RU2299956C2 - Method to drain water from melted snow and rain water from the outside of inclined roof - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: building construction and repair, namely for balanced all year round water draining from building roof to prevent ice hanging over inclined or substantially flat roof edge.

SUBSTANCE: method involves performing gravity water discharge over peripheral roof areas along with creating and using temporary storage means and metered draining means at roof periphery. The temporary storage means and metered draining means may be formed at roof periphery having different length, width or configuration, including eaves gutter structures.

EFFECT: provision of water flowing over frozen water after initial frozen areas creation and stopping of water freezing to prevent ice hanging over roof edge.

6 cl, 6 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the repair and construction of buildings, and in particular to methods for a year-round balanced external drainage of rain and melt water without ice hovering from inclined and semi-flat roofs (both "cold" and "warm") of buildings for various purposes and of various heights.

Known methods of organized drainage from roofs, for example, an external drainage system with prefabricated sloping weirs into external drainpipes. They have a common drawback - melt water freezes on cold prefabricated spillways and drainpipes, while organized drainage turns into “unorganized”, which leads to the formation of dangerous external ice flooding on the eaves of roofs in the form of icicles and wall ice accumulations (Operation of residential buildings. Reference manual. Moscow, 1991, p. 181).

Water-filled roofs are known for cooling industrial buildings in the southern zones (with intense solar radiation) up to 15 centimeters deep. They are intended for completely different purposes (without the possibility of freezing them) and therefore are not applicable for cold climatic conditions (Garmash A.I. et al. Roofs and roofs of buildings and structures. Handbook, Kiev, 1988, p. 93).

There are known knots for switching melt water discharge for the winter period from an external drain to the sewer of an internal drain (Kolomeets A.V., Arievich E.M. Reference manual for a building supervisor, Moscow, Stroyizdat, 1976, p. 174). The disadvantage of such roofs is that two types of drains are used (external and internal).

The operation of a flat roof in the "roof-bath" mode is known. If the design of canals, drains or outdoor outlets for melt water is not perfect (especially if the heat transfer conditions of the roof and the building as a whole and meteorological conditions are randomly set), “melt water, which does not have access through gutters blocked by ice, accumulates on the roof and, when the outside temperature drops, it turns into the ice. With a subsequent increase in the outside temperature, the ice melts from below ... A “lake” of water forms under the ice, affecting the roof (and leading to leaks) ... The described layer of water under the ice in this “roof-bath” stood for three winter months and reached a depth of 10 centimeters (M.S. Tupolev. Flat roofs of residential and public buildings. State Publishing House of Literature on Construction and Architecture, Moscow, 1952, p. 95, Fig. 81). It is noted that a layer of snow and ice lying on a flat roof serves as additional insulation, reducing the total amount of heat loss of the building, i.e. becomes a self-regulatory system. The main disadvantage of this method is the weight of the roof and possible leaks.

It is known to use means for dosed water drainage located on the eaves of the roof, which serve to prevent the formation of ice on the eaves of the overhang (Japanese Patent Document No. 5-195603, 5E04D 1/30, 08/03/1993). This means consists of a plurality of metering holes, made in a cornice overhang and a collecting tray for metered drops of water.

The disadvantages of this tool are that if the holes freeze, they will not be able to thaw for a long time even when melt water enters during a transitional thermophysical process, and melt water will go to the edge of the eaves overhang, for example, under the layer or along the layer previously formed on the eaves overhang ice, and the formation of overhanging icicles will begin. In addition, even with thawed holes, the temperature of the melt water will not be enough to have time (during transitional thermophysical processes) to slide down the gutter tray, while it will freeze in the tray and the ice formed in the tray may rise to the holes from the bottom of the eaves and completely close holes already for a longer time. Therefore, the actual removal of melt water through such a tool as a percentage of the total mass of snow, ice, water accumulating during the cold season will be insignificant.

The closest to the claimed method of external drainage of melt and rainwater from an inclined roof without ice flooding in the cold periods of the year is known, which means that water is drained by gravity through closed perimeter sections of the roof located at different height levels of the roof, and on the perimeter sections they create and if necessary, use means for the temporary accumulation of water and means for its flow (Japan patent document No. 10-46752, 6E04D 3/00, 02/17/1998).

