RU2308180C2 - Method for pre-sowing treatment of common spruce seeds - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: forestry, in particular, common spruce seed treatment process.

SUBSTANCE: method involves exposing common spruce seeds to continuous near ultraviolet radiation spectrum during 1-15 s with radiation exposure dose of 18-19 J/m², or to pulsed radiation of source during 1-5 s with relative pulse duration of 1-2.5, radiant intensity of 8.1 and 14.6 mW/steradian and rotational frequency of disk shutter of 6.5 Hz, or to radiation of high-pressure discharge mercury-vapor lamp through color filters at a distance of 20 cm during 1-40 s, or to radiation of high-pressure discharge mercury-vapor lamp combined with chemical stimulants at a distance of 20 cm during 1-40 s.

EFFECT: increased germination energy and germination capacity, increased average length of sprout roots, and reduced expenses for seed treatment works.

3 cl, 7 tbl, 8 ex

Description

Scope: the invention relates to methods for treating seeds before sowing or planting.

The invention can find application in artificial reforestation and will prevent on-site cutting clear-leaved conifers and increase their share in the composition of plantings.

The invention can be used to overcome difficulties associated with intensive overgrowing of plantings of grassy and low-value tree and shrub vegetation.

The objectives of the invention are to increase the germination of seeds of European spruce;

ensuring effective annual reforestation using growth stimulants that increase seed germination and accelerate the growth of seedlings based on natural mechanisms that are not harmful to human health.

In agriculture, stimulation methods using polychromatic sources, such as discharge lamps, plasmatrons generating inert gas plasma radiation (mainly helium), are known. (Gordeev Yu.A., Belyakov MV The use of optical radiation for seed pre-sowing treatment: Textbook. - Smolensk: Smolensk Agricultural Institute, 2005, 104 pp.).

In forestry, the results of measuring the optical properties of plant seeds (spectral characteristics of reflection, absorption and luminescence), studying the influence of the radiation spectrum on plant growth processes, as well as studying the combined effects of radiation and chemical stimulants, are pioneering. Obtained using the invention, the results will make a significant contribution to the practical use of stimulation of the growth of seedlings of woody plants. Known methods of application as stimulating factors of electromagnetic radiation in the optical range, the sources of which are various types of discharge lamps, lasers, plasmatrons. Processing them gives a positive effect when applied to the seeds of almost all agricultural crops, as well as some woody plants (Gordeev Yu.A., Belyakov MV The use of optical radiation for pre-sowing seed treatment: Textbook. - Smolensk: Smolensky Agricultural Institute ", 2005, 104 pp .; Rybkina SV, Belyakov MV The use of optical radiation as a stimulator of growth of woody plants. - Smolensk: Publishing House" Smolensk City Printing House ", 2005, 46 pp.).

The inventive method in comparison with the above allows to improve the quality and speed of reforestation and has an economic effect, which is expressed in reducing the consumption of seeds when growing planting material and obtaining additional wood growth.

The objective of the invention is to find the optimal characteristics and parameters of optical radiation, designed to stimulate the germination of seeds used in reforestation of woody plants.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The method includes: treating seeds with continuous UV radiation for a certain time with a certain dose of radiation or pulsed radiation of a source for a certain time with a certain duty cycle of pulses, the radiation force and the rotation speed of the disk shutter; either by emitting a high-pressure mercury discharge lamp through filters at a specific distance at a specific time or by emitting a high-pressure mercury discharge lamp in combination with chemical stimulants at a specific distance at a specific time.

Figure 1 shows a diagram of the experimental setup (photometric scheme "diffuse / 0).

Figure 2 presents the measurement results of the spectral reflection coefficients of seeds (spectral characteristics of the reflection of seeds of spruce and pine).

Figure 3 presents the scheme of the spectrofluorimeter.

Figure 4 shows the spectra of excitation and luminescence of seeds.

Figure 5 presents the spectral characteristics of the transmission of filters (GOST 9411).

The possibility of practical implementation of the invention is confirmed by examples.

Example 1

To study the interaction of optical radiation with seeds, it is necessary to first determine their optical properties. It is known that ultraviolet (UV) radiation by the vast majority of substances is strongly absorbed. Transparent (low-absorbing) substances are most easily found for the visible and near infrared (IR) regions of the spectrum. In particular, for seeds of woody plants, this statement can be confirmed by experience in measuring the spectral characteristics of the reflection of the seed layer.

