed aluminosilicate clays from the group of kaolins and montmorillonites (bentonites) can be used.

Grains of durable aggregate (sand, expanded clay, crushed stone) in the structure of materials and products made from the proposed mixture are non-deformable nodes of the structure that increase its strength, between which grains of expanded vermiculite are located, having a surface area hundreds of times larger than the surface area of these nodes and forming porous volume of the structure.

The combination of grain composition from different types of durable aggregate (sand-expanded clay, sand-crushed stone, expanded clay-crushed stone) with vermiculite allows, due to a change in the degree of wetting of their surface, to select the required consistency of the mixture, optimize its moisture content, reduce the weight of the composite binder and redistribute it to the formation of thin-film adhesive layers between the grains of expanded vermiculite, providing the required strength of the structure as a whole.

Sand (GOST 8736 "Sand for construction work") is introduced as a component in the composition of the mixture, intended primarily for the preparation of facing, warm vermiculite-sand mortars and masonry masses. In addition, sand fractionation allows the manufacture of molded heat-insulating structural products with high surface quality, which allows to reduce the consumption of the mixture for masonry and surface finishing.

Expanded clay (GOST 9757 "Gravel, crushed stone and artificial porous sand") is introduced as a light component with a bulk density of 250-800 kg / m ³ (2-6 times lighter than sand). A wide selection of the expanded clay fractional composition, from fine sand to large granules with sizes of 20-40 mm, allows to reduce the mass of expanded vermiculite and binder while maintaining low thermal conductivity of the structure and to use such mixtures for preparing heat-insulating mortars and concrete, for forming heat-insulating and heat-insulating structural products .

Crushed stone (GOST 8267 "Crushed stone and gravel from dense rocks for construction work" and GOST 22263 "Crushed stone and sand from porous rocks") in the proposed raw material mixture performs functions similar to sand and expanded clay and, in addition, the use of natural crushed stone allows to increase strength and reduce the cost of manufacturing heat-insulating structural concrete and products from local materials.

The grain composition of these fractionated aggregates is set based on the purpose of the manufactured materials and products and in accordance with accepted building codes.

Examples of specific performance.

Table 1 shows examples of the compositions of the proposed raw mix based on 1000 kg of raw mix per batch. When using mixers with less load per batch, the batch mass is accordingly adjusted and the mixing time is determined experimentally taking into account the type of mixing equipment.

Table 2 shows the properties of materials made from the proposed raw material mixture and from the raw material mixture according to the prototype (samples of natural hardening were tested at the age of 28 days or more, dried to constant weight).

Example 1. Compositions of the type Ax + By.

Composition 1. Into a drum-type mixer load 115 kg of fine river sand with a fineness modulus Mk = 2.0-1.5, with constant stirring add 15 kg of fluff lime (bulk density 390 kg / m ³ , CaO + MgO = 60.3%), 80 kg of Portland cement ПЦ500-Д0 and 200 l of water. Then gradually add 50 kg of expanded vermiculite fraction 1-2.5 mm (bulk density 120 kg / m ³ ), mix for 2.5-3 minutes with the addition of the remaining water. The resulting mass is applied using a pneumatic sprayer to porous brick and concrete surfaces to obtain a heat and sound insulating coating.

Compositions 2-5 are prepared similarly to composition 1, but with a thicker consistency. For compositions 2 and 3, river sand of the middle fraction with Mk = 2.5-2.0 is used, for compositions 4 and 5, river sand of a large fraction with Mk = 2.5-3.25. Mortar mixtures of compositions 2 and 3 are applied manually on concrete surfaces when installing underfloor heating, heat and sound insulating partitions and ceiling ceilings. Mixtures of compositions 4 and 5 are used as a semi-dry mixture for forming small-piece structural and heat-insulating blocks, plates and other products by the method of volumetric vibration molding.

Compositions 6 and 7 are also prepared in the sequence of operations similarly to composition 1, but instead of lime-fluff, for composition 6, gypsum grade G-5 is used, normally hardening, medium grinding, and for composition 7, thin-ground plastic clay of the LT-1 Latens grade is used (TU 14 -3-8-152-75). A mixture of composition 6 is used in the manufacture of a thick-layer heat-insulating plaster from several rapidly hardening layers, and a mixture of 7 is used in the manufacture of a heat-insulating plaster of increased strength.