The disadvantages of this method are that at all altitude levels of the roof, where they create funds for temporary accumulation and drainage of water, the lengths of the drainage paths increase significantly (the water initially moves perpendicular to the direction of the roof slope and only when it comes to the interface of the adjacent roof slopes it starts to merge along to these mates). Therefore, melt water can re-freeze on the means of temporary accumulation and drainage on very large areas of the roof, especially during adverse thermal processes. Thus, the total amount of ice, snow and water lingering on the roof will be much larger than on ordinary roofs. In addition, when water freezes on numerous means of temporary accumulation and drainage (the design of which is similar to the previously described drainage systems with prefabricated sloping weirs into external drain pipes), melt water from all these means will go down to the edges of the eaves overhangs, where overhanging icicles will form.

The technical result of the invention is the inability to advance melt water in a freezing drop after the initial nucleation of freezing and the cessation of growth of overhanging suspensions.

The specified technical result is achieved in the method of external drainage of melt and rainwater from the sloping roof of the building in that the eaves overhangs along the entire length of their closed perimeter are hermetically connected to overflow cornices, forming a storage tank for melt or rain water, as well as for placing snow and ice, the upper edges of the overflow cornices are arranged at the same elevation, and through the entire perimeter of the roof in the storage tank, through holes are made of relatively small sizes for the dosed flow oh and rainwater.

The specified technical result is also achieved by the fact that in the overflow cornices perform upper drain windows, which are connected to the receiving funnels of the drainpipes; the storage tank is divided into separate pools by installing sealed vertical partitions oriented in the direction of the roof slope; the outer surfaces of the storage tank in contact with atmospheric air are thermally insulated; the outer surfaces of the storage tank are coated with a hydrophobic material; through holes are performed in the horizontal parts of the storage tank.

Figure 1-4 shows the implementation of the method according to option No. 1 (figure 1 is a view of the roof in plan; figure 2 is a leader I from figure 1; figure 3 is a section aa in figure 2; figure 4 is a view of B in figure 2); figure 1, 2, 3, 5 - implementation of the method according to option No. 2 (figure 5 is a view In figure 1); 6 is a variant of the cross-sectional shape of the storage tank for accommodating snow, ice and water.

In the method of external drainage of melt and rainwater from a sloping roof of a building, various technical means and opportunities are created and, if necessary, used for self-regulation (or forced regulation) of melt water runoff, which depend on the specific and constantly changing heat exchange conditions between the roof of the roof, the snow-and-ice mass located on the roof, and atmospheric air.

Such technical means and capabilities are, for example:

- the possibility of a gradual accumulation of melt water formed without its flow (for example, in specially designed containers of any shape on the perimeter sections of the roof) with favorable transient thermal processes (for example, in the initial period of weak thawing of snow and ice, when there is a high probability of freezing of a drop from flowing melt water );

- the possibility of a dosed flow of the accumulated stock of melt water under favorable steady-state thermal processes, when freezing of a drop from the flowing melt water becomes impossible (for example, by self-regulating or opening holes in containers with accumulated water through a technical system, or by forcing pumping out accumulated melt water from containers etc.);

- the possibility of stopping the dosed flow of melt water upon the occurrence of adverse transient thermal processes (for example, when the likelihood of freezing of a drop or jets flowing through technical means and external drains of melt water increases again);

- other technical capabilities (including those based on the above capabilities), allowing to achieve the specified technical result.

Here are described two specific options for the implementation of the method of external drainage of melt and rainwater from an inclined roof without ice flooding during the cold periods of the year, based on the above technical means and capabilities, namely, self-regulation of the flow of melt and rainwater on the closed perimeter of the eaves of the roof located on one elevation (Fig.1-5).

