RU2246530C1 - Carbon-containing moldings and a method for fabrication thereof - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: solid fuels.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to fabrication of hydrocarbon moldings in the form of briquettes or granules. Which can be used as natural solid fuel substitutes for municipal and industrial needs but also as fertilizers and/or soil structure improvers. Carbon-containing moldings contain (i) ground peat and/or lignin (5-50%), (ii) wood-vegetable components in the form of sawdust and/or wood chips, and/or bark, and/or straw, and/or chaff, and/or seed shells, and/or oilcake, and/or plant stems and leaves, and/or animal components in the form of poultry dung and/or manure (1-10%), and (iii) binder in the form of burnt lime, sodium hydroxide, or potassium hydroxide (balancing amount). Method of fabrication comprises dispensing, mixing, grinding, and activation of peat and/or lignin with binder, after which is added above-indicated wood-vegetable and/or animal components and resulting mixture is remixed. Final mixture is converted into moldings, which are then compacted by lying during 2 to 30 h.

EFFECT: extended consumer's market of low-cost and environmentally safe fuel product, enabled utilization of wide range of energy organic wastes, and improved fertility of soil.

6 cl, 9 ex

Description

The invention relates to the production of molded fuel, and more specifically to the production of carbon-containing moldings in the form of briquettes or granules, which can be used as a substitute for natural solid fuel for domestic needs and industry. In addition, these carbon-containing moldings can also be used as fertilizers and / or soil builders in agriculture.

A known fuel briquette obtained by mixing crushed <42 mesh carbon material, such as, for example, peat, charcoal, plant material, lignin, etc., with acidic sludge, followed by molding the resulting mixture at a temperature of 0-150 ° F, drying at 80 -315 ° F, activation at a temperature> 815 ° F and treatment with oxidizing reagents / US, No. 3592779, publ. 07/13/71 /. However, the energy consumption for thermal drying with this method is high and the scope of briquettes is limited only as fuel.

A known fuel briquette and method for its production, which consists in dewatering the spent sludge from a sewage treatment plant to a solids content of 5-20% and mixing it with sawdust in a weight ratio of 1: 5-10 based on dry matter. The mixture is molded into briquettes and dried (JP, No. 53-15081, C 10 L 5/48, publ. 22.05.78).

However, the energy consumption for thermal drying of briquettes in this method is high and the scope of briquettes is limited only as fuel.

The use of pressed peat as a fuel is known (Handbook of Peat, M., "Nedra", 1982, pp. 424-451).

It is known the use of peat briquettes for growing plants (Reference on peat, M., "Nedra", 1982, pp.442-451).

Peat briquettes are known, the composition of the raw mix of which includes peat with nutrients (Patent RU No. 2082747, publ. 2000).

A known method of producing such a peat briquette, comprising pressing the raw material mixture, consisting of peat with nutrients, and briquetting, while before pressing the briquettes in the raw material mixture, an additional aqueous solution of lignosulfonates is added at a rate of 5-20% on a dry matter basis. Briquetted at a pressure of 5-8 MPa (ibid.).

In known compositions of peat-based fuel briquettes, industrial wastes are used, for example, petroleum, coal, etc., which are environmentally unsuitable for agriculture. In addition, the known methods for producing fuel briquettes are energy-intensive due to their thermal drying.

In the well-known peat briquette compositions, a rather narrow assortment of components is used.

At the same time, agriculture produces as a by-product of cake, seed husks, tops, leaves, straw, manure, bird droppings, etc., which accumulate in large quantities and are not suitable for efficient transport and long-term storage. Disposing of them is a big problem. At the same time, they are organic waste with energy potential, and after appropriate processing they allow to obtain high-quality fuel. In addition, organic waste can improve soil fertility and soil structure.

Closer to the claimed invention in terms of essential features is a fuel briquette based on a dried mixture of crushed fuels and a binder based on oil refining waste - oil sludge and / or used engine oil, which additionally contains components selected from the group comprising,% by weight of briquetted mixtures: lignosulfonate or molasses 2-7 and / or dehydrated activated sludge 3-8, and / or clay 3-10, and / or paraffin or paraffin wax 1-6 in the following ratio, wt.%: St. poisonous 10-32, crushed solid fuels from the group: sawdust, peat, dehydrated bird droppings, dehydrated manure, coke or coal fines, coal sludge, lignin or mixtures thereof up to 100 (Patent RU No. 2130047, C 10 L 5/02, publ. 05/10/1999).