Compositions 8-11 with a mineral charge, including expanded clay as a durable aggregate, are prepared in a gravity mixer. The grades of cement, lime-fluff and vermiculite are taken according to composition 1, the brand of gypsum - according to composition 6, the clay grade - according to composition 7. When preparing composition 8, 350 kg of expanded clay is loaded into the mixer (fraction 5-10 mm, bulk density 450 kg / m ³ ), with constant stirring, add 100 l of water, pour 50 kg of lime-fluff and 200 kg of Portland cement. After 1-1.5 minutes, fill in the remaining water, gradually add 180 kg of expanded vermiculite and mix for 2-2.5 minutes. The vibropressed structural and heat-insulating wall and partition blocks are made from the mixture. Compositions 9, 10 and 11 are prepared similarly to composition 8. Composition 9 is used as a filler in hollow structural blocks. Composition 10 is used in the manufacture of structural heat-insulating molded products, and composition 11 is used as a light concrete mixture.

Compositions 12-15 with a mineral charge, including crushed stone as a durable aggregate, are prepared in a planetary-rotary mixer. The grades of cement, lime-fluff and vermiculite are taken according to composition 1, the grade of gypsum is taken according to composition 6. For composition 15, plastic clay DN-1 is used, containing, wt.%: SiO ₂ - 50.2, Al ₂ O ₃ - 33, 0, Fe ₂ O ₃ - 1.17 (Ukraine). In the preparation of composition 12, 200 kg of crushed stone-limestone (fraction of 5-10 mm, bulk density of 1100 kg / m ³ ) are loaded into the mixer, 50 l of water are added with constant stirring, 120 kg of lime powder and 120 kg of Portland cement are poured. After 1-1.5 minutes, fill in the remaining water, gradually add 180 kg of expanded vermiculite and mix for 1.5-2 minutes. Compositions 12 and 13 are used as a concrete mixture in the construction of various structural and heat-insulating substrates. Composition 14 is used as aggregate in hollow structural blocks. Composition 15 is used in the manufacture of molded products.

Example 2. Compositions of the type (A ₁ -x + A ^* x ^* ) + By.

Compositions 16-20 with a mineral charge, including aggregate from sand-expanded clay mixture, are prepared in a planetary type mixer. In the preparation of composition 16, 40 kg of dolomite sand (fine fraction with fineness modulus Mk = 2.0-1.5) and 70 expanded clay sand (fraction up to 2.5 mm, bulk density 550 kg / m ³ ) are loaded into the mixer, with a constant while stirring, add 120 l of water, fill 20 kg of lime - fluff fluff (bulk density 420 kg / m ³ , CaO + MgO content = 65%) and 80 kg of Portland cement PC 500-D5-PL (with additives up to 5%, plasticized). After 1-1.5 min, add 100 l of water, gradually add 50 kg of expanded vermiculite (particle size 1.5-2.5 mm, bulk density 110 kg / m ³ ), fill in the remaining water and mix for 2-3 minutes . The solution mixture is applied to various surfaces to obtain heat-insulating and fire-retardant coatings. Composition 17 is prepared similarly and is used to obtain coatings mainly on surfaces with lime-cement plaster. Composition 18 uses Portland cement ПЦ 500-D20-B (with additives up to 20%, quick hardening), coarse sand (with fineness modulus Mk = 3.25) from screening of limestone gravel and expanded clay fraction of 10-20 mm. The remaining components are the same as for composition 17. Get the mixture, which is used to fill the hollow enclosing structures. In composition 19, unlike composition 18, gypsum of the G-5 grade is used, and solid and hollow heat-insulating and structural-heat-insulating small-piece blocks are made from the obtained semi-dry mixture by volume vibroforming. Composition 20 includes: Portland cement PC400-DO, vermiculite fraction 2.5-5 mm, river sand of medium fraction, expanded clay fraction 10-20 mm and highly dispersed bentonite clay containing, wt.%: SiO ₂ - 59.77, Al ₂ O ₃ - 19.80, Fe ₂ O ₃ - 4.22, MgO - 2.95, K ₂ O - 1.94 (10 Khutor deposit, Russia). Clay is pre-mixed with mixing water and introduced into the mixture of dry components with constant stirring until a homogeneous mass is obtained from which porous structural and heat-insulating products are formed.