For most substances, the following ratio holds:

where ρ _λ is the reflection coefficient for radiation of wavelength λ, α _λ is the absorption coefficient for radiation of wavelength λ, τ _λ is the transmittance for radiation of wavelength λ.

Since the seeds of forest plants are opaque to radiation in the optical range (transmittance τ _λ = 0), it is possible to qualitatively judge the absorption of radiation from the measured dependence ρ (λ).

Seeds of the most common coniferous crops: European spruce and Scots pine were used as prototypes.

The spectral reflection coefficient was measured on a Spekol 10 diffraction spectrophotometer using an Rd / 0 attachment. The studied seeds placed in a cuvette in several layers (to eliminate the influence of the walls of the sample chamber) were illuminated diffusely using an Ulbricht photometric ball, and the radiation detector was installed at an angle of about zero degrees to the normal (Fig. 1): 1 - radiation source, 2 - radiation receiver, 3 - test samples, 4 - photometric ball, 5 - protective shield.

In the UV region (up to 330 ... 340 nm), the proportion of the reflected radiation flux is high (about 60%) (figure 2). Then follows a decline to about 10% and a band of a minimum of reflection at wavelengths of 460 ... 540 nm. After this, the reflection coefficient begins to increase slowly and this increase continues in the IR region. So at a wavelength of 850 nm, the fraction of reflected radiation of seeds is about a third. For spruce and pine, the dependences practically do not differ, and only in the long-wave region does the difference reach 5%.

Analyzing the results, it can be noted that it is energetically more efficient to irradiate seeds in the range of minimum reflection.

To measure the spectra of effective absorption and luminescence of seeds, for the measurement of which the spectrofluorimeter "FLUORAT-02-Panorama" is used. The measurement of the luminescence spectrum is carried out according to the scheme (figure 3). The radiation from the reference pulse source 1 enters the monochromator of the excitation channel 2, where a certain wavelength is extracted using a diffraction grating and separated by a translucent plate 3. The monochromatized radiation partially enters the reference photodiode 4, and partially falls on the object under study (in this case, seeds), located in the sample chamber 5. Reflected light enters the photodiode 8. The luminescent radiation from the object is decomposed by the monochromator 6 and enters the photomultiplier tube 7, the photocurrent of which he goes to the registration channel, and then to the computer. Moreover, for the studied seeds, the presence of two peaks of luminescence was noted (figure 4). The first is excited by short-wave radiation (λ <180 nm) and its maximum is approximately at a wavelength of 231 nm. The second peak is excited by radiation from the near UV region (maximum at approximately λ = 360 ... 370 nm) and its maximum is in the blue-violet region of the visible radiation range (λ = 430 ... 450 nm). It was also noted that the short-wavelength luminescence peak is more pronounced and is the least vague.

Thus, it is obvious that the seeds react to UV radiation and for their pre-sowing treatment it is quite possible to use sources that contain near-UV radiation in the spectrum.

Example 2

In forestry, the effectiveness of the use of radiation was tested by the authors on the seeds of European spruce (Picea Abies K).

Processed and control plant seeds are germinated in laboratory conditions in accordance with GOST 13056.6-97. Germination and germination energy are also determined in accordance with the requirements of this GOST at the Bryansk zonal forest seed station.

When performing the analysis, an apparatus for germinating seeds in the light with automatic regulators is used to maintain a variable or constant temperature. The apparatus consists of a metal case of arbitrary size, filled with water, inside of which an electric spiral for heating passes, the top of the case is covered with metal sheets or trays on which a bed for germinating seeds is placed. When germinating seeds, lighting was provided for 8 hours. Evaluation and accounting of germinated seeds according to GOST 13056.6-97 was carried out in the following terms: for spruce - germination energy for 10 days, germination for 15 days. Germination, as well as germination energy and other indicators of the considered seeds were calculated as the arithmetic average of the results of germination for four separate seed samples.

