RU223921U1 - ORGANOMINERAL BIO FERTILIZER GRANULA OF PROLONGED ACTION - Google Patents

Abstract

The utility model relates to agriculture and is a long-acting organomineral biofertilizer, which is a multilayer granule, characterized in that the layers contain substances that stimulate the directional movement of microorganisms (chemotaxis) from the protective shell of the central core to the outer shell of the granule, and the central core of the granule contains mineral component, the first layer of coating is a protective shell containing substances that provide negative taxis of microorganisms (repellents), the second layer of coating contains the organic component and microorganisms that determine the specific functions of the fertilizer, the third layer of coating is a shell containing substances that provide positive taxis of microorganisms ( attractants). As a result, it is possible to obtain a complex positive effect on the soil and plants by organizing the stimulation of the directed movement of microorganisms from the protective shell of the central mineral core to the outer shell of the fertilizer granule, which allows achieving a slow release of the nutrients of the mineral component, i.e. prolonged effect, reducing mass transfer processes between the mineral core and microorganisms, while the outer shell of the granule also helps prevent premature activation of the microbiological component.

Description

Field of technology to which the utility model relates

The utility model relates to agriculture, namely to multilayer organomineral biofertilizers of prolonged action.

State of the art

It is known that the use of “classical” mineral fertilizers (ammonium nitrate, urea, NPK, etc.) in high doses leads to a number of negative consequences, such as: leaching of nitrogen from soils and their entry into reservoirs and groundwater; accumulation of nitrates in crop products; the entry of nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere, which leads to the destruction of the ozone screen of the stratosphere; deterioration of the cycle and balance of nutrients, agrochemical and physical properties of the soil, as well as its fertility; deterioration of the phytosanitary condition of crops and the development of plant diseases.

One of the solutions to reduce the environmental load from the use of mineral fertilizers is long-acting mineral fertilizers, which provide a mineral core covered with various shells that gradually dissolve under the influence of moisture and soil microorganisms. As a result, there is a gradual release of nutritional components from the granule, which ensures rational plant nutrition and minimizes nitrogen losses and damage to the environment, but does not in any way contribute to the restoration of the cultural soil layer.

To have a beneficial effect on soil quality, “alternative” types of fertilizers are used, such as organic, organomineral and biofertilizers, which reduce the use and partially compensate for environmental damage from mineral fertilizers, but are not able to completely replace them, since they do not allow achieving high crop yields .

Therefore, a promising direction in the field of fertilizers is the combination of the positive effects from the use of mineral, organic and biofertilizers, by obtaining organomineral biofertilizers in the form of a single multilayer granule with a prolonged effect.

The simplest option for obtaining granular organomineral biofertilizers found in the prior art is the introduction of organic and microbiological components into the mineral fertilizer itself (EP 2690080A1, 2012, RU 2512277, 2012). Or as in the invention patent FR 2901787, 2006, a fertilizer is disclosed containing a mineral component, organic matter (molasses) and microorganisms, which are obtained by mixing the mineral component and organic matter, then microinjection of microorganisms into the resulting mass, which is then compacted in the form of plates, crushed and calibrated crushed particles in a granulator. Or, as in utility model RU 133836, 2012, a preparation based on Trichoderma fungi in bulk form is mixed with a mineral fertilizer or an organic fertilizer, or a mixture of them, and then the resulting mixture is fed into a granulator and fertilizer granules with a size of 100 to 3000 microns are obtained.

These technical solutions do not have a prolonged effect from the use of fertilizer due to the obviously rapid and simultaneous dissolution of all components of the fertilizer.

Another common option for producing organomineral biofertilizers is to apply a microbiological component, previously cultivated in an organic medium, in the form of a powder or liquid preparation directly to the central core (mineral and/or organic or inert) by dusting or spraying.

Invention patent FR 2949228, 2009 discloses fertilizer (mineral or organic) in the form of granules, on the surface of which at least one type of microorganism is fixed using a sticky binder, for example clay, vegetable oil or seaweed extracts.

The technical solution RU 2241692, 2002 discloses a method for producing biofertilizers, including the combination of granular fertilizers with microbial biomass, characterized in that mineral fertilizer is used as granular fertilizers, and the biomass is used in the form of a bacterial preparation based on the strain “Bacillus subtilis Ch-13”, which exhibits antagonistic properties against phytopathogenic microorganisms and a growth-stimulating effect. In this case, an option is proposed in which, after the stage of applying the microbiological component, moisture-protective oil (tall oil) and other compositions (NF dispersant) are applied to the granules, or the direct introduction of the microbiological component into the moisture-protective compositions.

