RU2284105C2 - Method for commercial cultivation of young specimens of trepang and apparatus for performing the same - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: mariculture.

SUBSTANCE: method involves catching sires from sea and placing in sire basin containing sea water; adapting to keeping conditions; stimulating maturation of sexual products and spawning of sires by changing temperature mode; spawning and incubating spawn; growing larvae to settling stage in nursery basins at flow rate of 0.7-2.0 volumes/day and additionally growing specimens to activity stage on substrates in basin using flow-through water supply system; feeding and settling in desired sea regions. Catching of sires having total weight of at least 200 g is performed once a season at early gametogenesis stage. Stimulation of maturation of sexual products and sire spawn is performed at least four times a season by additionally introducing sperm of sex glands of 2-5 males into water. Larvae are fed with multiple-component feed containing live freely living sea diatoms microalgae depending on development stage: at early auriculation stage - with Isochrysis galbana and Chaetoceros mulleri in the ratio of 1:1 and concentration of 40,000-60,000 kl/ml, and at auriculation or late auriculation stage - with Dunaliella saline, Phalodactylum tricornutum, Chaetoceros mulleri in the ratio of 4:2:1 and concentration of 50,000-100,000 kl/ml, feed being charged into water at least once a day. Specimens are grown to 1.5-2.0 cm size for 2-3 months at water flow rate of 3-6 volumes/day. During first three weeks after settling on substrate specimens are fed with bottom diatoms algae, followed by feeding with additional feed containing dust-like marcoalgae. Adaptation and stimulation of sires and additional growing of specimens are performed in sea water at filtration extent of 150-200 microns, and spawning, incubation and growing are performed in sea water with purity extent of 20-40 microns, water being purified twice with UV beams and ozone. Before settling in desired sea regions, specimens are grown to 3-4 cm size in nursery basins or in sea tanks for 5-6 months. Apparatus has sea water intake pump, settler-accumulator, coarse filter, consuming reservoir, sire keeping, spawning, and spawn incubation reservoirs, reservoir for additional growing of young specimens to activity stage, and feed growing reservoir having cleaning, heating, and aeration system. Apparatus has UV emitters with ozonizer, circulation pipe and ultrofiltration unit.

EFFECT: increased vital activity and time for additional growing of young specimens, increased efficiency and economy of apparatus.

4 cl, 1 dwg, 1 tbl, 1 ex

Description

The invention relates to mariculture, in particular to methods and plants for the factory cultivation of juvenile sea cucumber.

A method is known artificial culturing juveniles of sea cucumber, sea cucumber comprising growing larvae to the stage of sedimentation by keeping them in a tank with seawater salinity of 25 to 35 _^0/00 and a temperature of 20,6 to 21,4 ° C at a clock light equal to 400 500 lux, without changing the water in the aquarium during the entire period of growing larvae and feeding them with food containing dissolved organic matter, live heterotrophic bacteria and food yeast, starting from the second day after fertilization of eggs, and starting from the third day after fertilizing eggs with microalgae (AS USSR No. 789073, MKI 3 A 01 K 61/00, 1979).

However, this method is intended to produce juvenile sea cucumber in laboratory conditions. Round-the-clock illumination and the absence of a change of water during the entire period of growing larvae contributes to the accumulation of metabolites in the aquarium, which leads to rotting of the water and the development of pathogens. The composition of the proposed feed does not take into account the metamorphism of the larvae, which leads to their slow development in the early stages and causes large losses in the subsequent stages of development. The yield of juveniles is 11%.

A known method of cultivating juvenile sea cucumber to a viable stage, providing for the capture of producers from the sea, placing them in containers with sea water, adaptation to the conditions of detention, stimulation of maturation of reproductive products and spawning of producers by gradually increasing the water temperature by 0.5-1.0 ° C per day to the lower limit of spawning temperature, and then drying, while the water from the tank with the producers is drained for 1.0-1.5 hours, then sea water pre-treated with UV rays and having a temperature is poured into the tank y at 1-2 ° C higher than the previous temperature, spawning and the incubation eggs, larvae growing stage before settling, placing the substrate in the pool, which is a transparent pliable PVC corrugated plate Rearing of viable juveniles to step, feeding and moving it to selected areas of the sea. The larvae are fed microalgae to the settling stage: Dunaliella salina, Chaetoceros mulleri. Juveniles are grown up to 0.5-1.0 cm. Juveniles on substrates are lowered in closed containers into the sea. The yield of juveniles is 29-30% (RF Patent 2198509, IPC7 A 01 K 61/00, publ. 02/20/2003, "A method for growing sea cucumber larvae to a viable stage").

The disadvantage of this method is that:

- this method is intended only for obtaining larvae of trepang in laboratory conditions;

- the duration of stimulation of maturation of reproductive products;

- one-time spawning of all producers in a season;

- the composition of the proposed feed does not take into account the nutritional needs of the larvae of different stages of development, which leads to a delayed development of the larvae in the early stages and causes large losses in the subsequent stages of development,

- the stage of growing juvenile sea cucumber to a viable stage has not been developed.

