RU2266683C1 - Improvement of food stuff biological value - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: food processing industry.

SUBSTANCE: foodstuffs are enriched with reaction products of sodium selenate with cysteine.

EFFECT: enriched foodstuffs with positive action on immune, detoxification and other systems.

4 tbl, 5 ex

Description

The invention relates to the food industry, namely to food additives, and can be used in the production of feed for farm animals.

Selenium is an essential trace element whose biochemical functions in humans and animals are determined by selenium-containing proteins - enzymes that contain it in active groups in the form of selenocysteine. Selenium-containing enzymes are localized in various organs. Deficiency of selenium in the human body can cause diseases of various organs and systems, which are the cause of premature aging and a decrease in life expectancy.

There is various information about the physiological needs of the human body in selenium. For Americans and Europeans, taking into account differences in body weight and safety factor, the necessary and sufficient level of daily intake of selenium in the USA is assumed to be 70 μg for men at 55 μg for women, in England - 75 and 60 μg, respectively, in Finland - 120 μg / day . It is believed that these doses of selenium provide maximum activity of the selenium-containing enzyme glutathione peroxidase platelet. Recently, on average, the daily requirement of the human body is taken equal to 1.0 μg / kg body weight.

The lack of intake of selenium in humans and animals causes one of the varieties of hypomicroelementosis - hyposelenosis. About 75 different pathologies and painful symptoms are associated with selenium deficiency. Moreover, 14 cardiovascular and 8 oncological diseases from this list are the main among the causes of population mortality and shortening of life (Aniskin L.V. Role of selenium in adaptation and maladaptation. In Sat. Human pathology and the role of selenium and antler preparations in its therapy. - Materials of the scientific-practical conference. - Chita, 1993). Therefore, the correction of selenium status of the population of the Russian Federation and, first of all, of the younger generation seems vital.

Epidemiological studies in Russia revealed a deficiency in the supply of trace elements in almost 80% of the population. One of the ways to correct the deficiency of selenium in the body is to enrich it with food products. The greatest bioavailability for the body is the organic form of selenium and much less - its inorganic compounds, which in this case have a narrow interval between toxic and therapeutic doses, which can be the cause of selenosis with high doses of selenium. The antioxidant properties of selenium determine the potential for the use of trace elements for oxidative stress, cardiological, a number of oncological diseases, psoriasis, treatment of the liver, burns, and radiation protection (Tutelian V.A., Knyazhev V.A., Khotimchenko S.A. et al. Selenium in the human body. M., Ed. RAMS, 2002). The prospects of its use in food products to protect the human body from toxic substances and xenobiotics has been proved.

A known method of producing organic compounds of selenium in the form of selenocysteine, which is part of the active group of glutathione peroxidase and its isoforms, by growing baker's yeast in a nutrient medium containing selenic acid. In the process of growth and development, the yeast assimilates selenium, which replaces sulfur in the body in sulfur-containing amino acids (Patent of the Russian Federation, No. 2103352. Bull. 1998, No. 3).

The disadvantages of the method are: 1) the selection of selenocysteine from yeast is a laborious and expensive process; 2) the use of selenized yeast can cause cancer due to the high content (6-12%) of nucleic acids in them. For an adult, a daily intake of nucleic acids of no more than 2 g with food is acceptable.

A known method of producing organic compounds of selenium by growing algae spirulina and in an environment with an inorganic form of trace element. It was found that in plant organisms selenium is mainly in the form of selenomethionine, which accumulates in various organs and tissues as a reserve material, and, if necessary, it is biotransformed into selenocysteine (Tutelyan V.A., Knyazhev V.A., Khotimchenko S. A. and other Selenium in the human body. M., Publishing House of RAMS, 2002).

It was found that selenium can covalently attach to an aromatic or heterocyclic prosthetic group of enzymes, excluding the enzymatic pathway (Matsler D. Biochemistry. M: Mir, 1980, v. 2, p. 313-332). This phenomenon underlies the method for producing organic compounds of selenium, prepared by the interaction of inorganic forms of selenium with amino acids, polysaccharides, etc.