The technical solution (RU 2666370, 2016) proposes multilayer granules, including an inert carrier (bentonite granules), on which immobilized microorganisms are applied, and then a water-soluble polymer (polyox, polyacrylamide, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol, carboxymethylcellulose) is applied for the effect of prolonged dissolution of the granules.

In the application for the invention WO 2014025275, 2013, a controlled release fertilizer is disclosed, comprising a core, which is a dried and sterilized biomass, including additives of organic and inorganic substances, as well as strains of soil bacteria, and an outer layer consisting of membrane-forming substances (film-forming polymers and/or or glycerin, and/or wax, and/or mineral substances capable of absorbing and storing water, such as fine-grained bentonite, zeolite or dolomite), serving to limit the leaching of fertilizer and premature microbiological decomposition of components.

There is also a known solution that discloses two-layer granules (EP 0437598, 19895), in which a plant seed or a polymeric substance is used as a central core, on which a first coating layer is applied, which is a microbiological component, on which a second protective layer is applied, which is a film-forming agent (alginates, polypectates, chitosan, carrageenans and other biopolymers). Also, in one of the variants of this solution, another hydrophilic layer (bentonite) is applied to the second layer.

The disadvantage of the above solutions is the absence of a protective layer around the mineral core itself, which provides a prolonged effect of the mineral component. The absence of such a layer leads to the fact that after the dissolution of the outer shell surrounding the microbiological component, the mineral core dissolves almost instantly and, as a result, all the disadvantages from the use of mineral fertilizers are preserved. In addition, such a protective shell would reduce mass transfer processes between the mineral and microbiological layers, which in turn would reduce the mutual negative influence of these components.

There are solutions in which, before applying a layer of microorganisms, the central core is pre-coated with a material that serves one purpose or another.

Invention patent CN 102584477, 2012 discloses a long-acting biofertilizer comprising an internal organomineral core, a slow-release middle layer consisting of a microbial nutrient material, a water-retaining agent, a biodegradable membrane-forming agent, a biodegradable binding agent, an initiating agent, a stabilizer, a tackifier, and an outer layer of beneficial microbes containing one or more types of beneficial microorganisms, microbial nutrient material, and a sticky agent.

The invention CN 102838413, 2012 discloses three-layer granules consisting of a central mineral core (urea, ammonium sulfate, calcium superphosphate, monoammonium phosphate, potassium sulfate), a middle layer, which is a high-polymer material (one or more polymers mixed with PVA, a mixture of hydroxyethyl methyl acrylate, foam mixed polymer, a mixture of PVA polymers and benzene emulsion) and an outer microbiological shell (bacterium of the genus Bacillus) in powder form, glued to the middle layer. Moreover, the middle layer serves to prevent the negative impact of the inorganic component of the core on microorganisms.

The disadvantage of the above solutions is the absence of an outer shell covering the microbiological component, which causes premature, i.e., before being introduced into the soil, activation of microorganisms into the environment.

The prior art provides solutions for multilayer granules that include protective coatings around a central core and around a layer of microorganisms.

Thus, the invention US 6841515, 2001 discloses a granule comprising a core coated with several layers. Moreover, the core contains nutrients that stimulate the growth of plants or crops, consisting of organic substances obtained from municipal biosolids, and/or specific organic substances. In one embodiment, the core may be covered with a thin intermediate separating layer, then a thicker layer containing microbes such as specific soil bacteria, and finally a thin outer protective polymer layer (azo-based polymers, natural or synthetic polymers, dried organic material such as lignin or plant polysaccharides, and dried inorganic material such as an inorganic nutrient fertilizer such as diammonium phosphate or ammonium sulfate, a cationically bonded polymer, a calcium, magnesium or zinc bonded polymer, or a polysaccharide polymer, and a polymer with hydrophobic properties such as methylcellulose or polyvinyl alcohol, which helps seal out moisture). A thin separating layer applied to the core isolates the microbial layer from the nutrients contained in the core and can be polyethylene, polypropylene, polyacrylamide, ethylene, propylene copolymer, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, vinylidene chloride, vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride-vinyl chloride copolymer, polystyrene and biodegradable polymers such as agarose.

The present invention addresses the problem of using biosolids by maintaining the desired characteristics of the biosolids useful for use as fertilizer while minimizing problems such as odor.

The closest analogue of the claimed solution is the composition disclosed in the patent for the invention US 10954173, 2019. In one embodiment, the composition includes a central core, which is a mineral fertilizer, a polymer layer or a layer of wax covering the central core, a layer of bacteria applied to the polymer layer or layer wax, and an outer coating, which is a polymer layer or a layer of wax.