Compositions 21-23 are prepared in a planetary type mixer with a mineral charge, including aggregate from a sand-gravel mixture of porous limestone (sand fraction 1.25-2.5 mm, gravel fraction 5-10 mm). Other components: gypsum brand G-3VP (slow hardening, medium grinding); fluff lime (bulk density of 400 kg / m ³ , CaO + MgO content = 65%); LTPK-1 brand clay of Latna (semi-acidic, Al ₂ O ₃ content _of at least 23 wt.%); slag Portland cement ШПЦ 400; expanded vermiculite (fraction 1.5-5 mm, bulk density 110 kg / m ³ ). In the preparation of composition 21, 100 kg of sand and 120 kg of crushed stone from porous limestone, 50 kg of lime powder are loaded into the mixer, 100 l of water and 250 kg of slag Portland cement are added with constant stirring. After 1-1.5 minutes, add 50 l of water, gradually fill 210 kg of expanded vermiculite, fill in the remaining water and mix for 1.5-2 minutes. The resulting mass is used for molding structural-insulating products. Mixtures 22 and 23 are prepared similarly to mixture 21 and are used, respectively, to fill hollow blocks and in the manufacture of structural and heat-insulating concrete substrates.

Compositions 24-27 are prepared in a planetary type mixer with a mineral charge including a claydite mixture (fraction 2.5-5 mm, bulk density 650 kg / m ³ ) with crushed stone from porous limestone-shell rock (fraction 5-10 mm) as a filler . Other components: gypsum, grade G-7 A III (quick-hardening, fine grinding); lime - fluff (bulk density 450 kg / m ³ , CaO + MgO content = 63%); hours-Yar plastic clay containing, wt.%: SiO ₂ - 51.6, Al ₂ O ₃ - 33.32, TiO ₂ - 1.37, Fe ₂ O ₃ - 0.90, CaO - 0.53, MgO - 0.57, K ₂ O - 2.59 (Ukraine); Portland cement PC 500-D20-GF (with additives up to 20%, water-repellent); expanded vermiculite (fraction 1.5-5 mm, bulk density 110 kg / m ³ ). The sequence of operations during the operation of the mixer: load the components of the mixture and cement, introduce part of the water to wet the mixture, inject the expanded vermiculite and the remaining water and mix until a homogeneous mass is obtained. Composition 24 is used to fill hollow blocks and walling. From compositions 25-27, porous heat-insulating and structural-heat-insulating small-piece wall and partition blocks are molded.

Example 3. Compositions of the type Ax + (B ₂ -y ^* + B ^* y ^* ).

Compositions 28-31 are prepared in a paddle mixer with a mineral mixture, including a gypsum-gypsum mixture as an astringent. In the preparation of composition 28, 90 kg of fine river sand with a particle size modulus of Mk = 2.0-1.5 is loaded into a drum-type mixer, with constant stirring 20 kg of lime is added - fluff (bulk density 390 kg / m ³ , CaO + MgO content = 60.3%), 20 kg of gypsum brand G-5 B A III (slow hardening, fine grinding) 80 kg of Portland cement PTs500-D0. Without stopping the mixer, add 250 l of water, gradually add 50 kg of expanded vermiculite (fraction 0.5-1 mm, bulk density 122 kg / m ³ ) and mix for 2.5-3 minutes while adding the remaining water. The resulting mass is applied using a pneumatic sprayer to porous brick and concrete surfaces to obtain a heat and sound insulating coating. The mass of composition 29 has a thicker consistency and is used as a warm masonry and plaster mortar. Compositions 30 and 31 are prepared in a sequence similar to composition 28, using expanded clay fraction 2.5-5 mm and dolomite gravel fraction 5-10 mm, respectively. Composition 30 is used as a fluid concrete mixture, and structural heat-insulating wall blocks are formed from the mass according to composition 31.