A known method of producing an organic compound of selenium by reacting its inorganic form with organic substances having a pyranose form. Substances with a pyranose form include glycosides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides. It was established that the selenium-containing organic compound obtained by this method, called selenopyran, when added to feed, increases the immunological activity of animals (Krapinina E.V., Fedorov V.N. Sat. “Scientific principles of the production of veterinary biological preparations.” Schelkovo, 2000, p.277 -279). A significant drawback of this method of preparing organic selenium compounds is that selenopyranes do not change the selenium status of the human body, since polysaccharides and especially oligosaccharides are not absorbed by the human body, which also applies to selenopyranes.

The closest in technical essence to the present invention is a method for the preparation of selenium-containing amino acids, carried out by means of a chemical reaction between selenium hydrogen (H ₂ Se) and sulfur-containing amino acids: methionine and cysteine with the formation of the reaction product, respectively, of selenomethionine and selenocysteine (McConnel KP, Cho GJ Am. J Science 1961, v. 208, p. 1191; Spencer RP, Blau M. Science 1961, v. 136, p. 155). The disadvantage of the prototype is due to the low level of excretion of organic forms of selenium from the body. Therefore, there is the greatest danger of poisoning the body when consuming abnormally high doses of these compounds, as evidenced by the data (Thomson CD, Robinson ME, Am. J. Clin. Nitr. 1986, v. 39, p. 236). Another disadvantage of the prototype is that it does not significantly increase the activity of the antioxidant properties of selenium-containing enzymes. It is known that the antioxidant properties of selenium increase only when combined with other biologically active substances that exhibit antioxidant effects, for example, glutathione, vitamin E, etc., as well as compounds that have a positive effect on the body.

The purpose of the invention is to increase the biological value of food products that contribute to the normalization of biochemical, behavioral and other physiological functions of a person.

This goal is achieved in that foodstuffs of mass consumption are enriched with a complex of synergistically active biologically active compounds that increase the antioxidant defense of the body while increasing metabolic activity.

The essence of the invention lies in the fact that a complex of biologically active substances synergistically acting on the body is formed during the reaction between sodium selenate and biologically active thiol compounds, i.e. substances whose molecules include sulfur.

Thiol compounds include sulfhydryl compounds - substances containing SH-groups. It should be noted that the SH group determines the specificity of the chemical behavior of sulfhydryl compounds due to its participation in redox reactions. The similarity of the structure of the external electronic level for sulfur and selenium atoms determines the similarity of their chemical properties. However, unlike sulfur, which is the most stable in oxygen compounds and has a valence of +6, for selenium, dioxide (SeO ₂ ) and its corresponding acid and salts are the most stable.

According to the invention, in order to improve the body's supply with selenium, it is proposed to enrich everyday foods with an essential micronutrient - biotransformable (organic) selenium - a derivative of selenocysteine. It is important to emphasize that it has three advantages over the inorganic form of selenium. Firstly, a derivative of selenocysteine is a precursor of active groups of selenium-dependent enzymes (glutathioperoxidase and its isoforms), i.e. a derivative of selenocysteine in the body forms selenocysteine, which is the basis of the active groups of these enzymes. Secondly, the bioavailability of organic forms of selenium is significantly higher than inorganic compounds of selenium. Thirdly, inorganic compounds have a low toxicity threshold, i.e. it has a toxic effect at low concentrations. Our studies have shown that the toxicity threshold of a selenocysteine derivative is approximately 5 times higher than that of inorganic selenium.

As can be seen from the descriptive part of the invention, the selenocysteine derivative is a reaction product between aqueous solutions of the amino acid cysteine and sodium selenate (Na ₂ SeO ₄ ), taken in the ratio 4: 1 (in molar volume concentrations). To carry out the reaction between them, the solutions are mixed with constant stirring. The result of the reaction is a derivative of selenocysteine, having the form

At the same time, a by-product of the reaction is formed containing an oxidized SH-group (disulfide), which in the body is synergistic with a derivative of slenocysteine. This product is a compound HOOCNH ₂ CHCH ₂ S-SCH ₂ CHNH ₂ COOH, which, in turn, is involved in the formation of the oxidized (disulfide) group of glutathione, which is among the thiol cofactors, but also participates in the formation of the selenium-dependent enzyme glutathione peroxidase and its isoforms, in the formation of which a derivative of selenocysteine also takes part.

Summarizing the material presented, it can be stated that when enriching food rations, a derivative of selenocysteine and a substance with an oxidized (disulfide) group of glutathione are simultaneously introduced into the food product. They synergistically affect the body.