Closest to the invention in technical essence and the achieved result is a factory method for producing young trepang in controlled and regulated environmental conditions two to three times during the year (Mokretsova N.D., Gavrilova G.S., Avramenko S.F. Temporary instruction for biotechnology of the factory method for producing and growing trepang larvae to the settling stage. // Vladivostok, TINRO, 1988, 9-19), including:

- 2-3 times a season for catching producers from the sea;

- putting them in a pool with running sea water salinity of at least 25 ^_0/00;

- adaptation of manufacturers to conditions of detention;

- stimulation of maturation of reproductive products and spawning of producers by gradually increasing the temperature of water by 1-2 ° C per day to 25 ° C;

- transfer of ripened producers to the spawning pool (density of planting animals 1 copy / 5 l);

- spawning;

- reposition of producers from the spawning pool;

- the incubation eggs (eggs planting density 1100-1200 copies / l, incubation of 18-22 hours duration, the optimum temperature 21-23 ° C, the salinity of at least 25 _^0/00, oxygen saturation of 80-100%, non-flowing water system.) ;

- the cultivation of trepang larvae to the sedimentation stage is carried out in the same pools as the incubation of eggs (density of planting of larvae is not more than 1000 ind./l, one-time water change is 0.7 volume / day, optimal temperature is 21-23 ° С, water is saturated with oxygen 80 -100% salinity of at least 25 _^0/00, 400-750 lux illumination disabled, feed concentration: 50-100 microalga tys.kl. / ml bacteria 1 million cells / ml).. From the moment the larvae move to the pentacle stage, an artificial substrate is placed in the pools;

- Young cucumber cultivation is carried out in a continuous mode supply (stocking density of 230 copies / l, the optimum temperature 10-20 ° C, oxygen saturation 100-150%, salinity not lower than 25 _^0/00). Organic detritus is used as feed for young trepang.

Juveniles are grown for 30 days to a mass of 200-300 mg, and then settled in selected areas in the sea. The disadvantages of this method are:

- capture of producers from the sea is carried out without regard to their body mass, which negatively affects the number and quality of eggs obtained; - selection of producers from the sea is performed several times during the season, which is associated with large economic costs;

- the duration of stimulation of maturation of reproductive products and spawning of producers;

- incubation of eggs is carried out at a low planting density, which does not allow optimal use of the incubation pools;

- the cultivation of trepang larvae to the sedimentation stage is carried out in the same pools as the incubation of eggs;

- feeding the larvae is carried out without taking into account the stage of their development;

- growing juvenile sea cucumber for 30 days and organic detritus used as feed does not allow the growth of juveniles to 1.5-2.0 cm; because in the early stages of juvenile development, bottom diatoms are not used as food;

- the resettlement of juveniles immediately from outgrowth basins on the soil in the sea reduces their survival in natural conditions.

A known installation for the factory cultivation of juvenile trepang, including a water intake, a sedimentation tank, a pump, a filter for water purification, a supply tank, pools for keeping producers, for spawning, for incubation of eggs, for growing larvae, pools for growing juvenile trepans to a viable stage and containers for growing feed for trepang larvae having feed, purification, heating, water aeration systems, connecting pipelines with shut-off and control valves (Sui Silin. Breeding and feeding trepang. From "Agriculture." Beijing, 1990, - 288 p.).

The disadvantage of this installation is the low quality of sea water purification, which is provided for spawning, incubation of eggs, and the cultivation of trephine larvae, which can lead to a large percentage of death of both caviar and trepang larvae.

The main task to be solved by the claimed method and installation for the industrial cultivation of juvenile trepang is to obtain juvenile trepang in industrial volumes, increase the vitality of juveniles through the use of balanced feed and increase the term of growing juveniles under controlled conditions, as well as increase the efficiency and economy of the plant for by creating optimal conditions for phased stimulation of spawning of producers and ensuring a high quality of the aquatic environment in the early Barrier-development of sea cucumber.