According to option No. 1 of the method, the eaves overhangs 1, 2, 3, 4 of the inclined roof 5 along the entire length of their closed perimeter are hermetically connected to overflow eaves 6, 7, 8, 9, the upper edges of which 10, 11 are arranged at the same elevation 12 ( 1, 2, 3, 4). Moreover, along the entire perimeter of the roof 5 form a storage tank 13 for melt or rain water with a maximum possible level of 14 water accumulation, as well as to accommodate snow and ice rollers 15. In the lower parts of the storage tank 13 perform through dosing holes 16, 17 relative to m scarlet size for dosed runoff of melt and rainwater. The metering holes 16 are not only inclined towards the enclosing surfaces of the storage tank 13 (for example, to the eaves overhang 1, as shown in FIG. 3), and the metering holes 17 are not only perpendicular to the enclosing surfaces of the storage tank 13 (for example, to the overflow ledge 6 , as shown in figure 3), and in any position determined by the shape of specially created containers 13 (one of such forms is shown in figure 6). In this case, the metering holes can be made in special horizontally located parts of the bottom of the storage tank, for example, on an additional horizontal platform, hermetically connecting the edge of the eaves overhang 1 and the overflow cornice 6 (Fig. 6), and the axis of the metering holes is arranged vertically (for unhindered, i.e., without spreading on the lower surfaces of the bottom of the container 13, swelling of the water and reducing the possibilities for initial freezing of drops of melt water). Hereinafter, the term "tightness" does not mean the tightness of the storage tank 13 in general, but the tightness of all the parts connected to each other that form the storage tank 13, which guarantees the flow of water only through the metering holes, for example, of a certain shape (in case of leakage of the connections of the parts and the presence of holes or slots of a different shape, icicles may freeze).

When implementing the method according to option No. 1, the following processes occur.

When the outside temperature rises, for example, during thaws, the ice-cold rollers 15 on the “cold” roof melt both above and below, while melt water accumulates in the tank 13, which causes the previously formed weak ice plugs in the metering holes 16, 17 (thawing of the rollers 15 and holes 16, 17 can also occur at a negative temperature upon receipt of melt water from a “warm” roof with a high heat transfer coefficient).

Thus, through a self-regulating technical system (i.e., without forced thermal or mechanical regulation of the technical system), self-opening of metering holes of relatively small sizes occurs, for example, from microscopic diameters to macroscopic sizes up to 6-10 millimeters and above. Holes can be the most optimal, including slotted, round, conical, etc. (in the sense of "fast" as freezing, ie, "closing", and "fast" thawing, ie "opening"). Melt water begins to flow in small drops or thin streams, while there is no possibility of freezing a drop on icicles (because water does not move along icicles, for the formation of which there are no initial possibilities).

When the outdoor air temperature decreases or when the heat transfer conditions in the described complex technical system change, “roof 5 - storage tank 13 - eaves overhang 1 - metering holes 16, 17 - ice-snow mixture 15 - atmospheric air” in some holes 16, 17 (and subsequently, possibly in all openings) weak ice plugs again form, and melt water freezes again in tank 13 until the next favorable transitional heat process, without forming icicles and icy overhangs from the cornice.

With very intense snow melting and water entering the tank 13 (for example, at high atmospheric temperature, warm intense rain, etc.), the metering holes 16, 17 will not always be able to let the entire volume of runoff pass through itself, while the tank 13 will overflow and the water will overflow the upper edges 10, 11 of the overflow cornices 6, 7, 8, 9, which temporarily become a perimeter cornice spillway. However, due to favorable thermophysical conditions, freezing of icicles also does not occur.

Thus, ice mass 15 and melt water are “accumulated” and “stored” in storage tank 13 until favorable thermophysical conditions, i.e. do not allow opportunities for the formation of ice flooding from the eaves, while overflow eaves 6, 7, 8, 9 reliably keep the increased ice mass 15 from sliding off the roof during thawing (gradually completely transferring snow and ice to another aggregate state, i.e., water ) Similar processes occur in conditionally inclined (flat) roofs with internal drains, the most common at present.

Thus, the technical and economic advantages of the proposed method is that it is a highly efficient transitional method of melt and rainwater flow between the methods of the external drain from sloping roofs and the methods of the internal drain from flat roofs.

To reduce the negative consequences of the above overflow capacity 13 on the roofs of a large area of tall buildings (for example, residential, industrial), an improved version No. 2 of the method is proposed (Figs. 1, 2, 3, 5).

According to option No. 2 of the method, in addition to the above actions according to option No. 1, the possibilities of a conventional regulated external drain are used (for example, the throughput of downpipes with receiving funnels is used). In this case, additionally redistribute different volumes of the drain to various drainage systems (figure 5).