The possibility of a reaction between cysteine and sodium selenate is due to the following. Cysteine is a sulfhydryl compound exhibiting an antioxidant effect due to the presence of a sulfhydryl group (SH) in its molecule, which has a high oxidation rate (Pasynsky A.G. Biological Chemistry. M .: Higher School, 1963, p. 402).

Sodium selenate in water undergoes hydrolysis with the formation of sodium ions and selenium tetroxide, which has pronounced oxidizing properties and has an oxidation number of +6. As a result, the restoration of sodium selenate by cystaine leads to the formation of a derivative of selenocysteine.

A similar reaction proceeds between inorganic selenium and glutathione, which includes a cysteine residue containing a sulfhydryl group. As a result, a selenium-containing compound is formed, which contains glutathione instead of cysteine, and a by-product of the reaction with the oxidized glutathione group (Metzler D. Biochemistry, M .: Mir, 1980, v. 2, p. 323):

4GSH + H ₂ SeO ₃ = GS-Se-S-G + GSS-G + 3H ₂ O,

where GSH is glutathione.

In the body, the selenocysteine derivative is involved in the biosynthesis of the active group of the key enzyme of the antioxidant series - glutathione peroxidase and its isoforms, as well as reduced glutathione.

It is important to emphasize that glutathione (G) in the body exists in two forms: reduced G-SH and oxidized (disulfide) G-S-S-G, i.e. in the form of diglutathione, which is involved in metabolic processes with the formation of G-SH. As for the biological role of glutathione, it should be noted its participation in many redox reactions and the formation of a number of enzymes in which it is a thiol cofactor. This group of cofactors includes lipoic acid and cofactor A, which are involved in fumental biochemical reactions of the body.

In addition, according to modern concepts, glutathione is a factor that restores the activity of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase. This fact, preventing the oxidation of lipids, itself turns into an oxidized form with a loss of activity. The body uses the reduced form of glutathione to restore glutathione peroxidase activity.

Considering the role of glutathione in participating in metabolic processes, it must be borne in mind that it contributes to a decrease in the toxicity of selenium in case of its overdose due to an increase in the level of microelement excretion with bile (DuBois KP, Rhian M., Moxon AL, Pro S. Dokatu, Acad. Sci. 1939, v.19, p. 71-72).

It should be noted that linoic acid exhibits antioxidant properties; participates in the synthesis of cofactor A, which is necessary for the normal metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids: it plays an essential role in biological reactions that provide the body with energy.

The reactions of lipoic acid with sodium selenate, taken in relation to their concentrations 1: 1, proceeds by a different mechanism than its reaction with cysteine. In the lipoic acid molecule, the two sulfur atoms in its composition have an oxidation state of +2, and therefore it can be assumed that the oxide group of selenium replaces two sulfur atoms, and selenium in an inorganic compound with a valency of +6 is reduced to the oxidation state of +4 (SeO ₂ ), i.e. to the most stable selenium oxide.

It can be assumed that in the body this selenium-containing compound undergoes biotransformation with the formation of selenocysteine, which enters the synthesis of glutathione peroxidase, and the formation of a full-fledged lipoic acid molecule that exhibits antioxidant properties and is simultaneously included in a wide range of metabolic processes, in particular, increasing cell energy.

Another reaction product of lipoic acid and sodium selenate are sulfur anions (S ^2- ), which are hydrated in an aqueous solution. The formation of a hydrated sulfur anion does not contradict modern ideas about the structure of ions. In this case, the excess electron is not concentrated only on the sulfur atom, but is distributed over all atoms (delocalized) entering the hydrated ion. Given the good reducing properties of the sulfur anion, in the body it will easily give electrons to oxidizing agents, in particular free radicals or hydrogen peroxide, with the formation of sulfur dioxide, which is a strong reducing agent and, in addition, possessing, to a lesser extent, oxidizing properties. In other words, sulfur dioxide is an antioxidant. In addition to sulfur anions, oxygen is formed during the reaction, which either reacts with one of the sulfur anions or is released into the atmosphere. Thus, the synergistically acting products of the reaction of lipoic acid with sodium selenate are able to simultaneously increase the antioxidant status of the body and increase the metabolic rate, which together increase its viability.

Summarizing the above material, we can conclude: a complex of synergistically active biologically active substances formed as a result of the reaction of sodium selenate with thiol compounds (cysteine and lipoic acid), in comparison with the prototype, increases not only the antioxidant status of the human body, but also contributes to an increase in metabolic activity, and also reduces the likelihood of toxicosis due to the consumption of abnormally high doses of selenium.