Compositions 32-35 are prepared in a gravity mixer with a mineral mixture, including a calcareous-clay mixture as a binder. Components used: expanded vermiculite of a fraction of 5-10 mm with a bulk density of 100 kg / m ³ ; Portland cement PC 500-DO; mountain sand of middle fraction with Mk = 2.5-2.0; expanded clay shungizite fractions of 5-10 mm with a bulk density of 500 kg / m ³ ; crushed stone, limestone and dolomite fractions of 5-10 mm; fluff lime with a bulk density of 420 kg / m ³ ; plastic clay DN-1, containing, wt.%: SiO ₂ - 50.2, Al ₂ O ₃ - 33.0, Fe ₂ O ₃ - 1.17 (Ukraine). The sequence of operations during the operation of the mixer: load the components of the mixture and cement, introduce part of the water to wet the mixture, inject the expanded vermiculite and the remaining water and mix until a homogeneous mass is obtained. Composition 32 is applied using a pneumatic sprayer to porous brick and concrete surfaces to obtain a heat and sound insulating coating. Composition 33 is used to fill the void blocks; structural compositional insulation products are formed from a mixture of composition 34; composition 35 is used as a warm masonry and plaster mortar.

Compositions 36-39 are prepared in a planetary mixer with a mineral mixture comprising a mixture of gypsum and clay as an astringent. Use gypsum brand G-5BII (normally hardening, medium grinding); other components and the sequence of technological operations are the same as for compounds 32-35. Compositions 36 and 37 are used as warm masonry and plaster mortars, composition 38 as a semi-dry mixture for forming structural and heat-insulating small piece hollow blocks, composition 39 as a light-concrete mixture for filling hollow enclosing structures.

Example 4. Compounds of the type (A ₁ -x ^* + A ^* x ^* ) + (B ₂ -y ^* + B ^* y ^* ). Compositions 40-42 with a mineral charge, including aggregate of sand-expanded clay or sand-crushed stone mixture and lime-gypsum binder, are prepared in a gravity mixer. The following components are used: expanded vermiculite of a fraction of 2.5-5 mm with a bulk density of 100 kg / m ³ , slag Portland cement ШПЦ 400, sand from a granite screening of a middle fraction with Mk = 2.5-2.0, expanded clay fraction of 2.5 mm, 5 mm gravel crushed stone, fluff lime with a bulk density of 420 kg / m ³ , gypsum G-5 BII (normally hardening, medium grinding). In the preparation of composition 40, 15 kg of sand are loaded into the mixer, 65 kg of expanded clay are loaded, 40 kg of lime and 100 l of water are added, mixed for 1.5 minutes, 80 kg of cement are added, 10 kg of gypsum are added, 50 kg of expanded vermiculite, add the remaining water and mix for 1.5-2 minutes. Composition 40 is used as a liquid mixture to fill voids in expanded clay partition walls and the like. blocks. Compounds 41 and 42 are prepared in a similar manner, which are used respectively to fill hollow wall sand-cement blocks and to form structural and heat-insulating blocks.

Compositions 43.44 with a mineral charge, including aggregate from sand-expanded clay or sand-crushed stone mixture and lime-clay binder, are prepared in a gravity mixer similar to compositions 40-42. Use the clay clay LT-1. The remaining components are the same as for formulations 40-42. The prepared compositions are used as a semi-dry mixture for forming structural and heat-insulating blocks.

Compositions 45, 46 with a mineral charge, including aggregate of sand-expanded clay or sand-crushed stone mixture and a binder from a mixture of gypsum and clay, are prepared in a gravity mixer similar to compositions 40-42. Use gypsum G-5 BII (normally hardening, medium grinding). The remaining components are the same as for formulations 40-42. The prepared compositions are used as light concrete mix to fill the hollow enclosing structures.