The technical result of this solution is: 1) increasing the benefits of microorganisms due to their release over time; 2) increasing the benefits of fertilizer for plants (for example, increasing nitrogen uptake); 3) ensuring increased bioavailability of fertilizers and/or micronutrients for plants.

However, the disadvantages of these solutions are the lack of stimulation of the directional movement of microorganisms (chemotaxis) from the protective shell of the central mineral core to the outer shell of the granule, which can lead to premature (before the outer shell dissolves) utilization of the protective shell of the central core by microorganisms. As a result, when the outer shell of the granule begins to dissolve, there will be an instant release of a large amount of the mineral component into the soil, i.e. no prolonged effect will be observed. In addition, the mineral component can have a negative effect on microorganisms after the protective shell of the central core is processed by them.

As is known, for each group of microorganisms there are chemical substances that cause the movement of microorganisms towards the substance (positive taxis) or away from it (negative taxis). Substances that attract microorganisms are called attractants; they can be: simple sugars, polysaccharides, amino acids, vitamins, nucleotides. Substances that repel microorganisms are called repellents; they can be: alcohols, phenols, inorganic ions, sulfur, etc. In addition, there are substances inert to microorganisms that do not contain accessible carbon sources and are thus unattractive to microorganisms.

The prior art knows methods for stimulating the colonization of microorganisms in the rhizosphere of plants using attractant substances. Invention application CN111019859, 2019 discloses the use of L-arginine as a positive chemotactic and mass transfer agent for the microorganism Bacillus cereus to absorb cadmium in soil, which promotes plant growth. Application CN 108496616, 2018 discloses a method for promoting the colonization of Agrobacterium in the rhizosphere of a plant by using the signaling molecule gluconic acid, which increases the activation of potassium and phosphorus in the rhizosphere soil and the activation of insoluble heavy metal cadmium. In the application for invention CN 110484473, 2019, mucinic acid is used as a positive chemotactic substance for the microorganisms Delftia tsuuhatensis, which has a beneficial effect on plant roots and increases the chlorophyll content in plants. Application WO 2017021959, 2016 proposes the use of canthin-6-one-based compounds to enhance and maintain biofilm formation of beneficial rhizobacteria on a plant or part of a plant.

However, there is no data in the state of the art on stimulating the directional movement of microorganisms (chemotaxis) in granular multilayer organomineral biofertilizers.

From the above it follows that when creating a multilayer organomineral biofertilizer of prolonged action, a rational approach to the selection of granule layers is required, based on the consortium of microorganisms used and providing stimulation of the directional movement of microorganisms from the protective shell of the central mineral core to the outer shell of the granule.

Disclosure of the essence of the utility model

The technical problem was the lack of stimulation of the directional movement of microorganisms that determine the specific functions of the fertilizer, from the protective shell of the central mineral core to the outer shell of the fertilizer granule surrounding the microbiological component, which, as a result, did not allow the prolonged action of the mineral component of the core to be achieved.

The technical result consists in a complex positive effect on the soil (restoration of the cultural layer, maintenance of fertility) and plants (adequate nutrition throughout the entire growing season, protection from phytopathogens and soil pests, etc.) when using organomineral biofertilizer due to the organization of stimulation of the directional movement of microorganisms from the protective shell of the central mineral core to the outer shell of the fertilizer granule. As a result, it is possible to achieve a delayed release of nutrients and the mineral component, i.e. prolonged effect, reducing mass transfer processes between the mineral core and microorganisms, while the outer shell of the granule also helps prevent premature activation of the microbiological component.

The technical problem is solved and the technical result is achieved in this utility model. An organomineral biofertilizer of prolonged action is proposed, which is a multilayer granule, characterized in that the layers contain substances that stimulate the directional movement of microorganisms (chemotaxis) from the protective shell of the central core to the outer shell of the granule, wherein the central core of the granule contains a mineral component, the first layer of coating represents is a protective shell containing substances that provide negative taxis of microorganisms (repellents), the second layer of coating contains the organic component and microorganisms that determine the specific functions of the fertilizer, the third layer of coating is a shell containing substances that provide positive taxis of microorganisms (attractants).

Brief description of drawings

Figure 1 shows a multilayer biofertilizer granule.

In Fig. 1 the following notations are used:

1 - mineral core of the granule; 2 - first layer containing repellents; 3 - second layer containing organic components and microorganisms; 4 - third layer containing attractants.