At the beginning, a preliminary ("pilot") experiment is carried out in order to establish the primary effectiveness of pre-sowing seed treatment of spruce radiation with near UV and visible radiation. When processing seeds are placed at a distance of 10 cm from the emitter. The processing time was 1, 5, 10, 15, 25 seconds. The creation of radiation pulses was carried out by means of a disk shutter rotated with a frequency of 6.5 Hz. On days 8, 12, 14 and 16, control measurements are taken of the length of the roots of the seedlings. The results of the "pilot" experience are presented in table 1.

Table 1 Seed treatment time, s Germination duration, days The length of seedlings, mm % to control
one 8 10.9 117 12 32.6 133 fourteen 43.5 146 eighteen 60.9 159
5 8 11.9 128 12 34.7 141 fourteen 49.2 165 eighteen 61.8 162
10 8 10.9 117 12 38.6 157 fourteen 52,4 176 eighteen 64.5 169
fifteen 8 14.2 153 12 44.1 179 fourteen 57.4 193 eighteen 68.1 178
25 8 11.2 120 12 31,0 126 fourteen 35.8 120 eighteen 46.6 122

The control 8 9.3 - 12 24.6 - fourteen 29.8 - eighteen 38,2 -

From the analysis of the results of the experiment, the conclusions follow:

- the use of seed treatment study provides a significant increase in all terms;

- accelerated growth of seedlings in proportion to an increase in the time of seed treatment with optical radiation occurs in a period of time up to 15 s, and over 15 s there is a decrease in the rate of increase in growth energy.

In the course of further experimental studies, doses are determined that have a stimulating effect on the sowing quality indicators of seeds. In this case, do not use corrective filters (use uncorrected radiation).

The irradiance for the working range of the spectrum is determined from the law of the "squared distance":

where I _e is the radiation power of the source (W / sr),

h is the distance from the emitter to the irradiated objects (m),

θ is the angle between the direction of radiation incidence and the normal to the surface of the seeds (rad).

Since the seeds were located mainly in the center of the radiation spot, θ≈0 ° and cosθ≈1.

The exposure dose (energy exposure) in the general case is determined by the formula

where E (t) is the time dependence of the irradiation in the treatment zone,

τ is the processing time.

In the simplest case, when the irradiation is constant during the exposure time, formula (3) takes the form:

With the same radiation intensity and distance from the emitter to the seeds, the exposure dose changed due to a change in the time of exposure to objects. Control seeds are not exposed to radiation. The increase in germination or its preservation at the control level is confirmed by the data in Table 2.

table 2 Germination of spruce seeds (%) with different irradiation and processing time Irradiation, W / m ² Processing time, s one 5 10 fifteen 25 40 0.59 92 89 89 91 88 90 0.99 91 90 92 90 91 92 1.21 91 85 88 88 88 89 2.07 88 91 91 91 88 90 2.98 92 90 91 90 92 91 Note: germination in the control is 88%.

The effect of UV radiation and the visible spectrum on the growth of spruce rootlets is shown in Table 3.

Table 3 Dependence of the root length of 10-day-old spruce seedlings on the exposure dose for various processing times Processing time, s one 5 10 fifteen 25 40 the control Exposure, J / m ² 1.25 6.25 12.5 18.75 31.25 fifty 0 The number of seedlings 251 269 265 240 249 262 261 The length of the roots of seedlings, mm 30.6 ± 0.5 32.0 ± 0.3 32.8 ± 0.3 39.0 ± 0.4 32.6 ± 0.5 23.5 ± 0.5 26.1 ± 0.2 % to control 117.1 122,4 125.7 149.4 124.9 90.1 one hundred t _fact 8.36 16,4 18.6 28.8 12.1 4.8 - R, % 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 -

Obviously, when irradiating spruce seeds, the optimal dose is 18 ... 19 J / m ² , which corresponds to an irradiation time of about 15 s. At a lower dose, the stimulating effect is reduced. At a dose higher than the optimum (treatment time 40 s), the positive effect becomes inhibitory.

Thus, a significant advantage of this method, compared with laser processing, is the relatively short processing time (up to 15 ... 25 s) and, as a result, high productivity.

Example 3

By analogy with agricultural applications, the use of pulsed radiation for presowing treatment is also of interest. In this case, the degree of influence of pulse parameters on seed germination is revealed.

