RU2298810C1 - Receiving-transmitting optoelectronic module of an antenna with a phased antenna array - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: the invention refers to antennas.

SUBSTANCE: the technical result is decreasing of heat generation of an optoelectronic receiving-transmitting module of an antenna with a phased antenna array near by the radiator, of mass and dimensions, galvanic isolation and energy independence of the array, increasing of the broadbandness, power, constructive flexibility, stability to electric disturbances. The input of the optoelectronic receiving-transmitting module of the antenna with a phased antenna array, consisting of an apparatus and an antenna parts is connected up to the first contact of the first switch, its second contact is in-series connected up with the first optical modulator to which the first laser is switched, an optical line of delay controlled by a line of photodiodes, an amplifier controlled by an attenuator, the first contact of the second switch whose second contact is connected up with the second optical modulator to which the second laser with a scheme of a feeding control and the first photo detector are switched, and the third - with the output. The output of the first photo detector is connected up with the first contact of the third switch, whose second contact is connected up with the antenna radiator, and the third - with the third optical modulator to which the third laser with the scheme of controlling the feeding is switched and the second photo detector connected with the input of the low-noise amplifier whose output is connected with the third contact of the first switch. The controlling inputs of the controlled line of the photodiodes, of the controlled attenuator, switches and the schemes of controlling of the feeding are connected with corresponding outputs of the controlling module.

EFFECT: decreases heat generation of the optoelectronic receiving-transmitting module of the antenna with phased antenna array.

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Description

The invention relates to radio engineering, in particular to antennas for radars and communication systems, and more particularly to transmit-receive modules (MRP) for receiving and transmitting signals in active antenna arrays (AFAR) of the microwave range with electronic scanning of the beam. This invention also relates to the use of optoelectronic technology (analog photonics) in APM AFAR.

This type of device is used in radars, communication systems, including mobile, radio astronomy, radio navigation, sonar [1-4].

Known optoelectronic PPM for AFAR [5, 6], consisting of a section of optical elements and a section of electrical elements that contain an optical demultiplexer, optical fibers, a control module, integrated optical modulators, an optical coupler, an optical splitter, photodetector, preamplifier, powerful amplifiers , receive / transmit switch, low noise amplifier, emitter.

A disadvantage of the known PPM is the presence in its antenna section, which is closest to the antenna emitters, of powerful electronic amplifiers that limit the operating frequency band and dimensions, as well as create problems of cooling and increasing the noise temperature, the low-noise amplifier and the antenna array located in the same place.

The use of three series-connected amplifiers in the antenna section increases the risk of self-excitation, and the need to lay electrical cables for supplying each of the PMDs on the antenna sheet with significant electric power for their power supply and leads to an increase in weight and size parameters, cost, installation time, maintenance, lower reliability, durability to electrical noise and EMR, and also increases fire hazard.

The phase scanning method used in the known device does not allow the AFAR to operate in a wide, and even more so in an ultra-wide frequency band.

Known optoelectronic PPM for AFAR [7], consisting of a demodulator (photodetector), amplifiers, diplexer, frequency multipliers, phase shifters, a powerful amplifier, circulator, laser diode, optical modulator, mixer and emitter.

A disadvantage of the known PPM is the presence of a powerful output amplifier in it, limiting the operating frequency band and dimensions, as well as creating problems of cooling and increasing the noise temperature for the low-noise amplifier and the antenna array located in the same place.

The phase scanning method and the ferrite circulator used in the known device does not allow the AFAR to operate in a wide, and even more so in an ultra-wide frequency band.

The use of powerful amplifiers in the module necessitates the laying of electric cables for supplying each of the PMDs on the antenna sheet with significant electric power for their power supply, which leads to an increase in weight and size parameters, cost, the complexity of installation, maintenance, reliability, resistance to electrical noise and EMR , and also increases fire hazard.

Known optoelectronic PPM for AFAR [8], consisting of an optical lens, an optical demultiplexer, photodetectors, amplifiers, a microprocessor with memory and a decoder, phase vector modulators, amplifiers, transmit / receive switches, filter, powerful amplifier, emitter.

A disadvantage of the known PPM is the presence of a powerful output amplifier in it, limiting the operating frequency band and dimensions, as well as creating problems of cooling and increasing the noise temperature for the low-noise amplifier and the antenna array located in the same place.

