RU2265981C1 - Method for cultivation of perennial grasses - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture, in particular, cultivation of heavy loamy non-saline black soil followed by sowing of perennial grasses.

SUBSTANCE: method involves sowing leguminous crops in alternating parallel strips and cereal crops in alternating rows; sowing first strip with red clover and bird's foot trefoil for creating intersecting strips sown with seed mixtures to provide for alternating square parcels of allelopathically compatible kinds of plants; sowing second strip with mixture of blue bastard Lucerne and red clover and sowing two strips with seeds of awnless brome grass, orchard grass, meadow fescue and also with individual meadow fescue seeds, said two strips extending in parallel with strip sown with said mixture, with total seeding rate constituting 33-37 kg/hectare and cereal and leguminous crop seeds ratio constituting 62 and 38, respectively. Width of strips sown with seed mixture is 2 m. Spacing between rows in each strip is 20 cm. On sowing of each strip, blind leguminous seeds are added into seed mixture in an amount of at least half the total weight of seeds to be sown.

EFFECT: reduced labor intensity for tillage of soil, increased efficiency in regulating amount and development of undesirable plants, including great ragweed.

5 cl, 3 dwg, 3 tbl, 1 ex

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, and in particular to methods of treating heavy loamy non-saline chernozemic soils by sowing perennial grasses, and is intended for long-term production of feed or laying lawns, controlling the number and development of unwanted vegetation, including ragweed, without the use of herbicides, fertilizers and energy-intensive agricultural activities.

A known method of restoration of meadows, including the formation of certain types of cereal-legume grass mixtures on different types of soils depending on agroecological, climatic factors and the use of plant species with a wide ecological range [1]. The method involves sowing 29% of legumes and 71% of cereals in heavy soils.

The disadvantages of this method are the unstable participation of legumes in cultivated grass mixtures, due to the selection of components of the grass mixtures without taking into account their allelopathic compatibility, the low total percentage of participation of legumes planned for heavy soils. All this worsens the nutritional properties of the resulting feed, increases the roughness of hay, which can adversely affect animals.

A known method of combating unwanted vegetation, including tillage and sowing of perennial and annual cereal-leguminous crops [2]. The essence of the method is to create a "compacted", "thickened" agrophytocenosis. The disadvantage of this method is the low stability of this phytocenosis during labor-intensive cultivation. Long-term studies of the authors (see p. 12-15) have established that the seeding density of cultivated plants does not always effectively regulate the number and development of "offspring" and is not the only cause of sustainability. Thus, the densified monoculture crops in our experiments turned out to be unstable to the introduction of weeds and practically ceased to exist after 5 years of use.

The known method is time-consuming, energy-intensive, as it involves constant annual soil cultivation, the use of high doses of mineral fertilizers and is intended for semi-desert pastures.

The closest to the implementation of the claimed method of cultivation of perennial grasses is a method in which fodder cereal-leguminous crops are sown in parallel alternating narrow strips of legume mixtures and individual rows of cereals in their pure form. Bean seeds (alfalfa, clover) are sown in stripes. Seeds of cereal crops (rump, hedgehog, fescue) are placed in separate rows [3]. The problem to be solved is the production of feed for animal husbandry, the installation of lawns. The method can be used in agriculture and is taken by us as a prototype.

The disadvantage of the prototype method is the high complexity of the soil treatment associated with the need for reseeding the mixture (every 4-5 years) due to the unstable participation of legumes. In addition, the method does not provide for the regulation of the number and development of undesirable vegetation, in particular ragweed ragweed.

The creation of a solid fodder base for livestock farming, as one of the most important problems of agricultural production, currently requires a significant increase in the efficiency of use of all land resources and the extension of the productive stage of syngenesis of cultural phytocenoses (ensuring productive longevity).

From the prior art claimed in the invention in the field of creating “compacted” and “mixed” crops of perennial cereal-bean fodder crops of hay-pasture regimen of use it follows that when cultivating grass mixtures, the principles of forming the vertical and horizontal structure of mature meadow natural communities (climax phytocenoses) are not taken into account ), representing environmentally friendly phytocenotic methods for optimizing agroecosystems, including agrophytocenoses.

Lawns are plant communities that are close in nature to cultivated meadows (grass mixtures). The practice of creating and cultivating lawns for various purposes is much borrowed in meadow studies. However, the ecological and coenotic principles of creating resistant to adverse environmental factors and the introduction of unwanted vegetation of long-term lawn cultivated phytocenoses are still not well developed.

The task of the invention is to develop a phytocenotically optimal method of cultivating perennial grasses, in which optimization for at least several decades is achieved only by technologically reproducible design - sowing "mosaic" agrophytocenosis (ACM).