The specified technical result is achieved by the fact that in the known method for the factory production of young sea cucumbers, including trapping of producers from the sea, placing them in a sea water pool, adapting to the conditions of detention, stimulating the maturation of reproductive products and spawning of producers by changing the temperature regime, spawning and incubation of eggs , growing larvae to the settling stage in pools with running water, placing a substrate in them, growing juveniles to a viable stage, feeding and resettling them in selected Asthma at sea, according to the invention of producers with a total mass of at least 200 g, is caught from the sea once a season in the early stages of gametogenesis, the maturation of reproductive products and spawning of producers is stimulated at least four times per season, as the larvae are released . Spawning is carried out in spawning pools, in which additionally sperm from the gonads of 2-5 males is added. Regulation of spawning of producers is carried out by increasing, lowering or stabilizing the temperature of the water in the pools for the maintenance of producers. Growing larvae to the settling stage is carried out in pools with flowing (drip) water supply, with a flow rate of 0.7-2 volumes / day, while feeding the larvae is carried out depending on the stage of their development with a multicomponent feed containing live free-living marine diatomic microalgae, larvae at the stage of early auricularia are fed with microalgae: Isochrysis galbana, Chaetoceros mulleri in a ratio of 1: 1 and a concentration of 40-60 thousand cells / ml, and at the stages of auricularia, late auricularia, lobar: Dunaliella salina, Phalodactylum tricornutum, Chaetoceros mulleri: in a ratio of 4: 2: 1 and a concentration of 50-100 thousand cells / ml, setting the feed into the water at least once a day; juveniles are grown in pools for rearing juveniles with a water exchange rate of 3-6 volumes / day for 2-3 months. to sizes 1.5–2.0 cm, juveniles are fed in stages: during the first three weeks after sedimentation on the substrate with bottom diatoms, and then with additional food containing dusty macroalgae, the adaptation and stimulation of producers and the growing of young trepangs are carried out in the sea water with a filtration degree of 150-200 microns, and spawning, incubation of eggs and larvae cultivation is carried out in sea water with a purification degree of 20-40 microns twice treated with UV rays and ozone, before the distribution of juvenile trepang and selected sites in the sea grow it up to 3-4 cm either in outgrowth pools or in cages in the sea for 5-6 months.

Installation for factory cultivation of trepang juveniles, including a pump for collecting sea water, a sedimentation tank, a coarse filter, a supply tank, pools for keeping producers, for spawning, for incubation of eggs, for growing larvae, for growing juvenile trepang to a viable stage and containers for growing feeds, having a system for supplying, draining, cleaning, heating, aeration of water and connecting pipelines with shut-off and control valves, according to the invention, a coarse water filter flax in front of the storage tank, manufacturers' pools are additionally equipped with an individual water recirculation and temperature control system, and the installation is additionally equipped with a water treatment system located between the storage tank and pools for spawning and incubation of eggs, rearing of larvae and containers for growing feed for larvae a trepang consisting of a pump, a microfilter, a UV irradiator with ozonation, an additional supply tank with a heater and a temperature controller, and a circuit comprising a pump, a temperature control unit, a second UV-irradiator with ozonation and a circulation pipe, the water supply system in the container for growing feed for trepang larvae further comprises an ultrafiltration unit.

The stage of development of the sex glands in producers is determined by the histological method, and the mode of gametogenesis stimulation and the beginning of spawning are calculated based on the sum of degrees of weather received by the producers in nature.

Trepang producers are selected from the sea once in the early stages of gametogenesis, which is most beneficial in industrial production, as once use the necessary watercraft and divers.

The use of producers, the total mass of which is not less than 200 g, allows you to get viable offspring and more caviar from one female.

Stimulating the spawning process 3-4 times per season allows lengthening the process of obtaining mature sex products by 2-3 times and maximizing the use of pool areas, thereby increasing the efficiency of using production capacities.

Stimulation of maturation of reproductive products and spawning of producers by additionally introducing into the spawning pool of sperm from the gonads of 2-5 opened males makes it possible to control the time of onset of spawning and to systematically incubate eggs under controlled conditions.

Obtaining sex products 3-4 times a season by regulating the spawning of producers by raising, lowering or stabilizing the temperature of the water in the pool allows you to use the production area as much as possible, systematically and for a longer time. Getting sex products more than 4 times per season does not allow you to get viable young for the season.

Larvae are grown in special outgrowth pools. In order to optimize the conditions of larvae maintenance until the sedimentation stage in outgrowth basins, a weak duct is created (drip water supply), with a water exchange rate of 0.7–2 volumes / day. This allows, on the one hand, due to the insignificant speed of the duct, to avoid injury to the larvae, on the other hand, to saturate the water with the required amount of dissolved oxygen and to remove the products of larval metabolism.

As a result of the experiments, it was found that the trepang larvae feed on free-living marine diatom microalgae, which are equipped with flagella, are mobile and do not settle in the pools during the day. The larvae at the stage of early auricularia are fed with microalgae: Isochrysis galbana, Chaetoceros mulleri at a ratio of 1: 1 and a concentration of 40-60 thousand cells / ml, and at the stages of auricularia, late auricularia, lobar: Dunaliella salina, Phalodactylum tricornutum mum, Chaetocrios mulleri 4: 2: 1 and concentrations of 50-100 thousand cells / ml, setting the feed into water at least once a day; feeding bacteria on the scale of plant growing larvae is not rational, because requires the creation of a separate expensive production. Feeding the larvae with multicomponent algal feeds allows them to achieve maximum survival.