The use of powerful amplifiers in the module necessitates the laying of electrical cables for supplying each of the PMDs on the antenna sheet with significant electrical power for their power supply, which leads to an increase in weight and size parameters, cost, laborious installation, maintenance, reduced reliability, resistance to electrical noise and electromagnetic radiation, and also increases fire hazard.

The presence of an open optical channel for supplying a probe signal to the input of the PMD makes its operation directly dependent on environmental conditions, which significantly reduces its reliability.

The phase scanning method and phase vector modulators used in the known device do not allow the AFAR to operate in a wide, and even more so in an ultra-wide frequency band.

Known optoelectronic PPM for AFAR [9], consisting of photodetectors, multiplexer, demultiplexer, amplifiers, digital logic circuits, laser diode, controlled attenuators, ADCs, amplifiers, mixers, splitter, gating circuit, phase shifter, transmit / receive switches, filters, powerful amplifier, low noise amplifier, emitter.

A disadvantage of the known PPM is the presence of a powerful output amplifier in it, limiting the operating frequency band and dimensions, as well as creating problems of cooling and increasing the noise temperature for the low-noise amplifier and the antenna array located in the same place.

The use of powerful amplifiers in the module necessitates the laying of electrical cables for supplying each of the PMDs on the antenna sheet with significant electrical power for their power supply, which leads to an increase in weight and size parameters, cost, laborious installation, maintenance, reduced reliability, resistance to electrical noise and electromagnetic radiation, and also increases fire hazard.

Known optoelectronic PPM for AFAR [10], consisting of a laser transmitter, an optical splitter, an optical fiber, an optical switch, an optical modulator, photo detectors, amplifiers, transmit / receive switches, a phase shifter, an amplifier with a controlled gain, a powerful amplifier, a circulator, a low-noise amplifier emitter.

A disadvantage of the known PPM is the presence of a powerful output amplifier in it, limiting the operating frequency band and dimensions, as well as creating problems of cooling and increasing the noise temperature for the low-noise amplifier and the antenna array as a whole.

The phase scanning method and the ferrite circulator used in the known device does not allow the AFAR to operate in a wide, and even more so in an ultra-wide frequency band.

The use of powerful amplifiers in the module necessitates the laying of electrical cables for supplying each of the PMDs on the antenna sheet with significant electrical power for their power supply, which leads to an increase in weight and size parameters, cost, laborious installation, maintenance, reduced reliability, resistance to electrical noise and electromagnetic radiation, and also increases fire hazard.

As you know, AFARs consist of transceiver modules (PPM), which include, in addition to emitters, switches and phase shifters (or controlled delay lines), active elements for amplification, frequency conversion of signals and other devices for preliminary spatial-temporal signal processing [1, 2, 3].

Along with the undoubted advantages of AFAR, there are objective disadvantages that make their use difficult, especially as on-board equipment on various media.

The overall dimensions of the AFM AFAR are determined by the possibility of their placement on the reverse side of the antenna array of the array. To reduce incidental radiation maxima during scanning, the lattice spacing should be no more than λ / 2; therefore, when developing AFM AFAR, primarily the centimeter range and millimeter ranges, their miniaturization is necessary. This is achieved by the implementation of solid-state integrated magnetic resonators, but the small size of powerful active semiconductor devices and the insufficient value of their efficiency lead to the local allocation of high thermal power and the need for highly efficient cooling systems, which, in turn, have dimensions that significantly limit the possibilities of miniaturization . For example, the AFAR of a modern fighter has up to two thousand anti-aircraft missiles emitting several tens of kilowatts of thermal power, which required the use of a complex and expensive liquid cooling system with insufficient reliability [2, 3, 4].

Also limited are the miniaturization limits of RFM RF elements, such as microstrip transmission lines, oscillatory systems, delay lines, phase shifters, directional couplers, dividers and circulators.

Even greater problems arise in the development of broadband and especially ultra-wideband AFARs, including ultrashort pulse (SKI) AFARs with high resolution, since the traditional element base of the AFM AFAR fundamentally does not allow working with ultrashort pulses due to its high dispersion, because conventional radio frequency transmission lines, delay lines and other elements of the radio frequency path, introducing high dispersion, severely limit the width of the working frequency band and do not allow scanning and adaptation in real time in an ultra-wide band of working frequencies.

All this leads to the fact that the implementation of the AFAR of the decimeter, centimeter and especially millimeter ranges with the traditional construction on the basis of electronic electronic integrated magnetic resonators with the energy potential necessary for most applications even in a narrow band of operating frequencies is a difficult and expensive task, and the creation of ultra-wideband AFAR is problematic.