The solution of this problem is based on the study of the following indicators of functioning and phytocenotic isolation of experimental agrophytocenoses cultivated in various ways:

- stocks of aboveground, underground phyto- and mortmass;

- patterns and characteristics of the formation and destruction of phytomass of primary biological products, patterns of assimilation and efficiency of use of nitrogen and carbon on the formation of these products and reproduction of soil fertility;

- dynamics of agrobotanical composition and the main demographic parameters of agrocenopopulations;

- the intensity of photosynthesis;

- calories, the main indicators of photosynthetic activity of plant components; the efficiency of using photosynthetic energy by autotrophs of the studied cenoses, energy flows; allelopathic soil fatigue, features of physiological and biochemical mutual influence of seedlings of plants and seeds; features of the organization of microbial communities and the functional activity of microorganisms; competitive capacity of populations and environmental strategies; succession; indicators of biochemical properties of green phytomass.

The technical result of the invention is to reduce the complexity of soil cultivation by increasing sustainability, ensuring the productive longevity of agrophytocenosis from perennial cereal-leguminous grasses, as well as the effective regulation of the number and development of undesirable vegetation in it, including wormwood.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that in the known method of cultivating perennial grasses, including sowing legumes in alternating parallel strips and cereal crops in alternating rows, according to the invention, when sowing by intersection of strips sown with a mixture of seeds, alternating square parcels are created from allelopathically compatible plant species. For this, the first lane is sown with meadow clover and horned lamb, the second lane - with a mixture of blue alfalfa seeds and meadow clover and perpendicular to them, two lanes are sown with seedless rind, hedgehog, meadow fescue and separately meadow fescue seeds with a total sowing rate of 33-37 kg ha and the ratio of cereal and bean 62 and 38%, respectively.

Another difference is that the width of the sown strips with a mixture of seeds is 2 m.

Another difference is that the distance between the rows in each strip is 20 cm.

Another difference is that when sowing each strip in the seed mixture add unlike pulses of legumes in an amount of at least half of the sown mass of seeds.

The indicated qualitative and quantitative composition of grass mixtures and the method of cultivating them is optimal for programming succession and increasing the degree of phytocenotic isolation of cultivated agrophytocenoses, which allows sowing and agrotechnical measures to be carried out once, for a period of at least 16 years, and to reduce the amount of undesirable vegetation, in particular, ragweed.

The method of cultivation of perennial grasses is illustrated by drawings and tables.

Figure 1 shows the layout of alternating strips of sowing mixtures of legumes.

Figure 2 shows the layout of alternating sowing strips of mixtures of cereal crops perpendicular to the strips of legumes.

Figure 3 shows a diagram of the horizontal structure of agrophytocenosis (ACM) obtained by crossing alternating strips of legumes and cereals that were sown in square parcels.

Table 1 shows the absolute (g / m ² ) and relative (%) contribution of cereals and legumes to the total aboveground phytomass of agrophytocenoses on the phenophase of mass flowering (and first mowing) for 15-16 years of cultivation.

Table 2 shows the influence of the number and composition of the seeded species, the general seeding rate, the participation of legumes, the presence of additives of non-similar seeds during sowing, the width of the sown parallel strips, furrows in mosaic agrophytocenoses on the indicators of their stability, productivity, and phytocenotic isolation.

Table 3 shows the effect of the number and composition of the seeded species, the general seeding rate, the participation of legumes, the presence of additives of non-similar seeds during sowing, the width of the sown parallel strips, furrows in the strip and continuous agrophytocenoses on the indicators of their stability, productivity, phytocenotic isolation.

An example of a specific implementation of the method.

Prepared for sowing seeds of horned lamb, meadow clover, bluefin alfalfa, meadow fescue, beetroot rump, hedgehogs of the national team and non-similar alfalfa seeds, for which the inhibition and stimulation (mutual influence) of seed germination were determined in a known manner in combinations corresponding to the qualitative and quantitative composition of parcels according to the method biological tests [4] in the ratio of cereal and bean 62% and 38%, respectively:

No. 1 - clover, alfalfa with fescue, rump and hedgehog;

No. 2 - clover, lamb with fescue, rump and hedgehog;

No. 3 - clover and alfalfa with fescue;

No. 4 - clover and honeyweed with fescue (see figure 3).

The sown area of agricultural land or a park (lawn) was calculated to determine the required number of germinating seeds.

Into the whole mass of germinating seeds were added non-similar alfalfa seeds obtained at the seed station as rejected, in a ratio of 2: 1.

The area proposed for sowing was kept under steam for 2–3 summer months; germination of unwanted vegetation (segetal species, weeds) was provoked on it by the known method [5].