A known method of producing this type of fuel briquettes, comprising mixing crushed solid fuels with a binder based on oil refinery waste - oil sludge and / or used engine oil, briquetting the mixture and their subsequent drying, further adding components selected from the group: lignosulfonate or molasses 2-7, and / or dehydrated activated sludge 3-8, and / or clay 3-10, and / or paraffin, or paraffin wax 1-6, in the following ratio, wt.%: binder 10-32, crushed hard fuels from the group: sawdust, peat, dehydrated bird droppings, dehydrated manure, coke or coal fines, coal sludge, lignin or mixtures thereof up to 100, and briquetting is carried out at a pressure of 1-30 MPa, and the briquettes are dried at a temperature of less than 300 ° FROM. The components of the binder before mixing with solid fuel can be mixed and heated to 60-80 ° C or mixed with heating at a temperature of 60-80 ° C (ibid.).

However, the energy costs of thermal drying with this method are high. The composition of these carbon-containing briquettes includes refinery waste, so the scope of briquettes is limited only as fuel. Their composition uses a fairly narrow range of components of plant origin. At the same time, agriculture produces as a by-product of cake, seed husks, tops, leaves, straw, etc., which accumulate in large quantities and are not suitable for efficient transport and long-term storage. Disposing of them is a big problem. At the same time, they are organic waste with energy potential and can improve soil fertility and its structure.

The objective of the invention is to provide an assortment of economical and environmentally friendly fuel products that are easy to use. Another objective of the invention is the disposal of a wide range of organic waste having an energy potential, without loss of the properties of organic waste to improve soil fertility and its structure.

These problems are solved by the fact that in carbon-containing molds, including crushed peat and / or lignin and wood-vegetable components in the form of sawdust and / or animal components in the form of bird droppings and / or manure and a binder, in addition to the use of wood-vegetable components shredded wood-vegetable waste selected from the series: wood chips and / or bark and / or straw and / or sex and / or husks of seeds and / or bagasse and / or stems and leaves of plants, and as a binder use quicklime, or caustic soda, or potassium hydroxide in the following ratio of components, wt.%:

woody plant and / or animal components 5-50

binder 1-10

peat and / or lignin up to 100

In addition, these problems are solved by the fact that in the method for producing carbon-containing moldings, including dosing peat and / or lignin, wood-vegetable components in the form of wood sawdust and / or animal components in the form of bird droppings and / or manure and a binder, mixing and molding the mixture, as wood-plant components, additionally used crushed wood-plant waste selected from the range of: chips, and / or bark, and / or straw, and / or floor, and / or husk of seeds, and / or cake, and / or stems and leaves of plants, and in achestve binder using quick lime or sodium hydroxide, or potassium hydroxide in the following ratio, wt. %:

woody plant and / or animal components 5-50

binder 1-10

peat and / or lignin to 100,

moreover, peat and / or lignin with a binder are first metered, mixed, ground and activated, and then ground wood-vegetable and / or animal components are added to this mixture and mixed again, and the resulting mixture is molded into molds, which are strengthened by aging.

In this case, activation of peat and / or lignin and binders is understood to mean the achievement of such a combination of effects as an increase in the surface of solid particles due to their additional grinding in the activator, homogenization of the mixture, and partial drying of the mixture.

It is advisable to dehydrate the mixture before molding.

It is advisable to carry out dehydration in a screw dehydrator.

It is also advisable to carry out the molding in a plate granulator at atmospheric pressure to obtain moldings in the form of granules.

It is also advisable to carry out the molding on the press at a pressure of 1.5-25 MPa to obtain moldings in the form of a briquette.

It is advisable that the moldings in the form of granules aged 2 to 20 hours.

It is also advisable that the moldings in the form of briquettes matured for 2-30 hours.

In the implementation of the present invention creates a wide range of economical and environmentally friendly molded products that utilize industrial and agricultural waste, with an expanded scope.

Wood-vegetable and animal wastes from this series can be mixed with each other in any necessary proportions based on the nomenclature and the presence of utilized waste. Peat and lignin can be mixed with each other in any necessary proportions based on the availability and requirements for the properties of the moldings.

Carbon-containing moldings include ground peat and / or lignin and woody plant components in the form of sawdust and / or wood chips and / or bark and / or straw and / or floor and / or husk seeds and / or oilcake, and / or stems and leaves of plants, and / or animal components in the form of bird droppings and / or manure and a binder in the form of quicklime and caustic soda, or caustic potassium in the following ratio, wt. %:

woody plant and / or animal components 5-50

binder 1-10

peat and / or lignin up to 100

Carbon moldings are made as follows.