Therefore, research and development are constantly being carried out not only to improve traditional electronic anti-missile systems for AFAR, but also to search for qualitatively new approaches to their implementation.

To ensure the operation of real-time AFAR in a wide frequency band and to improve electromagnetic compatibility, hybrid optoelectronic magnetic resonance arrays were proposed using fiber-optic technology, integrated optical circuits and electronic integrated circuits (analog photonics) as their element base [5-10 ].

However, such hybrid PPMs were not widely used, mainly because they retained powerful electronic transmitting channel amplifiers, which limited their working bandwidth and efficiency, and therefore did not solve the problem of effective cooling and a significant reduction in size.

The single task to which this invention is directed is to reduce the weight and size parameters of the antenna parts of the PMD and the thermal load on the AFAR antenna sheet, as well as to ensure the possibility of its operation in a wide and ultra-wide instantaneous frequency band with SRS and the creation of flat distributed conformal active antenna arrays on carriers .

To do this, an optoelectronic PPM is proposed, which is implemented by switching to radio-optical methods for transmitting and receiving analog photonics signals for all its main components, including the transmission path of a high-power microwave signal.

The essence of the invention lies in the separation of the MRP into the hardware part of the module, in which the main heat is released from the active elements, and having significant dimensions, mass and a miniature antenna part with minimal heat from the passive elements, and the spatial diversity and communication between them is carried out using analog fiber optical lines.

A single technical result, which can be obtained by carrying out the invention, is simultaneously expressed in the following:

a) a significant reduction in the heat load on the antenna array of the AFAR, that is, a significant reduction in heat generation in the immediate vicinity of the antenna emitters; b) in higher broadband and the ability to work with SRS; c) to reduce the dimensions and mass of the antenna array; d) in potentially greater power and efficiency; e) in the energy independence of the antenna array, i.e. in the absence of the need for electric power supply of the equipment on the antenna sheet; g) in the galvanic isolation of the antenna array from the hardware; h) in greater resistance to electrical interference and EMR, as well as in improving EMC; i) greater structural flexibility.

The specified single technical result in the implementation of the invention on the device is achieved in that, in comparison with the known PPM [5], which is the closest analogue to the claimed one, with common features: the presence of two parts, optical modulators, photodetectors, low-noise preamplifier, switch, control module, optical communication lines between two parts (sections) of the module and between the control module and controlled devices, the radiator, the first and second switches are introduced, the optical delay line with 32 pins a controllable ruler with 32 photodiodes, three lasers, a photodetector, the PPM input being connected to the first contact of the first switch 1, the second contact of which is connected to the input of the first optical modulator 2, the optical input of which is connected to the output of the first laser 3, and the optical output of the first optical modulator 2 is connected to the input of the optical delay line 4 with 32 pins, the optical outputs of which are connected to the optical inputs of the controlled line 5 with 32 photodiodes, the output of which is connected to the input of the amplifier 7, the output of which about connected to the input of the controlled attenuator 8, the output of which is connected to the first contact of the second switch 9, the second contact of which is connected to the output of the module, and the third to the input of the second optical modulator 10, the optical input of which is connected to the optical output of the second laser 11, into the power circuit of which the power control circuit 22 is turned on, and the optical output is connected through the first optical fiber 12 to the first photodetector 13 in the antenna part of the PPM, the electrical output of which is connected to the first contact of the third switch I am 14, the second contact of which is connected to the emitter 15, and the third contact is connected to the input of the third optical modulator 16, the optical input of which is connected through the second optical fiber 18 to the optical output of the third laser 17, and the optical output through the third optical fiber 19 is connected to the input of the second a photodetector 20, the output of which is connected to a low-noise amplifier 21, the output of which is connected to the third contact of the first switch 1, the active and antenna parts of the optoelectronic PPM being separated in space, and controlling e control input line of photodiodes 5, controlled attenuator 8, switches 1, 9, 14 and power control circuit 22 are connected to the respective outputs of the control unit 6, operative in accordance with digital control signals being a part of a microprocessor.

Due to the separation in space using high-performance analog FOCLs of the hardware and antenna parts of the PMD and the exclusion of electronic, especially powerful amplifiers from the antenna part, as well as the use of analog photonics in the scanning system, the main restrictions on the miniaturization of their antenna parts are removed, the problem of module cooling is solved, and work in a wide and ultra-wide frequency band in real time, the possibility of increasing the output power and efficiency, reduces the mass of flax web, resistance to EMR is increased and EMC is improved, and flat distributed conformal AFARs can be built.