In the fall, before sowing, harrowing was carried out at low positive temperatures (2-5 ° C) and in the absence of precipitation.

Sowing was carried out with a standard grain seeder in strips of 2 m wide in furrows at a distance of 20 cm. The rate of germination of seeds was calculated according to the size of the area prepared for sowing, taking into account the percent germination of seeds, taking into account the allelopathic interference of plants in parcels, defined similarly to how this is proposed in the famous work of Grodzinsky [4]. In our example, the calculations proceeded from the fact that the total sowing rate was 37 kg / ha, and the planned participation of cereals and legumes in it was 62 and 38%, respectively. The results of calculating the seeding rate of individual crops are given below.

As shown in figure 1, the strip of legumes during sowing alternated according to the schemes:

the first lane is meadow clover + horned lamb with seeding rate of 8 and 6 kg / ha, respectively;

the second lane - alfalfa synehybrid + meadow clover with a sowing rate of 8 and 6 kg / ha, respectively.

Stripes of cereal crops alternated when sowing according to the schemes:

the third lane - bezostsy rump + team hedgehog + meadow fescue with a seeding rate of 12, 5, 6 kg / ha, respectively;

the fourth lane is meadow fescue with a sowing rate of 23 kg / ha and then lanes 1 and 2, 3 and 4 alternate.

Alternating square parcels with an area of 2 × 2 m ² were obtained from intersecting seeded stripes (Fig. 3).

Adding a half fraction of the non-dissimilar legume seeds to each portion of the mixture replaces the introduction of organic and mineral fertilizers in the minimum starting dose.

The addition of horned lamb to the herb mixture provides not only an increase in the proportion of leguminous phytomass in agrophytocenosis, optimization of the soil nitrogen regime as a result of the symbiotic relationship between leguminous plants and nodule bacteria, but also reduces the likelihood of plant pathology due to the phytoncidal properties of lamb [6].

As a result of the described cultivation of perennial grasses by the claimed method, alternating square parcels are obtained that make up the mosaic horizontal structure of agrophytocenoses (ACM) (see table 1, positions 3, 4, 5, 6 vertically from 1988 to 2002; table 2, all columns vertical position 2). Alleopathically compatible species that suppress for a long period, at least 16 years, the development of undesirable vegetation, including ragweed ragweed without the use of herbicides and special agricultural measures, are combined in parcels No. 1-4. The period of intensive use of the designed agrophytocenoses as a whole and the period of existence of legumes in them are increasing; reduces the complexity of cultivation of perennial grasses.

Experimental studies have confirmed the feasibility of the invention and the optimality of the proposed method to ensure the reduction of the complexity of cultivation, a high level of phytocenotic isolation. This method differs from the known methods of cultivating agrophytocenoses with different horizontal structures - strip (ADC) and continuous (ACS) (table 1 positions 3, 4, 5, 6 vertically from 1988 to 2001; table 2 positions 3, 4, 5 vertically from 1 to 19 lines; Table 3, positions 2, 3 vertically from 1 to 22 lines).

For the sowing of experimental agrophytocenoses, the same pre-sowing agrotechnical measures were used, listed above, but differing in the planned ratio of the components (table 2, positions 2, 3, 4, 5 vertically, 7th row), the horizontal structure being constructed - "mosaic", "strip "," solid "(see tab. 2, 3), by the width of the sowing strips (tab. 2, positions 2, 3, 4, 5 vertically, 5th row), by the distance between the grooves (tab. 2, position 2 , 3, 4, 5 vertically, 6th row; Table 3, positions 2, 3 vertically, 7th row).

Thus, in addition to the method of sowing "mosaic" agrophytocenoses with a seed rate of 37 kg / ha (ACM) sown, as shown in Figs. 1, 2, 3, "mosaic" agrophytocenoses with a sowing rate of less than 37 kg / ha were studied (Table 2 positions 3, 4, 5 vertically, 3rd row), with a different set of species (tab. 2 positions 3, 4, 5 vertically, 2nd row) without adding unshifted seeds when sowing (tab. 2, positions 3, 4 , 5 vertically, 3rd row), with a distance between grooves of 0.15 m (Table 2, positions 3, 4, 5 vertically, 6th row), the ratio of legumes and cereals 24 and 76% (Table 2 positions 3, 4, 5 vertically , 7th row), but with a 0.5 m wide bands (Table 2 position 3, 4, 5 vertically, 5th row).

When cultivating the “strip” agrophytocenosis (ADC), alternating parallel strips of 3 m and 1.6 m wide were sown, which consisted of bluefin alfalfa + horned lamb chickens + meadow fescue + beetless rump + harvested hedgehog and separate meadow clover (Table 3 position 2 vertically, from the 1st to the 22nd line).