First, peat and / or lignin and binder additives are selected, which are selected from the group: quicklime, or caustic soda, or potassium hydroxide, and loaded into a device in which they are simultaneously mixed, crushed and activated. In this case, the binder additive is evenly distributed in the volume of peat and / or lignin, an exothermic reaction occurs, as a result of which the mixture is heated, and adhesive humates are formed that stick together the particles of the mixture during molding. As a device for simultaneous mixing, grinding and activation can be applied, for example, a disintegrator, rotary chain or vibration mill or any other known similar device. Then, wood-vegetable and / or animal waste is introduced into this mixture in an amount of 5-50 wt.%, And everything is mixed together for 1-5 minutes. As wood-plant and / or animal components use industrial or agricultural waste selected from the following:

sawdust, and / or wood chips, and / or bark, and / or straw, and / or sex, and / or husks of seeds, and / or bagasse, and / or plant stems, and / or plant leaves, and / or manure , and / or bird droppings.

The ratio of the components is the following, wt.%: Binders 1-10, wood-vegetable and / or animal waste 5-50, peat and / or lignin up to 100 (the rest). Then the resulting mixture is molded using a granulator or press. The obtained moldings in the form of granules or briquettes are strengthened by aging for 2-30 hours.

Before molding, the mixture may be further dehydrated. Dehydration is carried out mechanically by any known device, for example, a screw dehydrator.

The invention is illustrated by the following examples.

Example 1

The following components are used: sawdust in an amount of 5 wt.%, Quicklime powder of 10 wt.%, Peat 85 wt.%. First of all, peat and lime are mixed in a disintegrator, crushed and activated for 10 seconds, then sawdust is added to the resulting mixture and mixed again for one minute, and then the resulting mixture is formed into granules in a disk granulator without pressure and into briquettes on a press under pressure 25 MPa, then the briquettes and granules are strengthened by maturing for 2 hours. The resulting briquette has the following properties: mechanical compressive strength is 16 kg / cm, thermal strength - can withstand a load of 3.5 kg at a temperature of 800 ° C, calorific value for a working state of 3900 kcal / kg.

When these granules were introduced into the soil as a fertilizer and soil forming agent when growing tomatoes, their yield was increased by 16%.

Example 2

According to example 1, only before molding the mixture is dehydrated in a screw dehydrator and the humidity of the mixture is reduced by 10%. The resulting briquette after aging has a mechanical compressive strength of 17 kg / cm ² , thermal strength - can withstand a load of 3.4 kg at a temperature of 800 ° C, calorific value for a working state of 4290 kcal / kg, and the introduction of the resulting granules into the soil as fertilizer and structurant soil when growing tomatoes allowed to increase their yield by 15%.

Example 3

The following components are used: a husk mixture from the processing of rice seeds (25 wt.%), With pig manure (25 wt.%), Caustic soda (1 wt.%) And a mixture of lignin (9 wt.%) With peat (40 wt. %). First of all, peat, lignin and caustic soda are mixed, crushed and activated for 15 seconds in a disintegrator, then a husk mixture from processing rice seeds with pork manure is added to the resulting mixture and mixed again for 1 minute, and then the resulting mixture is formed into granules in a drum granulator without pressure and in briquettes on a press at a pressure of 1.5 MPa, then the briquettes are hardened by curing for 30 hours, the granules are hardened by curing for 20 hours. The resulting briquette has the following properties: mechanical compressive strength is 15 kg / cm ² , thermal strength - can withstand a load of 3.4 kg at a temperature of 800 ° C, calorific value for working condition - 4100 cal / kg. The introduction of these granules into the soil as fertilizer allowed to increase the yield of cucumbers by 15%.

Example 4

According to example 3, only before molding, the mixture is dehydrated in a screw dehydrator and the humidity of the mixture is reduced by 12%. The resulting briquette after aging has the following properties: mechanical compressive strength of 17 kg / cm ² , thermal strength - can withstand a load of 3.3 kg at a temperature of 800 ° C, calorific value for working condition is 4560 kcal / kg.

The use of these granules as fertilizers allowed to increase the yield of greenhouse cucumbers by 12% and reduce their ripening time by 10 days.

Example 5

In Example 4, potassium hydroxide is used instead of caustic soda. The resulting briquettes and granules has properties similar to briquettes and granules of example 3.