With a decrease in feed concentration of less than 50 thousand cells / ml, the larvae survival rates decrease, and with an increase in the set feed concentration, the larva becomes blocked in the larvae, which leads to their death.

Breeding of trepang juveniles in flowing outgrowth basins with a water exchange rate of 3-6 volumes / day for 2-3 months. and feeding the juveniles with a multicomponent feed containing bottom diatoms, dusty macroalgae, it is possible to obtain viable juvenile trepang 1.5-2.0 cm; feeding juveniles only with bottom diatoms does not allow growing pigmented juveniles 2-3 cm in size; collecting detritus mass for industrial production of feed from it is technically difficult. It has been experimentally established that dusty macroalgae are an effective food for young trepang, accelerate its growth, in addition, such food is readily available.

Adaptation and stimulation of producers and the growing of young trepang are carried out in seawater, which has undergone only rough cleaning, as a result of which particles larger than 150-200 microns are filtered, which allows you to save all microorganisms in it, so that the usual environment, and juvenile sea cucumber obtained in the factory, gradually adapts to the natural environment.

Spawning, egg incubation and larvae cultivation is carried out in sea water with a purification degree of 20-40 μm, twice treated with UV rays and ozone, which allows you to clean sea water from microorganisms (protozoa, copepods), which on the one hand are food competitors of trepang larvae, on the other hand, they can cause injury and death of the larvae. Before the distribution of juvenile sea cucumber to selected sites in the sea, it is additionally grown up to 3-4 cm either in outgrowth pools or in cages in the sea for 5-6 months, because it is known that the survival rate of juvenile sea cucumber in areas in the sea is higher, the larger its size, thus, it is possible to obtain more marketable products.

The method is as follows.

Once a season, producers with an average body weight of 200 g or more are taken from the natural environment by divers from a depth of 10-15 m. Animals are transported in containers with sea water to the premises of the plant and placed in pools with running sea water, thermal control, and water recirculation. and her aeration. Landing density of producers of trepang is 1 copy. on 5 l of sea water. Within 5-7 days, manufacturers of sea cucumber adapt to the conditions of detention. In the pools for the maintenance and adaptation of producers, water is supplied with a purification degree of 150-200 microns, a channel of sea water is installed, which provides a change of 5-6 volumes per day and a temperature that coincides with the temperature of sea water in the places of catching the producers. Once a day, the pools are cleaned of animal waste products. Of the total number of producers, 25 specimens are selected, which determine the value of the gonadal index and the maturity stage of the gonads by the histological method, and then calculate the amount of heat (the sum of degrees) needed to ripen the gonads and start spawning. After 7-10 days, depending on the amount of heat (degrees of day) obtained in nature, the first pool begins to raise the water temperature by 1-2 ° C per day, gradually bringing it to 10 ° C over 10-14 days. To regulate the onset of spawning, sperm from the gonads of 2-5 males is added to the water, which is an additional stimulator of spawning for females. In the remaining basins for keeping producers, the temperature is maintained at the natural level, and the producers of trepang are fed with dusty macroalgae. Females at which spawning begins are transplanted into spawning pools with sea water, which is purified to 20-40 microns and twice treated with UV rays with ozonation. To fertilize eggs, sperm obtained from gonads of 3-5 males is added to the pool at the rate of 0.5-1 ml per liter of sea water. After spawning, the females are removed from the pool, and the eggs obtained from them are carefully mixed, achieving 100% fertilization, then washed from excess sperm. The density of the embryos should be 1-2 ind./ml. After the end of the embryonic period (18-22 hours after fertilization of the eggs), larvae at the stage of dipleurula are planted in pools for growing larvae. In these pools, flowing drip water is maintained. When growing larvae, sea water is used with a purification degree of 20–40 μm, twice passed through a UV irradiator with ozonation, with a temperature stabilized at 21–23 ° C and aeration (the concentration of dissolved oxygen should be at 100% saturation). It is not recommended to saturate water with oxygen using various aerators directly in pools for growing larvae, as this leads to injury.

The water temperature in the pools for growing larvae is maintained at 21-23 ° C by supplying fresh water with the same temperature and stabilizing the air temperature in the larval room of the workshop using air conditioners, lighting is maintained around the clock at 400 ± 50 lux, which is necessary not so much for larvae, how much to maintain and maintain microalgae in the water column, which are food for larvae.

The transition of larvae to exogenous (external) nutrition at a water temperature of 21-23 ° C occurs 2 days after fertilization of eggs. As food for larvae, microalgae with cell sizes of 8-20 μm are used, the cell walls of which are quite thin and can be easily digested by larvae; the cell membrane in them is either absent or also quite thin. Algae species such as Dunaliella salina and Chaetoceros mulleri meet the above requirements. During the transition of larvae to the stage of late auricularia and further to the lobar, Phaeodactylum tricomutum is added to the diet, the cells of which also lack a dense membrane, are well digested and absorbed by trepang larvae. When larvae move from one development stage to another stage, it is necessary to change the ratio of different types of food. The table shows one of the possible feeding schemes for larvae of different stages of development.