When cultivating a “continuous” agrophytocenosis (ACS), the same six crops (blue alfalfa + horned lamb + meadow fescue + seedless beef + harvested hedgehog and meadow clover) were sown in it as a traditional grass mixture in grooves with a row spacing of 0.15 m (table .3 vertical position 3, from lines 1 to 22).

Crops of monocultures of the same species served as control: clean crops (PE): peel PE, PE fescue PE, hedgehog PE, Pudding peat PE, alfalfa PE, clover PE. Crop area is about 30,000 m ² .

The dynamics of the development of ragweed was studied in all mixed agrophytocenoses (tab. 2 lines from 14 to 19; table 3 lines from 15-20), as well as in monoculture — self-sowing on the former arable land, the total area of which was 400 m ² .

The dynamics of the contribution of cereals and legumes to the total above-ground phytomass of agrophytocenoses on the phenophase of the maximum development of all coenopopulations of cultivated plants (and the date of the first mowing) are shown in Tables 1, 2 (vertical position 2, 3, 4, 5, from the 7th to the 9th line ), 3 (position 2, 3 vertically, from 8 to 10th line). It is considered the main indicator of the stability of cereal-legume grass mixtures. In mosaic agrophytocenosis (ACM), the contribution of legumes to the aboveground phytomass from 1988 to 2002 fluctuated slightly (with the exception of the first two years) at the planned 38%. In this agrophytocenosis, the effect of displacement of ragweed ragweed was noted. In agrophytocenoses of a strip and continuous sowing structure, a change in the contribution of legumes from 35% to 0% was noted with the originally planned - 38%. The effect of ragweed displacement in these agrophytocenoses, as well as in clean crops, was not observed.

Thus, it was found that the mosaic horizontal structure (ACM) with a positive allelopathic mutual influence of the habitat species contributes to the stability of agrophytocenosis (and the agroecosystem as a whole) for at least 16 years.

Only with the claimed method of cultivation of agrophytocenosis, are the average long-term indicators stable, the dynamics of these indicators is subject to insignificant fluctuations.

As follows from the table. 2, only the recommended seeding rate and the ratio of cereals and legumes is optimal to achieve a technical result.

Going beyond the limits of the claimed ratios leads to a deterioration in all indicators of stability and productivity of agrophytocenoses, including an increase in the number of ragweed ragweed in them (Table 2, lines 2-21).

As follows from Table 3, a stable coenotic regime (stability of indicators) in plant communities is observed only with the claimed "mosaic" method of cultivation of perennial grasses.

A stable coenotic regime is achieved by a single sowing of square parcels with a positive allelopathic mutual influence of plants in them (carried out through microorganisms), with the self-reproduction of soil fertility.

As confirmed by experimental studies (Table 3), when using other methods of cultivating perennial grasses (for example, when sowing a mixture of cereals and legumes and clover meadow with a separate strip), non-optimal indicators of stability, productivity, phytocenotic isolation (i.e., the development of undesirable vegetation in crops) were obtained perennial herbs).

SOURCES OF INFORMATION

1. A.S. RF №2071229, class A 01 B 79/00, publ. 01/10/97.

2. A.S. RF №2105448, class A 01 B 79/02, publ. 02/27/98.

3. A.S. RF No 94030508, class A 01 B 79/02, publ. 12/20/96.

4. Grodzinsky A.M. The prospect of studying and using allelopathy in crop production // The role of allelopathy in crop production. Kiev, 1982. P.3-14.

5. A.S. RF №95119201, class A 01 B 79/00, 35/00, publ. 11/14/95.

6. Medvedev P.F., Smetannikova A.I. Feed plants of the European part of the USSR. L., 1981. S. 169-170.

Claims (4)

1. A method of cultivating perennial grasses, including sowing legumes in alternating parallel strips and cereals in alternating rows, characterized in that alternating square parcels of allelopathically compatible plant species are created by intersecting the seed-seeded strips with a mixture of plant species, for which the first strip is sown with meadow clover and horned clover the second lane - with a mixture of seeds of alfalfa, blue-hybrid and clover meadow and perpendicular to them, two lanes are sown with beefless rind, hedgehog team, meadow fescue and separately from meadow fescue seeds with a total sowing rate of 33-37 kg / ha and a ratio of cereal and bean 62 and 38%, respectively. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the width of the sown strips of the mixture of seeds is 2 m 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the distance between the rows in each strip is 20 cm 4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that when sowing each strip in the seed mixture add unlike seeds of legumes in an amount of not less than half of the sown mass of seeds.

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