One of the most important parameters of the pulses is the duty cycle Q, defined by the ratio:

where T is the period of oscillation,

t _and - pulse time.

Moreover, it follows from formulas (2), (4) and (5) that

where t _s is the exposure time during which the irradiated objects were under the emitter with a shutter.

To study the influence of parameters of pulsed radiation (in particular, duty cycle), the following experiment is carried out: seeds were treated with radiation for 5 s; To create pulses, a disk shutter was used, located between the emitter and seeds with a rotation frequency of 6.5 Hz. Compare the effect of continuous radiation (Q = 1) and pulsed with duty cycles of 1.25; 1.67; 2.5; 5.0; 100. The radiation force varies - 8.1 and 14.6 mW / sr. The exposure dose is determined by the formula (6). The results of the experiment are presented in table 4.

Table 4 Dependence of the root length of 10-day-old European spruce seedlings on the exposure dose for different pulse duty cycles Impulse rate Dose, J / m ² The number of seedlings The length of the roots of seedlings, mm % to control one hundred 0,0335 185 33.6 ± 1.0 128.7 5,0 0.670 191 36.2 ± 0.9 138.7 2,5 1.34 197 36.2 ± 0.7 138.7 1,67 2.00 185 31.0 ± 0.3 118.8 1.25 2.68 180 36.7 ± 1.1 140.6 1,0 3.35 198 39.4 ± 0.6 151.0 one hundred 0,060 187 31.8 ± 1.0 121.8 5,0 1.20 189 33.3 ± 0.6 127.6 2,5 2.40 193 35.7 ± 0, b 136.8 1,67 3.60 190 41.0 ± 0.7 157.1 1.25 4.81 181 34.7 ± 0.8 133.0 one 6.01 186 31.0 ± 0.6 118.8 The control 192 26.1 ± 0.4 -

It is noted that the best results were obtained using continuous and pulsed radiation with a duty cycle of 1.67.

In the above examples, radiation sources are used without optimizing their spectrum and taking into account the optical properties of the seeds. At the same time, when using broadband polychromatic sources emitting in a fairly wide region of the spectrum, the use of radiation of certain wavelengths (or spectral regions) gives a stimulating effect, others have a neutral effect, and others have an inhibitory effect. Consequently, polychromatic radiation sources require spectrum optimization taking into account the optical spectral properties of seeds.

To characterize the stage of studying the influence of the radiation spectrum on the parameters of seed germination during their pre-sowing treatment, we give the following example.

Example 4

Seeds of European spruce are treated with radiation DRT230, passed through filters from a distance of 20 cm for 5, 15 and 40 s, respectively, after which their germination energy and germination are determined in accordance with the GOST deadlines. The results are presented in table.5. The spectral transmission characteristics of the filters (GOST 9411) are presented in figure 5.

Table 5 Germination energy and germination of European spruce seeds treated with radiation from a DRT230 lamp passed through light filters Option Germination energy,% Germination,% Of the non-germinated Class according to GOST 14161-86 decayed empty infected by pests The control 77 84 fourteen one one II A full range of 82 88 9 2 one I UFS8 88 90 7 3 - I FS6 86 89 7 3 one I FS1 87 90 7 3 - I BS3 88 90 6 four - I

For all irradiation options, the germination energy and germination rate increase markedly (by 5 ... 11% and by 4 ... 6%, respectively), although the results are slightly better when using filters. It is extremely important here that the pre-sowing treatment transfers seeds from the second quality class to the first.

The use of any growth stimulant in forestry should be accompanied by mandatory cytogenetic control, since woody plants, like perennials, can exhibit a mutant phenotype over the years and pass on the mutations they acquired that reduce the viability of the offspring.