The invention is illustrated by examples that describe the results obtained during the microbiological test and model experiments on animals. The data are average.

Example 1 (control 1).

The cultivation of eukaryotic cells - baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae 14 was carried out on a composition medium: molasses - 160 g / l, corn extract - 1.6 g / l, ammonium hydrogen phosphate - 0.3 g / l, ammonium sulfate - 0.5 g / l , magnesium sulfate, hydrate - 0.5 g / l, manganese sulfate (2+), hydrate - 0.05 g / l, zinc sulfate, hydrate - 0.03 g / l, iron chloride (3+), hydrate - 0.01 g / l

The culture medium was inoculated with yeast in a flask 5% of the medium volume. Growth was carried out in 100 ml rocking flasks with a medium volume of 25 ml on a rocking chair with 180 rpm for 16 hours at a temperature of 19 +/- 1 C. The number of cells in the culture fluid at the end of the experiment was 171 million cells / ml.

Example 2 (control 2).

The experiment was carried out by analogy with example 1. The difference was that sodium selenate was additionally introduced into the nutrient medium in the following concentrations: 10 μg / L, 20 μg / L, 30 μg / L (given for selenium).

After growing yeast in an environment enriched with sodium selenate of equal concentration, the number of cells in the culture fluid was: 173.1 μg / L, 179 μg / L, 176 μg / L. As can be seen, the addition of sodium selenium slightly increased the productivity of the yeast.

Example 3

The experiment was carried out by analogy with example 2. The only difference was that instead of sodium selenate, different doses of the reaction product of sodium selenate with cysteine taken in the ratio of 1: 4 (experiment 1), or the reaction product of this selenium compound with lipoic acid were added to the nutrient medium acid with a ratio of their concentration 1: 1 (experiment 2).

The research results (average) are summarized in table 1, which also shows the dose of selenium compounds introduced into the nutrient medium, in terms of trace element.

Table 1 Experience option The dose of selenium in the medium, mcg / l The number of cells, mln.cl / ml Control (1) no selenium 171 Control (2) 2 170.6 10 173.1 twenty 179 thirty 176 Experience (1) 2 181 10 186 thirty 192 40 204 60 197 Experience (2) 2 190 10 193.6 thirty 203.5 40 226 60 213.9

A review of the experimental data given in Table 1 indicates that the reaction products of sodium selenate with cysteine and lipoic acid cause the greatest positive effect on eukaryotic cells - yeast, which can be explained by the synergistic effect on the cells of the reaction products of the preparation of organic selenium compounds. Moreover, a higher positive effect is observed when using the reaction products of sodium selenate with lipoic acid.

It is important to emphasize that the introduction into the nutrient medium of similar concentrations of a mixture of the reaction products of sodium selenate with methionine (preparation of a derivative of selenomethionine) taken in a ratio of 1: 2 is accompanied by a slight increase in yeast productivity, i.e. yeast productivity was at a level between control, experiment (2) and experiment (1). A small increase in yeast productivity in relation to control (2) is obviously due to the introduction of a mixture of products obtained in the preparation of selenomethionine into the nutrient medium, the components of which enhance metabolism, which results in an increase in the productivity of yeast cells.

Example 4

The impact of a complex of biologically active compounds obtained by the interaction of sodium selenate with cysteine or lipoic acid was assessed using animals with toxic hepatitis reproduced by the oral administration of a sublethal dose of tetrachloromethane (TCM), one of the strongest stimulants of lipid peroxidation, DNA and RNA.

Wistar rats weighing 180-200 g of both sexes were divided into 4 groups of 10 animals, which were fed with granular food. If the animals of the intact and control groups drank water, then the rats of the experimental (1st) group drank water with the addition of a complex of reaction products between sodium selenate and cystenic, and the rats of the (2nd) group drank water with the addition of reaction products between sodium selenate and lipoic acid. In all experiments, the dose of added organic selenium compounds was 1 μg / kg body weight (given for selenium), i.e. the generally accepted daily requirement of the body of a healthy adult in selenium was added. After 6 days, animals of the control and experimental groups were orally administered 200 μg / kg of body weight of TCM dissolved in pharmacopoeial sunflower oil. On the 7th day, they again received 100 μg / kg of body weight of TCM. Rats invariably received organic compounds of selenium with drinking water for 18 days. The duration of the experiment is 18 days.