Food is added to the pools as they eat up, but no less than once every two days, and the amount of microalgae in the pools is regularly monitored due to the fact that at illumination of 400 ± 50 lux and favorable microalgae water temperature in the pools with larvae breed fast enough. However, in this case, it is important to maintain the concentration of microalgae at a given level, because lack of food leads to reduced survival of the larvae, and its excess has a negative effect on the process of feed intake: as a rule, the mouth is blocked in the larvae.

The larvae at the pentactula stage are transferred to pools for growing juveniles, in which a specially prepared substrate is placed, on which the juveniles settle. The substrate is a corrugated polyvinyl chloride plate installed in the pool in the form of cassettes.

To obtain 1 million juvenile sea cucumbers, at least 1000 substrate plates are placed in pools for their growing. After the completion of the mass sedimentation of fry on substrates in the pools, a flowing water supply is installed with a water exchange rate of 3-5 volumes per day and a water temperature of at least 10 ° C. In pools for growing juvenile sea cucumber feed water with a degree of purification of 150-200 microns.

On a substrate intended for sedimentation of juveniles, pre-grown attached diatoms, which serve as food for juvenile sea cucumbers for the first 2-3 weeks after settling. The number of algae on the substrate for sedimentation is at least 1000 cells / mm ² . Since in the first days after metamorphosis, juvenile sea cucumbers are slightly mobile due to the small number of ambulacral legs and for several days they are in the place of attachment to the substrate, where there should be a sufficient amount of food. With the onset of pigmentation of the skin and an increase in the number of ambulacral legs to 10-15 (body length 4-10 mm), the young trepang becomes mobile, can move both along the plates and along the walls of the pool. During this period (20-22 days after the mass settling on the plates), the main food is kelp crushed to a dusty mass, which, after preliminary soaking in sea water, is daily introduced into the pools with young trepang at the rate of 25 g per 2000 l.

Growing juvenile trepang is carried out for 2.5-3 months. At this time, their skin is pigmented, the ambulacral system is formed, the fry reach a size of 1.5-2 cm. The fry become viable, which significantly increases their survival in nature.

5-6 weeks after the start of work and after the completion of the mass sedimentation of the first batch of larvae on substrates, pools for growing larvae are released, which allows them to be used for growing the next batch of larvae.

To get them, a second batch of manufacturers is involved. In the second pool, the gonad index and maturity stage are determined by the histological method in the producers for keeping producers from producers and stimulation of gametogenesis and spawning is started in the next batch of producers. Based on the results of the analysis, the amount of heat missing for spawning is determined and the stimulation mode is calculated. The temperature of the water is gradually increased by 1-2 ° C per day to a value of 25 ° C for only three to five days. With the beginning of spawning of the second batch of producers, all the above operations are repeated.

During the spring-summer season, a third and fourth batch of trepang larvae are also obtained, starting spawning stimulation in the last decade of July and the second decade of August, respectively.

In each of the 4 received batches of trepang juveniles, part of the animals that reached 1.5-2.0 cm are planted in cages that are installed in the sea, and part of the smaller fry are raised in the pools until the beginning of April. The growth rate of juvenile sea cucumber in the winter period in the workshop increases due to higher sea water temperatures than in nature. Heated sea water is carried out in the supply tank.

In order to more efficiently use production capacities after completion of the production of trepang larvae, pools and technological equipment can be used to obtain larvae of other (more cold-loving) hydrobionts, for example, gray sea urchin.

Example 1

To obtain 1-3 million viable trepang juveniles during the initial period of trepang puberty in the third decade of April, 500 trepang individuals with an average body weight of 200 g or more are taken from the natural environment at a time from divers with a depth of 10-15 m. Manufacturers of sea cucumber are transported in containers with sea water to the premises of the plant, planted in 4 pools of 500 l each. The planting density of manufacturers is 1 copy. on 5 l of sea water. Within 7 days, manufacturers of trepang are adapted to the conditions of the workshop. In the pools for the maintenance and adaptation of producers, water is supplied with a purification degree of 150-200 microns, a channel of sea water is installed, which provides a change of 5-6 volumes per day and a temperature that coincides with the temperature of sea water in the places of catching the producers. Once a day, the pools are cleaned of animal waste products.