After certain distances in the overflow cornices 6, 7, 8, 9, the upper overflow windows 18 with the overflow threshold 19 at the elevation 20, which is located above the elevation 21 of the lower edges of the overflow cornices 6, 7, 8, 9, but below their elevation, are made the upper edges 10, 11. Drainage windows 18 are connected to the receiving funnels 22 of the drainpipes 23 of the external drain.

When implementing the method for option No. 2, the following additional processes occur (in addition to the above processes for option No. 1), FIGS. 1, 2, 3, 5.

When the metering holes 16, 17 cannot cope with the passage of the water entering the tank 13, the tank 13 is filled only up to the level of the drainage threshold 19, after which the water flows through the upper drainage windows 18, receiving funnels 22 and drainpipes 23. Therefore, the above described method option No. 1, the temporary transformation of overflow cornices into a perimeter eaves spillway (i.e. overflow tank 13) occurs much less frequently (for example, only during catastrophic summer rains).

Thus, the technical and economic advantages of the proposed method according to option No. 2 is that it can be easily adapted to existing systems of the external drain.

Numerous improvements of the described options No. 1, No. 2 of the method are also possible.

For example, the storage tank 13 is provided with long plates, rods, bars, and the like. objects 24 of materials with different coefficients of heat absorption, thermal expansion, the values of which differ from the values of the corresponding coefficients of the ice-ice mixture 15 that accumulates in the tank 13 (Fig.1, 2). At the same time, along the boundaries of the two media in the ice-ice mixture 15, when the thermophysical conditions change, microscopic paths (voids) arise, through which melt water can penetrate and spread.

In addition, with a long break in the onset of favorable thermophysical processes, excessive (threatening) accumulation of ice-mass 15 is possible, for example, with insufficient volume of storage capacity 13 (Fig. 3). In this case, the excessively accumulated ice mass is partially removed by any known methods (for example, by a mechanical method, as with threatening overhangs of icicles and ice from eaves).

Both with simple and complex profiles of sloping roofs, it is difficult to create one large perimeter tank 13 for the accumulation and redistribution of melt water. Therefore, it is possible to refine the method in that the storage tank 13 is divided into separate pools 25, 26, for example, by installing sealed vertical partitions 27, 28, 29 (Fig. 1).

Another improvement is that the outer surfaces of the container 13, for example, overflow cornices 6, 7, 8, 9, are insulated from contact with atmospheric air (to accelerate the delamination of ice during melting).

In addition, the outer surfaces of the means for dosed removal of water (to reduce the possibility of their freezing) are also insulated.

Another improvement of the method is possible in which the outer surfaces of the means for dosed water removal (for example, horizontally located parts of the tank 13 or pools 25, 26 with metering holes) are coated with a hydrophobic material, for example, paraffin (to prevent water droplets from spreading over the outer surfaces and their freezing).

All these improvements are applicable to both of the above options No. 1, No. 2 of the method.

The technical and economic advantages of the above improvements to the methods of options No. 1, No. 2 are that they improve the practical application of the method in complex and diverse old roof structures without significant costs, and can also be used in new design and construction.

Claims (6)

1. The method of external drainage of melt and rainwater from the sloping roof of the building, in which water is drained by gravity over the eaves located along the perimeter of the roof, characterized in that the eaves overhangs along the entire length of their closed perimeter are hermetically connected to overflow eaves, forming a storage tank for melt or rain water, as well as for the placement of snow and ice, while the upper edges of overflow cornices are arranged at the same elevation, and along the entire perimeter of the roof in the storage tank relatively small openings for the dosed flow of melt and rainwater. 2. The method of external drainage of melt and rainwater according to claim 1, characterized in that the overflow windows are connected in overflow cornices, which are connected to the receiving funnels of downspouts. 3. The method of external drainage of melt and rainwater according to claim 1, characterized in that the storage tank is divided into separate pools by installing sealed vertical partitions oriented in the direction of the roof slope. 4. The method of external drainage of melt and rainwater according to claim 1, characterized in that the outer surfaces of the storage tank in contact with atmospheric air are thermally insulated. 5. The method of external drainage of melt and rainwater according to claim 1, characterized in that the outer surfaces of the storage tank are coated with a hydrophobic material. 6. The method of external drainage of melt and rainwater according to claim 1, characterized in that the through holes are made in the horizontal parts of the storage tank.

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