Example 5

The methodology used for karyological analysis of conifers L.F. Pravdina et al. (1971) (Pravdin L.F., Shershukova O.P. Comparative karyological analysis of two forms of Norway spruce // "Forestry", 1971, No. 6, pp. 39-40; Pravdin L.F. European spruce and Siberian spruce in the USSR. - Moscow: "Science", 1975, - 203 p.). Sprouted seeds of the control and all treatment options are fixed after reaching the root length of 0.5-1.2 cm at 9 am to obtain the maximum number of dividing cells. Aceto alcohol (1 part glacial acetic acid + 1 part 96% ethanol) is used as a fixative. Then the roots are stained with acetocarmine, washed with distilled water, and then the tips of the roots are flattened on a slide in a drop of Goyer mixture. The resulting micropreparations are viewed under an MBI-6 microscope. Analysis of micropreparations is carried out taking into account the total number of scanned cells and of them - the number of dividing cells - to determine the mitotic activity in the cells of the root meristem; the number and spectrum of mitosis pathologies (bridges, fragments, chromosome exits forward, chromosome lagging, chromosome exit and lagging simultaneously) as an indicator reflecting the state of the body’s genetic system.

The analysis shows that the mitotic index, that is, the ratio of the number of dividing cells to the total number taken into account (%) at almost all treatment doses, is at the control level for spruce - 7.1%. Mitotic activity in root meristem cells is determined by seedling growth energy; therefore, the data obtained indicate that the treatment of seeds of the studied plants with optical radiation does not lead to a decrease in seedling viability.

For all plants studied, the spectrum of disturbances in mitosis in the experimental and control variants is generally similar. Among the disorders in the anaphase stage, bridges, chromosome exits, their lag, exit and lag simultaneously dominate. The results allow us to conclude that the pre-sowing treatment of spruce seeds with European radiation of the optical range does not cause significant disturbances in the genetic apparatus of cells, although it can contribute to the adaptation of the body, that is, functional changes leading to temporary resistance of the body to adverse environmental factors. This can be considered as preparation for the formation of deeper adaptation changes while deepening the environmental stress.

Example 6

Promising are methods of stimulation of germination, combining both physical and chemical factors. In this regard, we give an example of the combined effect of radiation from a DRT230 lamp and modern chemical stimulants (fumar, crezacin, para-aminobenzoic acid) of various concentrations on the germination of spruce seeds. The results are presented in table.6.

Table 6 Dependence of the root length of 10-day-old European spruce seedlings on the type and concentration of the growth stimulator upon irradiation of seeds with the radiation of the DRT230 lamp (treatment time 5 s, distance 20 cm) Option, concentration The number of seedlings The length of the roots of seedlings, mm % to control
Fumar (ml / l) 0.00001 195 21.3 ± 0.6 110.3 0.0001 197 21.8 ± 1.0 112.9 0.001 204 22.7 ± 0.5 117.4
Krezacin (g / l) 0.01 203 28.7 ± 0.8 148.3 0.1 193 27.2 ± 0.7 140.5 one 192 21.6 ± 0.6 111.9
PABK (g / l) 0.01 190 24.3 ± 0.2 125.9 0.1 187 23.1 ± 0.7 119.7 one 189 24.6 ± 0.6 127.4 The control - 209 19.3 ± 0.7 -

For all joint processing options, a noticeable excess of control by 10 ... 48% was obtained. In addition, when using crezacin for a lower concentration, a large increase is obtained, i.e. the use of radiation can reduce the concentration and save an expensive drug.

Example 7

Field experiments with the combined influence of optical radiation and chemical factors were carried out by the authors in 2003-2005 in the nurseries of Yartsevsky, Vyazemsky and Krasninsky forestries. The results of the experiments for spruce are presented in table.7.

Table 7 Results of a field experiment with European spruce seedlings Option, concentration The number of seedlings The length of the aerial part, mm % to control The length of the main root, mm % to control Fumar (ml / l) 0.00001 195 39.1 ± 0.1 108.6 130.5 ± 10.6 119.2 0.0001 197 41.1 ± 1.3 114.1 121.8 ± 5.2 111.2 0.001 204 38.2 ± 0.7 106.0 153.6 ± 5.2 140.2 Krezacin (g / l) 0.01 203 41.2 ± 3.9 114.4 141.8 ± 11.0 129.5 0.1 193 40.6 ± 3.7 112.6 140.9 ± 6.8 128.6 one 192 38.9 ± 0.7 108.1 139.2 ± 3.2 127.1 PABK (g / l) 0.01 190 37.9 ± 1.7 105.3 140.0 ± 3.9 127.8 0.1 187 39.1 ± 0.3 108,5 122.7 ± 1.3 112.1 one 189 36.6 ± 2.3 101.7 122.1 ± 3.6 111.5 The control - 209 36.0 ± 1.1 - 109.5 ± 3.1 -

For all growth stimulants and their concentrations, the results are no worse than the control, and in some cases exceed it by up to 40%. The use of chemical growth stimulants in high concentrations (except fumar) is also impractical.