Compositions 47-49 with a mineral charge comprising aggregate from expanded clay-crushed stone mixture and cement-lime-gypsum or lime-clay or gypsum-clay binder from the mixture are prepared in a planetary mixer. The following components are used: expanded vermiculite fraction 2.5 mm, Portland cement 400-D20-PL (with additives up to 20%, plasticized), river sand medium fraction, expanded clay fraction 2.5-5 mm, crushed stone dolomite fraction 5 mm, lime- fluff with a bulk density of 450 kg / m ³ , gypsum G-5 BII (normally hardening, medium grinding), bentonite clay containing, wt.%: SiO ₂ - 57.1, Al ₂ O ₃ - 19.40, Fe ₂ O ₃ - 5.97, MgO - 3.01, K ₂ O - 1.03 (Zyryanskoye deposit, Russia). Clay is pre-mixed with mixing water to obtain a colloidal suspension, which is introduced into the dry mixture before the introduction of vermiculite, then the whole mixture is mixed until a homogeneous mass is obtained. The resulting compositions are used respectively as a concrete mixture for the manufacture of structural and heat-insulating substrates, pouring mixture and semi-dry mixture for molded products.

Example 5. The prototype.

Compositions 50, 51 with a mineral mixture of calcined mica were prepared in a planetary mixer. Composition 50 includes: Portland cement PC 500-D0 (2 parts by volume), expanded vermiculite fraction 4 mm with a bulk density of 110 kg / m ³ (4 parts by volume), calcined (calcined) mica fraction 2.5 mm with bulk weighing 500 kg / m ³ (5 parts by volume) and water (2.6 parts by volume). Composition 51 includes: Portland cement PC 500-D0 (2 parts by volume), expanded vermiculite of a fraction of 16 mm with a bulk density of 90 kg / m ³ (6 parts by volume), calcined (calcined) mica of a fraction of 2.5 mm with bulk weighing 500 kg / m ³ (1 part by volume), 50% acrylic emulsion (0.2 part by volume) and water (2.6 part by volume). When preparing the compositions, the expanded vermiculite and mica are loaded into the mixer, with constant stirring, the mixture is moistened with water, the cement is loaded, the remaining water and emulsion are added and mixed for 2.5-3 minutes until a homogeneous mass is obtained.

From the examples of implementation and table 1 it follows that, in comparison with the prototype, the proposed raw mix allows the preparation of compositions with different consistencies, from liquid solutions to semi-dry masses, which can be used in almost the entire range of building materials and products: when applying heat and sound insulation and fireproof coatings and plasters , filling hollow enclosing structures and individual blocks, manufacturing small-piece heat-insulating and structural-heat-insulating blocks, etc. From the data shown in table 2, it can be seen that, in comparison with the prototype, the manufactured materials have a lower average density (bulk mass) with high strength and low thermal conductivity, which allows to reduce weight loads during the construction of walling, foundations and floors, while increasing them heat and energy saving characteristics. Estimates show that, for example, to ensure heat transfer resistance Ro = 3.14 m ² · ° C / W (Central region of Russia) for a wall of materials of the same strength from compositions 50 and 43 (a mixture of the prototype and the proposed mixture) and compositions 51 and 27 (the mixture of the prototype and the proposed mixture), its thickness will be 0.97 m and 0.41 m and, respectively, 1.11 m and 0.35 m, which allows more than 4 times to reduce the weight of 1 m ^{2 of the} wall without reducing the strength of the material of the building envelope, reduce the load on the foundation, reduce the cost of materials and structures in general.