Example 6

The following components are used: chopped up to 3 mm straw 15 wt.%, Quicklime powder - 5 wt.%, Peat - 80 wt.%. First of all, peat and lime are mixed in a disintegrator, crushed and activated for 14 seconds, then chopped straw is added to the resulting mixture and mixed again for 1.5 minutes, then the resulting mixture is formed into granules on a plate granulator without pressure and into briquettes on the press at a pressure of 15 MPa, then the briquettes are strengthened by aging in 12 hours, and the granules are strengthened by aging in 6 hours. The resulting briquette has the following properties: mechanical compressive strength is 18 kg / cm ² , thermal strength - can withstand a load of 3.8 kg at a temperature of 800 ° C, calorific value for working condition 3800 kcal / kg. The use of these granules as fertilizers allowed to reduce the ripening period of eggplants by 12 days.

Example 7

According to example 6, only peat (40 wt.%) And lignin (40 wt.%) Are used instead of peat (80 wt.%), And instead of chopped straw, chopped corn leaves are used and the mixture is dehydrated in a screw dehydrator before molding and the humidity mixtures are reduced by 9%. The resulting briquette after aging has the following properties: mechanical compressive strength is 16 kg / cm ² , thermal strength - can withstand a load of 3.6 kg at a temperature of 800 ° C, calorific value for working condition 4109 kcal / kg. The use of these granules as fertilizer allowed to increase the yield of cucumbers by 14%.

Example 8

In example 7, only instead of chopped corn leaves, chopped pea stalks are used. The resulting briquettes and granules have properties similar to briquettes and granules of example 7.

Example 9

The following components are used: crushed beet meal (waste in the production of sugar) (10 wt.%), Chicken droppings (5 wt.%), Potassium hydroxide (2 wt.%), Lignin (83 wt.%). First of all, lignin and potassium hydroxide are mixed in the disintegrator, crushed and activated for 10 seconds, then crushed cake, chicken manure are added to the resulting mixture and mixed again for 1 minute, then the resulting mixture is dehydrated in a screw dehydrator and the humidity of the mixture is reduced by 14%. The dehydrated mixture is granulated on a plate granulator to obtain granules and pressed on a screw press at a pressure of 10 kg / cm ² to obtain briquettes. Then the granules are hardened by aging for 15 hours, and the briquettes are hardened by aging for 25 hours. The introduction of these granules as fertilizers into the soil allowed to increase the potato crop by 15%. The briquettes had a compressive strength of 19 kg / cm ² , thermal strength at a temperature of 800 ° C, withstand a load of 4.9 kg, calorific value per working condition of 4150 kcal / kg.

The presented results show that the proposed carbon-containing moldings and the method for their preparation have practical utility, which consists in the following: the exclusion of thermal drying of the mixture and moldings made it possible to reduce the capital and current costs of their production, as well as the ability to use carbon-containing moldings as both fuel and fertilizers, and as soil builders, which expands the consumer market for these molds.

In addition, there is the possibility of recycling to produce valuable products.

Claims (6)

1. Carbon-containing moldings used as a substitute for fuel or fertilizer and / or soil builder, including ground peat and / or lignin and wood-vegetable components in the form of sawdust and / or animal components in the form of bird droppings and / or manure and a binder, characterized in that as wood-plant components, additionally used crushed wood-plant waste selected from the range of: chips, and / or bark, and / or straw, and / or floor, and / or husk of seeds, and / or cake, and / or stems and l stya plant, and used as the binder burnt lime or sodium hydroxide, or potassium hydroxide in the following ratio, wt.%: woody plant and / or animal components 5-50 binder 1-10 peat and / or lignin up to 100 2. A method of manufacturing carbon-containing molds, comprising dosing peat and / or lignin, wood-vegetable components in the form of sawdust and / or animal components in the form of bird droppings and / or manure and a binder, mixing and molding the mixture, characterized in that as a wood-plant component use wood-plant waste selected from the range of: wood chips and / or bark and / or straw and / or sex and / or husks of seeds and / or bagasse and / or stems and leaves of plants , and as a binder use quicklime from news, or caustic soda, or caustic potassium in the following ratio of components, wt.%: woody plant and / or animal components 5-50 binder 1-10 peat and / or lignin up to 100 moreover, peat and / or lignin with a binder are first metered, mixed, ground and activated, and then ground wood-vegetable and / or animal components are added to this mixture, mixed again and the resulting mixture is molded into briquettes or granules, which are strengthened by they are aged, and the briquettes are aged for 2-30 hours, and the granules are aged for 2-20 hours. 3. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that the mixture is subjected to dehydration before molding. 4. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that the dehydration is carried out in a screw dehydrator. 5. The method according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that the molding is carried out in a plate granulator at atmospheric pressure to obtain moldings in the form of granules. 6. The method according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that the molding is carried out on a press at a pressure of 1.5-25 MPa to obtain briquette moldings.