The result of the above experiments was the development of a method for pre-sowing seed treatment of spruce with European optical radiation, which includes optimal parameters, processing technology and verification of its effectiveness.

The application of this technique is fully economically justified.

Example 8

The area occupied by forests in the Smolensk region is more than 2 million hectares, and the projected planting area with the full development of the estimated cutting area for main use (clear cutting of mature forest) is 5 thousand hectares per year. The planting rate per 1 ha is approximately 4000 seedlings. Thus, the need for the entire landing area is 4000 pcs × 5000 ha = 20,000,000 pcs. In addition, annually it is required to restore dead seedlings (approximately 20% of the initial amount), i.e. the total need for seedlings is about 24 million pcs. The output rate of a standard planting material in a nursery from 1 ha is 1.8 million for spruce. Thus, annually it is necessary to sow 24000000 pieces in forest nurseries. / 1800000 pcs./ha = 13.3 ha. When sowing seeds in nurseries for seeds of spruce of the first quality class, the seeding rate is 70 kg / ha, for seeds of the second class - 91 kg / ha. Thus, approximately 931 kg of seeds of the first class or 1210 kg of the second class are required to be sown annually. If, through pre-sowing treatment, the class of seed quality is increased from the second to the first, then the seed savings will be 279 kg Given the fact that the cost of one kilogram of seeds of spruce of the second class is today about 1,500 rubles, then 418,500 rubles can be saved annually. Sowing labor is also reduced. In addition, the seeds treated with radiation germinate much better and it is possible to reduce the annual loss of seedlings from 20% to lower values. In the limit, this saves another 46 kg of seeds per year (or 69,000 rubles), not to mention the saving of working time for additional planting. Thus, the use of this method allows saving up to 325 kg of spruce seeds annually, which is equivalent to 487,500 rubles.

Thus, the technical result of the method of presowing treatment of seeds with optical radiation is characterized by:

- increase in germination and germination energy,

- a significant increase in the average length of the roots of seedlings,

- environmental safety,

- low application costs and economic efficiency,

- the ability to visually control the processing process,

- good compatibility with other methods of stimulation.

The claimed method of stimulation with the correct selection of exposure parameters significantly activates the growth of rootlets of seedlings and the growth of seedlings and can be effectively used in forestry for reforestation. The method can also be used in commercial forest plantations to meet the population's demand for spruce on the eve of the New Year and Christmas holidays, as well as to preserve unused agricultural land by afforestation according to the experience of several European countries (Germany, Poland, etc.) (M. Belyakov , Rybkina SV Pre-sowing treatment of seeds of woody plants. Certificate RAO No. 8107 of January 18, 2005; Rybkina SV, Belyakov MV The use of optical radiation as a stimulant for the growth of woody plants. - Smolensk: Izd. Smolensk Ai City Printing House ", 2005, 46 pp.).

Claims (3)

1. A method for pre-sowing seed treatment of European spruce, including the treatment of European spruce seeds by continuous radiation of the near ultraviolet range for 1-15 s with an irradiation dose of 18-19 J / m ² , or by pulsed radiation of a source for 1-5 s with a duty cycle of 1 -2.5, radiation power of 8.1 and 14.6 mW / steradian and a disk obturator rotation speed of 6.5 Hz, or by radiation of a high-pressure mercury discharge lamp through light filters at a distance of 20 cm for 1-40 s, or by discharge radiation high pressure mercury lamp AANII chemical stimulants at a distance of 20 cm for 1-40 s. 2. The method of pre-sowing seed treatment of European spruce according to claim 1, wherein a polychromatic radiation source with a spectral range including radiation from the near UV spectrum to the infrared (IR) region is used as a source of continuous ultraviolet radiation, a source of pulsed radiation. 3. The method of pre-sowing seed treatment of European spruce according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the seeds are treated with radiation of a discharge lamp through emitting ultraviolet and violet filters and cutting colorless filters 1-5 mm thick.

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