Table 1
Compositions for 1000 kg of raw mix Composition number Cement kg Vermiculite, kg Mineral charge (components), kg Water, l Ax + By formulations one 80 fifty (n) 115+ (s) 15 740 2 80 150 (n) 245+ (s) 175 350 3 150 200 (n) 300+ (s) 50 300 four 250 210 (n) 380+ (s) 40 120 5 250 210 (n) 200+ (s) 220 120 6 one hundred 80 (p) 150+ (g) 225 445 7 250 fifty (n) 115+ (hl) 15 570 8 200 180 (j) 350+ (s) 50 220 9 80 210 (j) 185+ (s) 255 290 10 250 210 (j) 380+ (g) 40 120 eleven 220 150 (j) 250 + 25 (hl) 355 12 120 90 (u) 200 + 120 (s) 470 13 80 fifty (щ) 320+ (и) 40 510 fourteen 120 120 (u) 380+ (g) 40 340 fifteen 250 one hundred (u) 300+ (hl) 30 320 Compositions of type (A ₁ -x ^* + A ^* x ^* ) + By 16 80 fifty [(p) 40+ (c) 70] + (and) 20 740 17 one hundred one hundred [(p) 50+ (c) 150] + (s) 75 525 eighteen 80 210 [(p) 20+ (c) 360] + (and) 40 290 19 250 210 [(p) 20+ (c) 360] + (g) 40 120 twenty 250 200 [(p) 100+ (c) 100] + (hl) 100 250 21 250 210 [(n) 100+ (n) 120] + (s) 50 270 22 120 one hundred [(n) 150+ (n) 150] + (g) 100 380 23 250 fifty [(n) 10+ (n) 110] + (hl) 10 570 24 80 fifty [(j) 200+ (n) 180] + (s) 40 450 25 200 180 [(j) 250+ (n) 120] + (s) 50 200 26 150 150 [(j) 300+ (n) 70] + (d) 50 280 27 250 210 [(j) 150+ (n) 150] + (hl) 30 210 Compounds of the type Ax + (B ₂ ^* y + B ^* y ^* ) 28 80 fifty (p) 90 + [(s) 20+ (g) 20] 740 29th 125 105 (p) 250 + [(s) 100+ (g) 70] 350 thirty 80 fifty (j) 100 + [(s) 200+ (g) 40] 530 31 250 210 (u) 300 + [(s) 60+ (g) 60] 120 32 80 fifty (n) 90 + [(s) 20+ (hl) 20] 740 33 80 fifty (j) 150 + [(s) 200+ (hl) 40] 480 34 250 210 (u) 300 + [(s) 60+ (hl) 60] 120 35 150 one hundred (n) 250 + [(s) 100+ (hl) 70] 330 36 80 fifty (n) 300 + [(d) 50+ (hl) 50] 470 37 80 150 (j) 200 + [(d) 120+ (hl) 80] 370 38 250 210 (n) 300 + [(d) 100+ (hl) 20] 120 39 150 one hundred (p) 50 + [(d) 95+ (hl) 35] 570 Compounds of the type (A ₁ -x ^* + A ^* x ^* ) + (B ₂ -y ^* + B ^* y ^* ) 40 80 fifty [(p) 15+ (c) 65] + [(and) 40+ (g) 10] 740 41 80 fifty [(n) 50+ (n) 150] + [(i) 180+ (d) 30] 460 42 180 200 [(n) 150+ (n) 150] + [(i) 100+ (d) 20] 200 43 250 210 [(n) 100+ (j) 150] + [(and) 120+ (hl) 50] 120 44 200 150 [(n) 300+ (n) 50] + [(and) 50+ (hl) 20] 230 45 125 105 [(p) 30+ (c) 100] + [(d) 50+ (hl) 50] 540 46 80 210 [(n) 15+ (n) 65] + [(d) 40+ (hl) 10] 580 47 250 fifty [(j) 150+ (n) 150] + [(i) 80+ (d) 40] 280 48 one hundred 180 [(j) 100+ (u) 80] + [(i) 50+ (hl) 30] 460 49 220 200 [(j) 300+ (n) 50] + [(d) 50+ (hl) 20] 160 Prototype compositions fifty 285 55 (cop) 320 340 51 375 95 (cop) 85 445 Legend: (p) - sand, (k) - expanded clay, (u) - crushed stone, (i) - lime, (g) - gypsum, (hl) - clay, (ks) - calcined mica.