Figure 1 presents the structural diagram of the optoelectronic transceiver module AFAR.

Figure 2 presents a possible embodiment of the antenna part of the optoelectronic receiving and transmitting module AFAR together with the emitter in the form of an integrated optical circuit.

Here: 1 - optical fiber, 2 - distributed photodiodes for receiving a powerful optical signal, 3 - optical waveguide, 4 - metallization, 5 - receive / transmit switch, 6 - integrated emitter, 7 - separation screen between the transmitting and receiving sections of the antenna part of the module .

In the transmitting path, high-power (over 16 watts) heterolasers with an efficiency of over 74% [11] or heterolaser arrays (modules) with an output power of over 200 watts in a multimode optical fiber [12] can be used as a source of powerful optical radiation (laser 11) [12] .

To modulate high-power optical radiation with a radio-frequency sounding signal, high-performance integrated-optical multimode modulators with low internal optical losses can be used as an optical modulator 10 [13, 14].

To receive and convert high-power modulated optical radiation into an electrical signal, a high-performance broadband photodetector of a high-power optical signal with photovoltaic conversion efficiency of up to 70% and higher in the form of an integrated optical circuit can be used as a photo detector 13 [15-18].

In the receiving path, as an optical modulator 16, highly sensitive, low-half-wave voltage, single-mode integrated-mode optical-optical or radio-optical resonance modulators can be used [19-22].

In combination with powerful low-noise single-mode heterolasers and efficient photodetectors with low-noise preamplifiers in the reception mode, the noise figure of the receiving path can be obtained less than 1 dB in a wide (1-20 GHz) frequency band and less than 0.5 dB in a narrow frequency band [23].

Consequently, the transition from high-power electronic amplifiers with a limited bandwidth and efficiency to high-power quantum devices based on heterostructures, as well as to high-performance integrated-optical modulators with a low half-wave voltage, can improve the frequency properties and energy of the PMD and AFAR as a whole.

In the optoelectronic PMT, the time parallel scanning method based on analog photonics using switched optical delay lines is used [24]. When applying the temporary scanning method, the angle of inclination of the beam is independent of the frequency, which makes it possible to work in a wide and ultra-wide frequency band, including ultrashort pulses in the presence of the corresponding antenna emitters [25, 26].

As you know, the main contribution to the heat generated in the PMD is made by the powerful steps of the transmission path.

The ratio of K _M allocated in the passive antenna and the active hardware of the PPM (ROAM) thermal power of the transmitting path can be estimated as follows:

K _M = P _rasp.fd. P _ras.ld = K _r R _ld (1-K _php ) / R _p.ld (1-K _ld ),

where P _ras.fd - power dissipated by the photodiode;

P _ras.ld - power dissipated by the heterolaser;

To _p - the transmission coefficient of the optical path;

K _fep is the photoelectric conversion coefficient of the photodetector;

R _pld - the electrical power of the laser.

To _ld - heterolaser efficiency.

Substituting the values of the parameters of heterolasers and photodiodes in (1), we obtain the ratio of the released heat capacities in the antenna and hardware parts of the PPM. Thus, the assessment of the ratio of the thermal power released in the passive antenna part to the thermal power allocated in the active hardware of the module gives K _m (from 0.15 to 0.35, which means that the thermal load on the antenna part of the PPM is reduced 3 to 7 times.