Implementation of a utility model

The production of multilayer granules of organomineral biofertilizers of prolonged action can be carried out in disc-type, drum-type granulators and fluidized-bed granulators.

The mineral core of the granule provides plants with the main nutrients: nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and is selected depending on the crop being grown and soil characteristics. Any type of granular fertilizer can be used as the mineral core of the granule: ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate, urea, ammonium sulfate, sodium ammonium sulfate, superphosphate, potassium chloride, ammophos, NPK.

The first layer of granules is designed to ensure a slow release of mineral nutrients into the soil when applying fertilizer to ensure rational plant nutrition, as well as to slow down the mass transfer processes in the granule between the core and the second layer of the shell. As the second layer, known substances are selected that provide a prolonged effect of the mineral component, and the composition of such substances should include repellents for the selected consortium of microorganisms, i.e. promoting negative taxis of microorganisms. As the first layer, polymeric substances can be used, such as: polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, which contain repellents, for example, sulfur, as well as nutrients that are not digestible or poorly metabolized by microbiological agents (benzoic, tartaric, gluconic, citric, oxalic acid, KNO ₃ , asparagine, sorbose). The choice of substances is determined by the set of microorganisms in the fertilizer.

The first layer is applied by spraying the composition from a nozzle in an amount sufficient to uniformly cover the granules located in the working volume of the granulator. After the first layer has dried and cured, the second layer is applied.

The second layer includes an organic component, which is a nutrient medium containing the microorganisms used. The organic component can be amino acids of plant or animal origin, polysaccharides, glucose, fructose, trehalose, mannitol, glycerin, humus, droppings, manure, agricultural waste, etc., and the microbiological component is selected depending on the intended purpose of the fertilizer:

- for the function of phosphate mobilization and associative nitrogen fixation, the composition of the microbiological consortium: Bacillus megatherium, Azotobacter vinelandii;

- for the function of antagonism of phytopathogens, the composition of the microbiological consortium: Bacillus subtilis; Bacillus amyloliquefaciens;

- for the function of enriching soil microflora, the composition of the microbiological consortium: Trichoderma harzianum, Bacillus megatherium, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Trichoderma viridae;

- for the function of suppressing soil forms of pests, the composition of the microbiological consortium: Trichoderma viridae, Bauveria bassiana;

- for the function of accelerated decomposition of plant residues Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma viridae.

Moreover, the second layer is usually used in the form of a dried and crushed substance, for application of which to the granules it is necessary to first select a binder that allows the second layer to be attached to the surface of the granules. The binder and conditions for applying the second layer are selected depending on the consortium of microorganisms used, for example, lignin, lignosulfonate, polyvinyl alcohol, solutions of carboxymethylcellulose, starch, alginates, polyacrylates can be used.

The third layer is designed to protect the second layer of the granule from moisture to prevent premature activation of microorganisms. Its method of application to granules is similar to the method of applying the first layer of coating. Moreover, substances containing attractant substances for the selected microbiological consortium are selected as the third layer, i.e. providing a positive taxi driver of microorganisms. As a third layer, you can use compositions containing attractants, such as plant amino acids, simple sugars, polysaccharides or mixtures thereof in various proportions. Examples of prepared compositions of plant amino acids: alanine - 10.11%, isoleucine - 1.75%, leucine - 12.12%, tyrosine - 0.97%, phenylalanine - 5.13%, lysine - 4.86%, histidine - 2.77%, arginine - 1.89%, proline - 1.10%, glutamine - 3.76%, threonine - 7.94%, serine - 2.26%, cysteine - 2.18%, glycine - 9 .02%, valine - 5.35%, methionine - 2.04% with a total amino acid concentration of 80% in the mixture.

As a result of the above technological operations, it is possible to obtain multilayer granules of organomineral biofertilizer with a prolonged effect and directed movement of microorganisms from the protective shell of the central mineral core to the outer shell of the fertilizer granule.

Claims (1)

A granule of organomineral biofertilizer of prolonged action, which is a multilayer granule, characterized in that the layers contain substances that stimulate the directional movement of microorganisms from the protective shell of the central core to the outer shell of the granule, and the central core of the granule contains a mineral component - urea, the first layer of coating is a protective a shell based on polyethylene, which contains repellents that provide negative taxis of microorganisms, the second layer of coating contains an organic component of amino acids of plant origin and the microorganism Bacillus megatherium, which provides the function of phosphate mobilization and associative nitrogen fixation, which determines the specific functions of the fertilizer, the third layer of coating is a shell, containing attractants, such as plant amino acids, which provide positive taxis of microorganisms.