Of the total number of producers, 25 specimens are selected from which the value of the gonadal index and the maturity stage of the gonads are determined by the histological method, after which the amount of heat (the sum of degrees) needed to ripen the gonads and start spawning is calculated. A week later, in the first pool, where about 100 manufacturers are located, they begin to increase the temperature of water by 1-2 ° C per day, gradually bringing it up to 25 ° C within 2 weeks. In the last 2-3 days of the stimulation period, sperm from the gonads of 2-5 males is also added to the spawning pool, which is an additional spawning stimulator for females. In other pools with manufacturers, the water temperature is maintained at the natural level. Females at which spawning begins are transplanted into pools for incubation of eggs with sea water, with a degree of purification of 20-40 microns, twice treated with UV rays with ozonation. To fertilize eggs in the incubation pool add sperm obtained from gonads of 3-5 males at the rate of 0.5-1 ml per liter of sea water. After spawning, the females are removed from the incubation pool, and the eggs obtained from them are carefully mixed, achieving 100% fertilization, then washed from excess sperm. The density of the embryos should be 1-2 ind./ml. After the end of the embryonic period (18-22 hours after fertilization of the eggs), larvae at the stage of dipleurula are planted in pools for growing larvae. In these pools, flowing drip water is maintained.

Spawning, incubation of eggs and growing larvae is carried out in sea water, with a degree of purification of 20-40 microns, twice passed through a UV irradiator with ozonation with a temperature of 21-23 ° C and a concentration of dissolved oxygen at 100% saturation. Saturate water with oxygen using various kinds of aerators directly in pools for growing larvae is not recommended because of the possibility of injury.

The water temperature in the pools for growing larvae is maintained at a level of 21-23 ° C due to the supply of fresh water, preheated in a supply tank, and stabilization of the air temperature in the room using air conditioners, lighting is maintained around the clock at 400 ± 50 lux, which is not necessary as much for the larvae as for the preservation and maintenance of microalgae in the water column, which are food for the larvae.

The transition of larvae to exogenous (external) nutrition at a water temperature of 21-23 ° C occurs 2 days after fertilization of eggs. The microalgae Dunahella salina and Chaetoceros mulleri are used as food for larvae. When the larvae move to the stage of late auricularia and further to the lobar, Phaeodactylum tricomutum is added to the diet. When the larvae move from one development stage to another stage, the ratio of different types of food is changed.

Feed is added to the pools as they are eaten, but at least once every two days, while the number of microalgae in the pools is regularly monitored.

The larvae at the pentactula stage are transferred to pools for growing juveniles, in which a specially prepared substrate is placed, on which the juveniles settle.

To obtain about 1 million viable juvenile sea cucumbers, 1.5-2.0 cm in size, about 1000 substrate plates are placed in pools for rearing young and at least 3-4 million larvae are planted with a planting density of 1 specimen / ml.

On a substrate intended for sedimentation of juveniles, pre-grown attached diatoms, which serve as food for juvenile sea cucumbers for the first 2-3 weeks after settling. The number of algae on the substrate for sedimentation is at least 1000 cells / mm ² .

After completion of the mass sedimentation of fry on substrates in the pools, flowing water supply is established with an exchange rate of 3-5 volumes per day and a water temperature of at least 10 ° C. In pools for growing juvenile sea cucumber feed water with a degree of purification of 150-200 microns.

With the onset of pigmentation of the skin and an increase in the number of ambulacral legs to 10-15 (body length 4-10 mm), the young trepang becomes mobile, can move both along the plates and along the walls of the pool. During this period (20-22 days after the mass settling on the plates), the main food is kelp crushed to a dusty mass, which, after preliminary soaking in sea water, is daily introduced into the pools with young trepang at the rate of 25 g per 2000 l.

Growing juvenile trepang is carried out for 2.5-3 months. At this time, their skin is pigmented, the ambulacral system is formed, the fry reach a size of 1.5-2 cm. The fry become viable, which significantly increases their survival in nature.

After the mass sedimentation of the first batch of larvae on the substrates is completed, pools for growing larvae are freed (2-3 decades of June), which allows them to be used for growing the next batch of larvae.

To obtain a new batch of larvae, a second group of producers is used. In the second pool, the gonad index and the maturity stage of the gonads are determined by the histological method for the maintenance of producers from producers and the stimulation of gametogenesis and spawning is started in the next 100 producers. Based on the results of the analysis, the amount of heat missing for spawning is determined and the stimulation mode is calculated. The temperature of the water is gradually increased by 1-2 ° C per day to a value of 25 ° C for only three to five days. With the onset of spawning, the second group of producers repeats all the above operations. During the spring-summer season, a third and fourth batch of trepang larvae are also obtained, starting spawning stimulation in the second decade of July and the first and second decades of August, respectively.

In each of the 4 received batches of trepang juveniles, part of the animals that reached 1.5-2.0 cm are planted in cages that are installed in the sea, and part of the smaller fry are raised in the pools until the beginning of April. The growth rate of juvenile sea cucumber in the winter period in the workshop increases due to higher than in nature sea water temperatures and the use of balanced feed. Heated sea water is carried out in the supply tank.