The device operates as follows. In the transmission mode, a sounding microwave signal is supplied to its input, which is fed to the first contact of the first switch in the hardware of the PPM 1, passing to its second contact, it is supplied to the electrical input of the first optical modulator 2, thereby modulating the continuous optical radiation supplied to it optical input from the first laser 3. From the optical output of the first optical modulator 2, the modulated signal is fed to the input of the optical delay line 4 with 32 outputs, constructed according to the principle of optical branch La 1:32 with bends of various lengths. Passing through 32 of its channels of various lengths, the optical signals receive a differentiated time delay and go to 32 outputs from which they enter the controllable line of photodiodes from 32 photodiodes in integrated design 5 with electronic switching of the digital scanning signal from the microprocessor of the control module 6. Thus Thus, a microwave sounding signal with one or another required delay in real time appears at its output. From the output of the controlled line of photodiodes 5, the microwave probe signal with a predetermined delay is fed to the amplifier 7, the output of which is fed to the input of the attenuator 8 control module 6 controlled by a digital signal from the microprocessor, the output of which goes to the first contact of the second switch 9, passing through which it goes to its second contact and then to the electrical input of the second optical modulator 10, the optical input of which receives optical radiation from the second laser 11 (high-power heterolaser). A modulated powerful optical signal with a given delay and modulation amplitude passes through the first optical fiber 12 to the optical input of the first photodetector in the antenna part of the PPM 13 (distributed traveling wave photodetector for receiving powerful optical signals in the photovoltaic mode), it is converted into a powerful microwave probe signal and enters the first contact of the third switch 14, passing through which from its second contact goes to the emitter 15. In the transmission mode, the power control circuit 22 by command de microprocessor of the control module 6 disconnects the power from the third laser 17, which eliminates the transmission of the transmitted signal to the input of a low-noise amplifier 21 in the receiving path.

In the reception mode, which is carried out in pauses between pulses emitted by the PPM transmitting channel, the received microwave signal from the antenna radiator is fed to the second contact of the third switch in its antenna part 14, passing through which from the third contact it is directly fed to the input of the third optical modulator 16 ( highly sensitive integrated optical modulator based on the effect of radio-optical resonance), the optical input of which through the second optical fiber 18 receives radiation from a third laser (low noise the first single-mode heterolaser) located in the active part of the PPM 17. The optical radiation modulated by the received signal from the optical output of the third optical modulator is fed to the input of the second photodetector in the active part of the PPM 20, the output of which goes to the input of a low-noise amplifier 21, from the output of which goes to the third contact of the first switch 1. Having passed the switch 1, the received signal is fed to the electrical input of the first optical modulator 2, thereby modulating the continuous optical radiation by It receives optical input from the first laser 3. From the optical output of the first optical modulator 2, the modulated received signal is fed to the input of the optical delay line 4 with 32 outputs. Passing through 32 channels of its various lengths, the optical signals receive a differentiated time delay and go to 32 outputs from which they enter a controllable line of 32 photodiodes 5 with electronic switching by a digital scanning signal from the microprocessor of the control module 6. Thus, the microwave signal received with a particular delay in real time appears at its output. From the output of the controlled line of photodiodes, the signal enters the input of the amplifier 7, the output of which goes to the input of the controlled attenuator 8, the output of which goes to the first contact of the second switch 9, passing through which it goes to the output of the module for further processing. In the receive mode, the power control circuit 22, at the command of the microprocessor of the control module 6, disconnects the power from the second laser 11 (a powerful heterolaser of the transmitting path), thereby reducing the power consumption of the optoelectronic PPM.

Information sources

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Claims (1)

An optoelectronic transceiver module (PPM) of an active phased antenna array, consisting of hardware and antenna parts and containing first, second and third optical modulators, a first photodetector, a low-noise amplifier, a switch, a control module, optical communication lines between two parts of the PPM, an emitter, characterized in that the first and second switches are introduced into it, an optical delay line with 32 pins, a controlled integrated line with 32 photodiodes, three lasers, a second photodetector, a pi control circuit a controlled attenuator, the input of the PPM connected to the first contact of the first switch, the second contact of which is connected to the input of the first optical modulator, the optical input of which is connected to the output of the first laser, and the optical output of the first optical modulator is connected to the input of the optical delay line, the optical outputs of which connected to the optical inputs of the controlled line of photodiodes, the electrical output of which is connected to the input of the amplifier, the output of which is connected to the input of the controlled attenuator, which is connected to the first contact of the second switch, the second contact of which is connected to the PPM output, and the third to the input of the second optical modulator, the optical input of which is connected to the optical output of the second laser, the power output of which is connected to the power control circuit, and the optical output of the second optical the modulator is connected through the first optical communication line with the first photodetector, the output of which is connected to the first contact of the switch, the second contact of which is connected to the emitter, and the third contact connected to the input of the third optical modulator, the optical input of which is connected through the second optical communication line to the optical output of the third laser, the power output of which is connected to the power control circuit, and the optical output through the third optical communication line is connected to the input of the second photodetector, the output of which is connected to low noise an amplifier, the output of which is connected to the third contact of the first switch, and the parts of the MRP are separated in space, and the control inputs of the controlled line of photodiodes The attenuator, switches, and power management circuits are connected to the corresponding outputs of the control module.

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