table 2
Material Properties Composition numbers Dry Samples The average density, kg / m ³ Compressive strength, MPa Thermal conductivity, W / m · K, Not less Frost resistance cycles Compounds like Ah + Wu 1, 7 520, 720 1.5; 3,5 0.12; 0.20 15, 35 13 820 5.5 0.26 35 11, 12, 14, 15 540, 530, 735, 850 1.7; 1.6; 3.5; 6.5 0.11; 0.12; 0.21; 0.25 15, 15, 35, 40 2, 3, 6 500, 400, 620 1.1; 1.0; 4.8 0.11; 0.09; 0.18 15, 10, 20 9 507 2.1 0.11 fifteen 4, 5, 8, 10 590, 420, 600, 460 2.0; 1.5; 3.3; 1.8 0.14; 0.10; 0.14; 0.11 20, 15, 30, 15 Compositions of type (A ₁ -x + A ^* x ^* ) + By 16 430 0.8 0.10 fifteen 23 860 6.5 0.28 45 17, 24 595, 550 3.5; 0.14; 0.13 25, 20 18, 20, 21, 22, 26 420, 470, 400, 515, 515 0.8; 1,2; 0.8; 1.5; 1,6 0.8; 0.1; 0.09; 0.12; 0.11 15, 20, 15, 20, 20 19, 25, 27 440, 440, 475 1.9; 2.0; 2.6 0.10; 0.11; 0.11 20, 25, 25

Continuation of Table 2 Compositions of type Ax + (B ₂ ^* y ^* + B ^* y ^* ) 28, 32 520, 520 1.8; 1.8 0.12; 0.12 20, 20 29, 36, 39 540, 880, 615 2.0; 6.3; 3.8 0.14; 0.28; 0.16 20, 35, 25 30, 33, 37 670, 740, 570 4.2; 4.6; 3,5 0.22; 0.25; 0.15 25, 30, 20 35 670 3.0 0.18 25 31, 34, 38 550, 630, 490 2.9; 3.7; 2.6 0.13; 0.17; 0.11 20, 25, 20 Compounds of the type (A ₁ -x ^* + A ^* x ^* ) + (B ₂ -y ^* + B ^* y ^* ) 40 430 0.8 0.10 fifteen 41, 45, 46, 48 675, 510, 300, 410 3.7; 1.8; 0.8; 1,5 0.23; 0.12; 0.08; 0.10 25, 20, 10, 15 44, 47 770, 655 4,5; 4.3 0.24; 0.26 30, 25 42, 43, 49 400, 550, 380 1,2; 2.2; 1.4 0.09; 0.13; 0.09 15, 20, 15 Prototype compositions fifty 945 2.2 0.31 twenty 51 1110 2.6 0.35 25 Note: The composition numbers are grouped by the following characteristics: by the consistency of the raw mix (liquid, semi-thick, thick, semi-dry) and by type of aggregate (with sand and granules of expanded clay and / or crushed stone). For example: 1, 7 (liquid with sand), 13 (liquid with granules), 11, 12, 14, 15 (semi-thick with granules), 2, 3, 6 (thick with sand), 19, 25, 27 (semi-dry with granules) etc.

Claims (1)

A raw material mixture for the manufacture of building materials and products containing cement, expanded vermiculite, a mineral charge and water, characterized in that as a mineral mixture it contains a dry mixture of one or two materials selected from the first group, including sand, expanded clay, crushed stone and one or two materials selected from the second group, including lime powder, gypsum, clay, with the following ratio of components: for a mixture of any one material selected from the first group and one any material, selected of the second group, mass parts are 1.0 and 0.1-1.5, respectively; for a mixture of any two materials selected from the first group and any one material selected from the second group, the mass parts are, respectively, 0.95-0.05 for the first material from the first group, 0.05-0.95 for the second material from the first group, 0.1-1.5 - for material from the second group; for a mixture of any one material selected from the first group and any two materials selected from the second group, the mass parts are 1.0, respectively, for the material from the first group, 1.9-0.1 for the first material from the second group , 0.1-1.9 - for the second material from the second group; for a mixture of any two materials selected from the first group and any two materials selected from the second group, the mass parts are, respectively, 0.95-0.1 for the first material from the first group, 0.95-0.05 for the second material from the first group, 1.9-0.1 - for the first material from the second group, 0.1-1.9 - for the second material from the second group, with the following ratio of components in the mixture, wt.%: cement 8-25 vermiculite 5-21 mineral charge 13-42 water rest