After the experiment was completed, body weight was determined in all animals, and then blood was taken from the tail vein, which was diluted with heparin and its antioxidant activity (AOTA) was evaluated by the chemiluminescent method. Then the rats were decapitated and the liver was taken from them for morphometric examination. To assess the morphometric parameters of the liver, the hepatic index (the ratio of body weight to organ mass) was chosen as one of the integral indicators of its parameters.

The research results are summarized in table 2, which presents the average data.

table 2 Group of animals Fluid, selenium mixture AOA plasma, conventional units Liver index Animal flying before after Intact water 2.2 2.2 40.1 not Control water 2.6 1,2 43.5 2 Experienced (1) water + selenium 2,4 2.0 40.9 not Experienced (2) water + selenium 2,3 2.1 39.8 not

It is interesting to note that histomorphological studies of the liver of all animal groups revealed its most pronounced changes in the group of control animals, i.e. their liver had maximum damage. It was expressed in protein dystrophic and necrobiotic changes in hepatocytes, mainly of the hydropic (collication) type and of the inflammatory mesenchymal reaction. In rats of the experimental groups (1, 2), changes in the liver were not expressed, and, moreover, its condition was almost normal.

Example 5

Five groups of animals were used in the experiment, each containing 10 white outbred mice of both sexes weighing 18-22 g. Intact and control mice received only granulated food for 18 days, and in experimental versions of the experiment, one of the food additives was added to the same food: hodgepodge herb extract hill, with hepatoprotective effect; sodium selenate; derivative of selenocysteine.

Every day, 3 ml was added to the feed ration of animals of the 3rd group for each mouse of Hololoma solyanka extract with 2.9% solids. The extract was added to the feed gradually with constant stirring. Aqueous solutions of sodium selenate and a derivative of selenocysteine in the amount of 0.025 μg per mouse (given for selenium) were gradually added to the daily feed rations of animals of the 4th and 5th groups, with constant stirring. In all experiments, the average daily dose of water consumption was 2.5 ml / mouse.

For all mice, with the exception of animals of the intact group, on the sixth day of the experiment, 200 μg / kg of body weight of tetrachloromethane (TCM) dissolved in pharmacopoeial sunflower oil in a volume of 0.5 ml per mouse weighing 20 g was orally administered. On the seventh day, the mice again received TCM in an amount of 100 μg / kg body weight.

After the administration of TCM in the mice of the control group, the 3rd and 4th groups, the behavioral reaction sharply changed. Animals became passive, inactive, and in appearance they can be described as sick animals. This is confirmed by the partial death of animals: on day 10, 25% of the total number of mice in the group died in the control group, and in the groups of the 3rd and 4th, who consumed extract of hodgepodge and sodium selenate, the number of animals died was significantly lower and amounted to 14% and 10%, respectively.

A different picture was observed in mice of the 5th group that consumed food supplemented with a derivative of selenocysteine. The behavioral response of mice in this group corresponded to the behavior of the mice intact. The deaths of animals of the 5th group that consumed food with the addition of a derivative of selenocysteine were not recorded.

The effectiveness of the above food additives on the body of animals was also evaluated by morphological and morphometric indicators of the liver of mice of all groups and histological studies of its tissue and fatty acid composition of this organ. The fatty acid composition of the liver was determined by gas chromatography on a Crom 5 chromatograph (SG Batrakov, DJNikitin, VJSheichenko, AORuzhitsky, / A nevel sulfonic - acid analoque of ceramide is major extractable lipid of the gram - negative marine bacterium cyclobacterium WH / - Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1998, 139, 79-81).

Studies of the histomorphology of the liver of all groups of mice revealed uneven severity of changes not only in the experimental groups of animals, but also in individual individuals within some groups. So, the liver of mice of the group, 3rd and 4th groups, exposed to direct toxic effects of TCM, had the greatest changes. They were expressed in protein dystrophic and necrobiotic changes in hepatitis (liver cells), mainly of the hydropic (collision) type, and an inflammatory mesenchymal reaction. The liver of animals in the control group had a maximum lesion. In the groups of animals of the 3rd and 4th groups, the liver in most of the individuals also had the maximum damage, but at the same time, in the other part of the animals, liver changes should be regarded as moderately expressed.