The inventive method in comparison with the known allows to increase the survival of juvenile sea cucumber through the use of high-quality producers, the use of feed corresponding to the developmental stage of larvae of sea cucumber, as well as the use of water in accordance with the life cycle of sea cucumber.

When creating the invention — an installation for the factory cultivation of trepang juveniles — the task was to increase the efficiency and profitability of the installation by creating optimal conditions for phased spawning of producers, incubation of eggs, larvae growing, and growing young trepang by treating sea water and achieving its quality in accordance with physiological stages development of trepang.

The drawing shows a functional diagram of a plant for the cultivation of juvenile sea cucumber with all its constituent elements.

The plant cultivation plant for juvenile trepang consists of a pump 1 for the intake of sea water, a filter 2 with a pore diameter of 150-200 μm, a sedimentation tank 3, a pump 4 for supplying water to a supply tank 5, a pool for growing juveniles to a viable stage 6 of the pool for manufacturers 7, a pump for water circulation 8, a thermostatic control unit (heating-cooling) 9, a pump 10 for supplying water through a microfilter 11 with a pore diameter of 20-40 μm and a UV irradiator with ozonation 12 in an additional expendable tank 13, equipped with a heater with a thermostat with a heater 14, a pump 15 for supplying water through a thermostatic control unit (heating-cooling) 16 and a UV irradiator with ozonation 17 to a pool for spawning and incubation of eggs 18 and to a pool for growing trepang larvae to the settling stage 19, to an ultrafilter 20 and containers for growing feed for juvenile trepang 21, blowers 22 for aeration of water in all pools.

All units of the plant for the factory cultivation of juvenile sea cucumber are interconnected by a piping system for water circulation with shut-off and control valves.

The installation can be located in standard height workshops. The installation used the modular principle and provided for all the elements that ensure the technological process of the factory cultivation of juvenile sea cucumber, while there are three degrees of water purification and its double treatment with UV rays and ozone. The quality of the water leaving after cleaning at each stage corresponds to the requirements for the content of trepangs at different stages of their development.

In the technological chain, seawater first undergoes primary treatment with a filter 2 to a purification degree of 150-200 microns and enters a sedimentation tank 3, in which water settles for 12-48 hours. The coarse filter is installed in front of the storage tank to prevent large hydrobionts larvae that can become competitors to cultivated objects from entering the storage tank.

The water that has passed the first stage of purification is pumped into consumable containers 5 and 13 using pumps 4 and 10. From the consumable container 5, the water that has passed the first stage of purification enters the pools for producers 6 and the pools for raising juvenile trepang to a viable stage 7. This allows producers to be in the water during adaptation, corresponding to their natural habitat, which reduces the stress on them, and adapt the young trepang to their natural habitat.

The presence in the pool for the maintenance of both manufacturers of pump 7 and thermostatic control unit (heating-cooling) 8 ensures constant water circulation and the maintenance of the required temperature regime, depending on the stage of development of reproductive products from manufacturers, which allows repeated stimulation of spawning of producers in accordance with the needs of the plant.

In the pools for spawning and incubation of eggs, as well as growing larvae to the sedimentation stage, water is passed that has passed the second stage of purification, heating or cooling, and double treatment with UV rays with ozonation. For this purpose, a microfilter 11 with a pore diameter of 20–40 μm and a first UV irradiator with ozonation, a supply tank 13, from which water is pumped through a thermostatic control unit (heating-cooling) 16 and a second UV irradiator with ozonation 17 v, are used circulation pipe and further to the pools. Filtration of water to a degree of purification of 20-40 microns and its treatment with ultraviolet rays and ozone allows you to destroy most of the microorganisms.

The use of additional supply tank 13 allows you to stabilize the water pressure in the pipelines, to maintain a constantly high quality of sea water thanks to the circulation system and the second UV-irradiator with ozonation at low energy consumption.

The greatest purification is subjected to the water entering the tank for growing feed for the juvenile trepang 21. At the same time, the water passes additionally through an ultrafilter 20 with a pore diameter of 0.1-0.2 μm, which eliminates all pathogenic microflora and all spores.

Such a cleaning scheme provides guaranteed protection against spawning and incubation of eggs in swimming pools for spawning and rearing of trepang larvae, as well as in a tank for cultivating live food for juvenile trepang associated and pathogenic microflora.

Installation for the plant cultivation of juvenile sea cucumber is as follows.

Sea water using a pump through a coarse filter is poured into a sedimentation tank, settling for 12-48 hours and using pumps is sent to consumables, from which to pools for keeping producers, for spawning, for incubation of eggs, for growing larvae, for growing young trepang to a viable stage and capacity for growing feed. They start the system for cleaning, heating and aeration of water (i.e. set the required temperatures, include UV irradiators, ozonation mode, blowers for water aeration).

After preparing the water and filling it with pools, the process of plant cultivation of trepang juveniles is started.