In group 5 mice that consumed food supplemented with a derivative of selenocysteine, liver changes were not pronounced, moreover, in most of the mice, their condition was almost normal.

The above experimental facts of histomorphology of the liver of animals indicate the protective properties of the above additives, which is in agreement with the results of the analysis of the content in the liver of all studied animal lipids with unsaturated fatty acids and mortality in mice. Lipids with unsaturated fatty acids allow us to assess their degree of damage to the liver. The results are summarized in table 3.

Table 3 Experience Options unsaturated fatty acid content,% to intact animals Mortality,% intact mice 100 not the control 33.6 25 hodgepodge extract 47.5 14 sodium selenate 59.8 10 derivative of selenocystin 78.1 not

From the above data it is seen that all the studied nutritional supplements have antidote properties (antitoxic), which, according to the effectiveness of the detoxifying effect, are in the following order: extract of hillwort <sodium selenate <derivative of selenocysteine.

Cardiovascular disease does not have one simple reason. This is the interweaving of many disorders at different levels of the body - from cellular to systemic. As you know, atherosclerosis is one of the factors that cause a disease of the cardiovascular system. There is evidence that low density lipoproteins (LDL) and very low density (VLDL) play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis.It is important to note that an increase in blood levels of high density lipoproteins (HDL) and a decrease in the number of LDL and VLDL reduce the risk of developing atherosclerosis. This is due to the fact that HDL, in addition to cholesterol, contains protein and lecithin, which has a lipotropic effect, which helps to prevent excess blood lipids, which are the main risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis. It should be noted that the composition of VLDL and LDL mainly includes protein, lipids and cholesterol.

Lipoproteins are carriers of cholesterol in the blood. It is interesting to note that about 65% of cholesterol is transferred to LDL in the blood, about 15% in VLDL and about 20% in HDL. It is important to emphasize that cholesterol has a wide range of biochemical functions, but the main function is its conversion in the body into progesterone, which opens the biosynthesis of steroid sex hormones and costicosteroids. The physiological norm of blood cholesterol is 150-200 mg% (medical designation of concentration) or in terms of 4.0-5.2 mM / L. Exceeding this concentration of cholesterol in the blood contributes to obesity of the liver, excessive formation of bile and, consequently, gallstones, as well as the deposition of cholesterol in the walls of blood vessels in lipoproteins.

The very important role of antioxidants in slowing atheromatous lesions has been proven. It should be emphasized that the low antioxidant status of the body contributes to oxidative stress, which leads to the accumulation of lipoperoxides that inhibit the key enzyme of cholesterol catabolism in the liver - 7a-hydroxylase, which disrupts the enzymatic regulation of cholesterol catabolism. This leads to the maintenance of a consistently high level of cholesterol in the blood. Under these conditions, liver cells can secrete into the bloodstream VLDL, including oxidized LDL, which undergo oxidative degradation with the formation of malonic anhydride, which has a toxic effect on the body.

It was found that the blockade of free radical oxidation of lipids by antioxidants eliminates the toxic effect of lipoperoxides on hepatic 7a-hydroxylase and thereby contributes to increased cholesterol catabolism, decreased liver production of VLDL and LDL (Nedosugov L.V., Volkova A.K., Rudko I.A. ., Beglerov DA Comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of Divertin and Tanakan in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2000, No. 4, 68-71).

Given that the derivative of selenocysteine increases the antioxidant status of the body, the use of foods with increased biological value, achieved by enriching everyday foods with this predecessor of active groups of selenium-dependent enzymes, helps to reduce the risk of developing atherosclerosis and, as a result, the development of cardiovascular diseases.

This point of view served as the basis for assessing the effectiveness of reducing the risk of developing atherosclerosis in 15 volunteers. As a research object, a food product with increased biological value was used, which was obtained by enrichment of biokefir with a derivative of selenocysteine.

All 15 volunteers on a regular diet consumed bio-ether enriched with a derivative of selenocysteine for 28 days. A fermented milk product of increased biological value was prescribed according to the scheme: 40 μg of a selenocysteine derivative (given for selenium) was added to 200 ml of biokefir, and the product was drunk after dinner. It is important to note that, according to specialists from the Institute of Nutrition of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, micronutrients then have a therapeutic and prophylactic effect when they are introduced into the food product at a dose of 30-50% of the daily requirement. The remainder of the daily requirement comes from other foodstuffs consumed. If you add a completely daily requirement to the food product, then there is a high probability of an overdose due to the use of other food products containing these micronutrients (Tutelyan V.L., Spirichev V.G., Sukhanov B.P., Kudasheva V.A. Micronutrients in nutrition of a healthy and sick person. M: Kolos, 2002).