Producers caught at one time from the sea are placed in pools where they undergo adaptation. After adaptation, the producers located in the first pool, by stimulation in a known manner, are prepared for spawning. The remaining manufacturers are kept in temperature conditions corresponding to their natural habitat. When spawning occurs, the females are transferred to the pool for spawning and incubation of eggs. After spawning, females are removed from the pool. After the end of the embryonic period, the larvae are planted in pools for growing larvae. Larvae are fed with artificial and live food. After the larvae reach the stage of the pentacule, they are transferred to the pools for growing juvenile trepang, in which an artificial substrate is installed, which is a corrugated polyvinyl chloride plate. In pool 19, young trepans are grown for 2.5-3 months to reach 1.5-2.0 cm. Feeding at this stage of cultivation is carried out with live feeds grown in containers for growing food for young trepans, namely microalgae . Before placing juveniles in the sea, they are sorted. Juveniles that have reached 1.5-2.0 cm are planted in cages that are installed in the sea, and smaller juveniles are raised in basins for juvenile trepang until the beginning of April. The proposed installation allows you to carry out all stages of the technological process of plant cultivation of young trepang from the adaptation of producers, stimulation of their spawning, production and incubation of eggs, growing larvae before settling them on substrates, growing young trepang to a viable stage of development and obtaining food for young trepang with minimal consumption of electric energy and minimal manual labor.

The device can also be used when growing other objects of mariculture, in particular for growing sea urchin.

Claims (4)

1. A method for the factory cultivation of juvenile sea cucumber, involving the capture of producers from the sea, placing them in a pool for producers with sea water, adaptation to the conditions of detention, stimulation of maturation of reproductive products and spawning of producers by changing the temperature regime, spawning and incubation of eggs, growing larvae to the stage sedimentation, rearing of juveniles to a viable stage on substrates in the pool with running water supply, feeding and resettling them on selected sites in the sea, characterized in that producers, with a total mass of at least 200 g, are caught once a season in the early stages of gametogenesis, stimulation of maturation of reproductive products and spawning of producers is carried out at least four times per season by additionally introducing 2-5 males of semen from the gonads, growing the larvae to sedimentation stages are carried out in outgrowth basins with flowing water supply, with a flow rate of 0.7-2.0 volume / day, while feeding the larvae is carried out depending on the stage of their development with a multicomponent feed containing live free-living marine diatom microalgae, the larvae being fed at the stage of early auricularia larvae with microalgae: Isochrysis galbana, Chaetoceros mulleri at a ratio of 1: 1 and a concentration of 40-60 thousand cells / ml, and at the stages of auricularia, late auricularia, lobularia - Phalaenylylum salina, tricornutum, Chaetoceros mulleri in a ratio of 4: 2: 1 and a concentration of 50-100 thousand cells / ml, setting food in water at least once a day, juveniles are raised to 1.5-2.0 cm for 2-3 months in pools for growing juvenile trepang with a water flow rate of 3-6 volumes / day, I feed the juveniles in stages: during the first three weeks after sedimentation on the substrate with bottom diatoms, and then with an additional food containing dusty macroalgae, adaptation and stimulation of producers and growing of young trepangs is carried out in sea water with a filtration degree of 150-200 microns, and spawning, incubation of eggs and the cultivation of sea cucumber larvae is carried out in sea water with a degree of purification of 20-40 μm twice treated with UV rays and ozone, before the distribution of juvenile sea cucumber to selected sites in the sea will supplement it They are fully grown up to 3-4 cm either in outgrowth pools or in cages in the sea for 5-6 months. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the stage of development of the sex glands in producers is determined by the histological method, and the mode of stimulation of gametogenesis and spawning is calculated based on the calculation of the sum of degrees obtained by manufacturers in nature. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the growing of juvenile trepang to a viable stage is carried out on corrugated polyvinyl chloride plates installed in the form of cassettes in the pool for growing juveniles. 4. Plant for the cultivation of juvenile sea cucumber, including a pump for the extraction of sea water, a sedimentation tank, a coarse filter, a supply tank, pools for keeping producers, for spawning, for incubation of eggs, for growing larvae, for growing juvenile sea cucumbers to viable stages and capacity for growing feed, having a system for supplying, draining, cleaning, heating, aeration of water and connecting pipelines with shut-off and control valves, characterized in that the filter for rough water purification is installed it is installed in front of the storage sump, the pools for keeping the producers are additionally equipped with an individual water recirculation and temperature control system, and the installation is additionally equipped with a water treatment system located between the storage sump and the pools for spawning producers and incubating eggs, growing larvae and containers for growing feed for larvae trepang, consisting of a pump, a microfilter, a UV irradiator with ozonation, an additional supply tank with a heater and a thermostat and a circuit comprising a pump, a temperature control unit, a second UV irradiator with ozonation, and a circulation pipe, the water supply system in the container for growing feed for trepang larvae further comprises an ultrafiltration unit.