All volunteers before and after the end of taking biokefir with a derivative of selenocysteine performed a biochemical blood test and assessed the general condition of the body. A study of patients who consumed biokefir supplemented with a derivative of selenocysteine revealed that this food product of high biological value prevented a violation of peroxide homeostasis, i.e. prevented a violation of the constancy of the internal environment of the body. The violation of peroxide homeostasis is accompanied by an increase in the reactions of free radical oxidation and the development of lipid peroxidation syndrome, which plays a leading role in the development of atherosclerosis and, as a result, cardiovascular diseases.

The material is illustrated by a specific example.

Example 6

A patient aged 67 years consumed 200 ml of biokefir enriched with a derivative of selenocysteine in an amount of 40 μg daily (after selenium) for 28 days after dinner. The patient before the appointment of a biokefir with a derivative of selenocysteine and after the end of its use, a biochemical blood test was performed. The criteria for evaluating the effect of this food product with increased biological value on the body of a 67-year-old patient were metabolic indicators - the content of total cholesterol (cholesterol), HDL, LDL and VLDL in the blood serum, as well as lipid peroxidation (LPO): the amount in the blood of primary molecular products of lipid peroxidation (diene and triene conjugates) and the final polymer fluorescent compounds of the Schiff base. At the same time, a coefficient characterizing the total antioxidant activity of the body was determined, which is the ratio Imax / S, where "Imax" is the value of the maximum luminescence amplitude of fluorescent compounds, which reflects the intensity of lipid peroxidation; "S" - buffer capacity of all available antioxidant reactions from the antioxidant defense system to induce the LPO process.

A number of studies have shown that the end product of lipid peroxidation is the formation of malonic anhydride, which is the main biochemical criterion for intoxication of the body. This polyfunctional aldehyde reacts with the amino groups of the protein to form Schiff bases. In this reaction, it acts as a crosslinking agent, causing the formation of an insoluble lipid-protein complex.

 The research results are summarized in table 4

table 4 Indicator Score indicators Positive effect,% source final Total cholesterol, mm / l 6.9 4.81 143.5 HDL, mM / L 1,69 2.15 127.2 LDL, mM / L 3.61 2.13 169.5 VLDLP, mm / L 1.34 0.49 173.5 Diene conjugate, mg / l 0,098 0,065 150.8 Triene conjugate, mg / l 0,022 0.014 157.1 Schiff Foundation, conv. units 0.19 0,099 305.1 I / S 0.056 0,099 1776.8

An analysis of the data in Table 4 indicates that a food product of high biological value, obtained by enriching an everyday food product with a derivative of selenocysteine, corrects the activity of the general metabolism, which manifests itself in enhancing the enzymatic regulation of the catabolism of cholesterol and triglycerides; reducing the intensity of the process of free radical lipid oxidation and simultaneously blocking the synthesis of LDL and VLDL, while increasing the production of HDL, which reduces the risk of developing atherosclerosis - a harbinger of cardiovascular disease.

An increase in the antioxidant status of the organism of a 67-year-old patient due to the use of biokefir enriched with a derivative of selenocysteine indicates an increase in the content of selenium in his blood, which is known to be an immunomodulator, i.e. a substance that can affect the activity of the immune system. In this regard, it is important to emphasize that an increase in the blood selenium content in the form of a derivative of selenocysteine leads, along with an increase in the activity of blocking free-radical reactions, to an increase in the immune response of the body of a 67-year-old patient, i.e. to increase the body's immunity to infectious and non-infectious agents and substances.

Summarizing the material presented, we can conclude that organic selenium compounds prepared by the proposed method act synergistically with other products of the reactions of their production, which is manifested both in enhancing the antioxidant defense of the body from free radicals and in protecting the liver from toxic substances, as evidenced by its normal condition and the absence of death of animals when exposed to a chemical toxicant.

Claims (1)

A method of increasing the biological value of food products, including their enrichment with selenium, characterized in that the food products are enriched with a biologically active substance, which is the product of the reaction of sodium selenate with cysteine in the ratio of their molar concentrations of 1: 4.